Section 4.17 Practice Problems 185 4.17 PRACTICE PROBLEMS P4.1 Call placement of a particle in box A, “heads” and placement in box B, “tails.” Given one particle, there are two ways of arranging it, H or T. For two particles, there are four ways of arranging them, {HH,HT,TH,TT}.We can treat the microstates by considering each particle in order. For example, {HT HH} means the first particle is in box A, the second in box B, the third in box A, and the fourth in box A. (a) List and count the ways of arranging three particles. Now consider four particles. What is the general formula for the number of arrangements versus the number of particles? (ANS. 25) (b) How many arrangements correspond to having two particles in box A and one in box B? What is the probability of {2H,1T}? (ANS. 3/8) (c) How many arrangements correspond to {2H,2T}. {3H,2T}. {4H,2T}. {3H,3T}? (ANS. MUN m)!m!}) (@) List the macrostates and corresponding number of microstates for an eight-particle, two-box system. What portion of all microstates are parts of either 5:3, 4:4, or 3:5 macrostates? (ANS. 71%) (e) What is the change of entropy in going from a 5:3 macrostate to a 4:4 macrostate? (ANS. 3.08E-24 J/K) (f) Use Stirling's approximation to estimate the change of entropy in going from a distri- bution of 50.1% of 6.022E23 in box A to a distribution of 50.001%, and from 50.001% to 50.000%. (ANS. 1.2E18 J/K) P4.2 Twenty molecules are contained in a piston + cylinder at low pressure. The piston moves such that the volume is expanded by a factor of 4 with no work produced of any kind. Compute AS/k. (ANS. 23.19) P4.3 Fifteen molecules are distributed as 9:4:2 between equal-sized boxes A:B:C, respectively. The partitions between the boxes are removed, and the molecules distribute themselves evenly between the boxes, Compute AS/k. (ANS. 11.23) P4.4 Rolling two die (six-sided cubes with numbers between 1 and 6 on each side) is like putting two particles in six boxes. Compute AS/k for going from double sixes to a four and three. (ANS. 0.693) 4.5 Estimate the change in entropy when one mole of nitrogen is compressed by a piston in a cylinder from 300 K and 23 liters/mol to 400 K and 460 liters/mol. (Cp = 7/2R) (ANS. 1.07 kJ/kg) 4.6 Steam at 400°C and 10 bar is left in an insulated 10 m° cylinder. The cylinder has a small leak, however. Compute the conditions of the steam after the pressure has dropped to 1 bar. What is the change in the specific entropy of the steam in the cylinder? Is this a reversible process? The ‘mass of the cylinder is 600 kg, and its heat capacity is 0.1 cal/g-K. Solve the problem with and without considering the heat capacity of the cylinder. (ANS. (a)~120°C; (b) 360°C) 4.7 A mixture of 1CO:2H, is adiabatically and continuously compressed from 5 atm and 100°F to 100 atm and 1100°F. Hint: For this mixture, Cp =x Cp, +.x)Cpp. (@) Estimate the work of compressing | ton/h of the gas. (Cp = 7/2R) (ANS. 1.3E6 BTU/h) (b) Determine the efficiency of the compressor. (ANS. 76%) P4.8 An adiabatic compressor is used to continuously compress nitrogen (Cp/R = 7/2) from 2 bar ‘and 300 K to 15 bar, The compressed nitrogen is found to have an outlet temperature of 625 K.486 Unit Firstand S How much work is requited (kiskgy? What isthe effickeney of the compressor? (AN 94 kJ/mol, 72%) 6 compress: ed to continuously compress low-pressure st P49 An adiabatic compressor is used to continuous! Vokes MPa and 200°C to 4.0 MPa and 500°C ina steady-state process. What isthe work roy et perkg of steam through this compressor? Compute the efficiency of the compressor, (7! (ANs, 606 Hg, 67%) 4.10 An adiabatic turbine is supplied with steam at 2,0 MPa and 600°C andthe steam exhayy a4 98% quality and 24°C. Compute the work output per kg of seam, Compute the a ciency of the turbine. (ANS, 1.2E3 kJ, 85%) 411 An adiabatic compressor has been designed to continuously compress 1 ke/ of stung vapor steam from | bar to 100 bar and 1100°C. Estimate the power requirement of this cont pressor in horsepower. Determine the efficiency of the compressor. (ANS. 3000 hp, 60%) 4.12 Ethylene gas is to be continuously compressed from an initial state of 1 bar and 20°C tp 4 final pressure of 18 bar in an adiabatic compressor. If compression is 70% efficient con pared with an isentropic process, what will be the work requirement and what will be th final temperature of the ethylene? Assume the ethylene behaves as an ideal gas with Cy 44 J/mol-K. (ANS. 13.4 kJ/mol, 596 K) P4.13 Operating a wind tunnel for aircraft experiments begins with adiabatically and reversibly compressing atmospheric air (300 K) into long cylinders comprising a total volume of 29 m at 200 bars. The cylinders are initially at 1 bar. Estimate the minimal amount of work required (MJ) to perform the compression step. (ANS. online.) (@) Write the most appropriate energy balance(s) for this process. Clearly identify the sys tem(s) pertaining to your energy balance(s). Explain your reasoning briefly. (b) Write the most appropriate entropy balance(s) for this process. Clearly identify the sys- tem(s) pertaining to your entropy balance(s). Explain your reasoning briefly (©) Solve for the minimal amount of work required (ML) to perform the compression step. P4.14 As part of a refrigeration cycle, Freon 134a is adiabatically compressed from the saturated vapor at -60°C (note the negative sign on temperature) to 1017 kPa and 100°C. (@) How much work is required in kJ/kg? (b) Estimate the efficiency of the compressor. (ANS. 121, 75%) 4.15 Steam is produced at 30 bar and some unknown temperature. A small amount of steam is bled off and goes through an adiabatic throttling valve to 1 bar. The temperature of the steam exiting the throttling valve is 110°C, What is the value of the specific entropy of the steam before entering the throttle? (ANS. 5.9736 J/g-K) P4.16 Suppose the expansion in problem P2.19 was completely adiabatic instead of isothermal and Cp=7 cal/(mol-K). How would the height of the piston be affected? Must we gener? heat or consume heat to maintain isothermal operation? (ANS. decrease, generate) , P4.17 It is desired to determine the volume of an initially evacuated tank by filling it from a” 8 liter cylinder of air at 300 bar and 300 K. The final pressure of both tanks is 5 bars. Est ‘mate the volume in liters. (ANS. 4720 L) P4.18 An insulated cylinder is fitted with a freely floating piston, and contains 0.5 ke ofr 9 bar and 90% quality. The space above the piston, initially 0,05m3, contains air at 3 cin {painvain the pressure on the steam, Additional air is forced into the upper chamber Or {he Piston down and increasing the steam pressure until the steam has 100% aus, ful stam pressure is 30 bars, and the work done on the steam is 360 kJ, but theaSection 4.18 Homework Problems 187. the steam his not had time to exchange heat with the piston, cylinder, or surroundings. The air supply line is at 50 bar and 300 K. Wi en a ~ What is the final temperature of the air in the upper Ps.19 Awellinsulated cylinder fited with a fstionless piston, initly contained 9 kg of liquid va 10 ke af water aPor ata pressure of 1.4 MPa, 2 kg of steam at 1.6 MPa was -ylinder while re i ee le pressure was held constant by allowing the piston to (@) Write the energy balance for this process, (b) If the final volume of the contents of the ¢ ylinder was six times the initial volur determine the temperature ofthe superheated steam that was admitted tothe eylinder. 4.20 Many action movies show gas cylinders that have their caps knocked - ing around wreaking havoc (only on the bad guys, of course), How crc yes teas tank like that really generate? For an upper bound, consider a tank traveling horizontally on a frictionless surface with an isentropic nozzle taking the place of the cap that has been knocked off. Suppose the cylinder weighs 70 kg and holds 50 L of He at 100bar, 300 K. (a) Write the most appropriate energy balance(s) for this process. Clearly identify the sys- tem(s) pertaining to your energy balance(s). Explain your reasoning briefly. (b) Write the most appropriate entropy balance(s) for this process. Clearly identify the sys- tem(s) pertaining to your entropy balance(s). Explain your reasoning briefly. (©) Solve for the total kinetic energy (MJ) developed by the tank and its velocity 4.18 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS 4.1 CO) is given a lot of credit for global warming because it has vibrational frequencies in the infrared (IR) region that can absorb radiation reflected from the Earth and degrade it into thermal energy. The vibration at ok = 290K (903cm"") is particularly important. (a) Plot C,®/R versus T for CO, in the range 200-400 K. Use the polynomial expression in the back of the book to estimate C,'8/R at 200 K as a reference. Also plot the polyno- mial expression on the same chart as a dashed line. (b) Use your Internet search skills to learn the wavelength range of the IR spectrum. How many wavelengths are there? What fraction does the wavelength at 903cm™! comprise? If the Earth’s atmosphere was composed entirely of CO2, what fraction of IR energy could be absorbed by CO,” : : (©) The Earth’s atmosphere is really 380ppm CO. If the absorption efficiency is propor tional to the concentration, how much IR energy could be absorbed by CO, in this case? 4.2 Steam undergoes a state change from 450°C and 3.5 MPa to 150°C and 0.3 MPa. Deter- mine AH and AS using the following: (a) Steam table data : (b) Ideal gas assumptions (be sure to use the ideal gas heat capacity for water) dent Cp = (7/2)R, at 15°C and having an initial vol re (P= 0.1013 MPa) to 30°C by transfer of heat ‘What is the irreversible 4.3 An ideal gas, with temperature-indepen ume of 60 m®, is heated at constant pressut from a reservoir at 50°C. Calculate ASgass ASheat reservoir AS universe feature of this process?