MTH101 Practice Questions/ Solutions Lecture No.

23 to 45

Lecture No. 23: Maximum and Minimum Values of Functions

Q 1: Find the minimum value of the function f ( x ) =x 3 − 27 x + 4 attains in the interval

[4,-4].
Solution:
First of all we have to find critical points by putting f '( x )=0
f ( x ) =x 3 − 27 x + 4
f '(=
x ) 3x 2 − 27
put f '( x ) = 0
⇒ 3x 2 − 27 =
0
⇒ 3( x 2 − 9) =
0
⇒ x 2 − 9 =0 ⇒ x =−3,3
now we have points 4,-4, -3 and 3 we will check on all these points
= (4)3 − 27(4) + 4 =−40
f (4)
f ( −2) =( −4)3 − 27( −4) + 4 =48
f (3) =(3)3 − 27(3) + 4 =−50
f ( −3) =( −3)3 − 27( −3) + 4 =58
So minimum value = −50

Q 2: Find the maximum value of the function f ( x ) =x 3 + 3x 2 − 9 x attains in the interval

[-4, 3].
Solution:
First of all we have to find critical points by putting f '( x ) = 0
f ( x ) =x 3 + 3x 2 − 9 x
f '( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x − 9
put f '( x ) = 0
⇒ 3x 2 + 6 x − 9 =0
⇒ x2 + 2 x − 3 =0
⇒ x 2 + 3x − x − 3 = 0
⇒ x ( x + 3) − ( x + 3) =0
⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 3) =0 ⇒ x =1, x =−3
now we have points 1,-3, 3 and -4 we will check on all these points
f (1) =
(1)3 + 3(1) 2 − 9(1) =
−5
f ( −3) =( −3)3 + 3( −3) 2 − 9( −3) =27
f (3) = (3)3 + 3(3) 2 − 9(3) = 27
f ( −4) =( −4)3 + 3( −4) 2 − 9( −4) =20
Hence maximum value = f ( −3) = f (3) = 27

Q 3: Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function
f ( x )= 4 − x 2 on interval −3 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
Solution:
First we will find critical points:
put f / ( x ) = 0
⇒ −2 x =0
⇒x=0
Now we find value of f ( x ) at critical point and at the end points of interval :
f (0) =−
4 (0) 2 =
4
f (1) =−
4 (1) 2 =3
f ( −3) =4 − ( −3) 2 =−5
Hence absolute maximum = 4 and absolute minimum=-5

Q 4: Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function
f ( x )= 2 + x on interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 .
Solution:
First we will find critical points:
Since f / (x) = 1,so there is no critical points.
Now we find value of f ( x ) at the end points of interval :
f ( −2) = 2 − 2 = 0
f (2) = 2 + 2 = 4
Hence absolute maximum = 4 and absolute minimum=0
 Q 5: Find the maximum and minimum value of the function f ( x ) =3x 4 − 24 x 2 + 1 on the
interval ( −∞, +∞) .
Solution:
This is a continuous function on the given interval and
lim f ( x ) = lim (3x 4 − 24 x 2 + 1) = +∞
x →+∞ x →+∞

lim f ( x ) = lim (3x 4 − 24 x 2 + 1) = +∞

x →−∞ x →−∞

So f has a minimum but no maximum value in the interval ( −∞, +∞ ) . To find the
minimum value put f / ( x ) = 0 i.e
f '( x ) = 12 x 3 − 48 x = 0 ⇒ 12 x ( x 2 − 4) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and x = ±2 are the critical points.
At x = 0 , f (0) = 1,
=
at x 2,=
f (2) 3(2) 4 -24(2) 2 +1=-47 and
at x = -2 , f ( −2) = 3( −2) 4 -24(-2) 2 +1=-47
so minimum value occurs at x = ± 2 and it is equal to 'f ( x ) =
-47'
Lecture No. 24: Newton’s Method, Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value
Theorem
Lecture No. 25: Integrations

Q 1: Check the validity of Mean Value Theorem for f ( x= ) 3 x − x3 on the interval[0,2].

Also find ‘𝑐’ if possible
Solution: Because 𝑓 is a polynomial so continuous and differentiable everywhere hence
on[0,2]. As hypothesis of the mean value theorem is satisfied so we can
Find a ‘𝑐’ such that
f (b) − f (a )
= f '(c) where f (a ) = f (0) = 0 and f (b) = f (2) = −2
b−a
f '( x)= 3 − 3 x 2
f '(c)= 3 − 3c 2
−2 − 0
= 3 − 3c 2
2 0−
3 − 3c 2 =
−1
⇒ 3(1 − c 2 ) =
−1
1
⇒ 1 − c 2 =−
3
4
⇒ c2 =
3
2
⇒ c =±
3
2 ∈ 2 2
As 𝑐 = (0,2) and 𝑐 = − ∉(0,2) so value of 𝑐 = .
3 3 3

Q 2: To estimate the solution of the equation 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 − 1 = 0 by using the newton’s

method if we start with 𝑥1 = 2 then find𝑥2 .
Solution:
f ( x) = x3 − 7 x − 1,
f ′(=
x) 3 x 2 − 7,
x1 =2 ⇒ f (2) =(2)3 − 7(2) − 1 =−7,
f ′(2)
= 3(2) 2 −=
7 5.
f ( xn )
By Newton's Method xn +1 =
xn − where n =
1, 2, 3, .....,
f ′( xn )
f ( x1 ) (− 7) 17
So, for n =
1, x2 =
x1 − =
2− =.
f ′( x1 ) 5 5
 Q 3: Evaluate the following integrals.
I. ∫ sec x(sec x + cos x)dx
5sin x − 3cos 2 x
II. ∫ cos2 x dx

Solution:

(I) ∫ sec x(sec x + cos x)dx

= ∫ (sec x + sec x cos x)dx
2

= ∫ sec xdx + ∫ sec x cos xdx

2

cos x
= tan x + ∫ dx
cos x
= tan x + ∫ dx
= tan x + x + c
5sin x − 3cos 2 x
∫ cos2 x dx
(II)

 sin x 
= ∫ 5 − 3 dx
 cosxcosx 
sin x 1
= ∫5 dx − 3∫ dx
cos x cos x
= ∫ 5 tan x sec xdx − 3∫ dx
= 5sec x − 3 x + c

Q 4: Given that f ′= ( x) 16 x3 − 4 x , find f (3) .

Solution:
First of all, we need to find the function f(x) for which the derivative is given.
For that we will integral the derivative function which gives
f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x)dx
= ∫ (16 x − 4 x)dx
3

16 x 4 4 x 2
= − +c
4 2
f ( x) = 4 x 4 − 2 x 2 + c
f (3) = 4(3) 4 − 2(3) 2 + c
= 306 + c
f (3)
 Lecture No. 26: Integration by Substitution
Lecture No. 27: Sigma Notation
Lecture No. 28: Area as Limit

1 1 
Q 1: Evaluate the integral by using substitution method: ∫t 2
cos  − 1 dt .
t 
Solution:
1
Let u=
− 1,
t
1 1
⇒ du = − 2 dt ⇒ 2 dt = −du ,
t t
1 1 
∴ ∫ 2 cos  − 1 dt= ∫ cos u (−du ),
t t 
=− sin u + C ,
1 
=− sin  − 1 + C . ( by replacing with the original value )
t 

(1 + ln x)3
Q 2: Evaluate the indefinite integral by substitution method: ∫ x dx .
Solution:
Let t = 1 + ln x,
1
⇒ dt = dx,
x
(1 + ln x ) + C.
4
(1 + ln x)3 t4
Hence, ∫ dx = ∫ t 3 dt = + C =
x 4 4

7
Q 3: Evaluate the sum: ∑ (k
k =1
2
− 6).

Solution:
7 7 7

=
∑ (k
k 1
2
− 6)
=
=k 1=
∑k −∑6 ,
k 1
2

7(7 + 1)(2(7) + 1)
= − 6(7) ,
6
840
= − 42,
6
= 98.
 5
Q 4: Express ∑3
k =2
k −2
in sigma notation so that the lower limit is ‘0’ rather than ‘2’.

Solution:
We will define a new summation index ‘j’ by the relation
𝑗 = 𝑘 − 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑗 + 2 = 𝑘,
Now when 𝑘 = 2 , 𝑗 = 2 − 2 = 0,
When 𝑘 = 5 , 𝑗 = 5 − 2 = 3,
3 3
So the new summation will become ∑ 3 j + 2−2 = ∑ 3 j .
=j 0=j 0

Q 5: Find the area of the k rectangle below the curve y = x 2 on the interval [0, 2] by
th

taking xk* as right end point and left end point.

Solution:
In order to find the area of kth rectangle, first of all we will find the width or base of the
rectangle that is ∆x .
b−a 2
∆
= x = .
n n
Right end point
xk* = a + k ∆x,
2 2k
=+0 k. = .
n n
The height of the rectangle is
2
 2k  4k 2
=f (x ) =
*
k  .
 n  n2
Thus, the area of the kth rectangle will be
Area=height×base
= f (x *k ).∆x,
4 k 2 2 8k 2
= = . .
n 2 n n3
Left end point
xk* = a + (k − 1)∆x,
2 2(k − 1)
=0 + (k − 1). = .
n n
The height of the rectangle is
 2(k − 1)  4(k − 1) 2
2

= f (x ) =
*
k  .
 n  n2
Thus, the area of the kth rectangle will be
Area=height×base
= f (x *k ).∆x,
4(k − 1) 2 2 8(k − 1) 2
= = . .
n2 n n3
Q 6: Find the approximate area under the graph of function y = x over the interval [0, 2]
2 2k
by taking ∆x = and xk* = .
n n
Solution:
2 2k
Given that ∆x = and xk* = ,
n n
2k
f (x *k ) = ,
n
2k 2 4k
f (x *k ).∆= x =
. ,
n n n2
n n
4k
=
∑
k 1=
f (x *
k ).∆ x = ∑
k 1 n
2
,

4 n
= 2 ∑ k,
n k =1
4 n(n + 1) 2(n + 1)  1
= = = 2 1 +  .
 n
2
n 2 n
 n
  1
= lim  ∑ f (x *k ).∆ =
Area x  lim 2 1 + = 2.
n →∞
 k =1  n→∞  n 
 Lecture No. 29: Definite Integral
Lecture No. 30: First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Lecture No. 31: Evaluating Definite Integral by Substitution

5 2 4 4
Q 1: Find ∫
2
f ( x)dx if ∫
3
−5 , ∫ f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx =
3
3 , ∫ f ( x)dx =
5
4

Solution:
4 5 2 3

∫
5
4 ⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx =
4
− 4 and ∫
3
−5 ⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx =
2
5

5 3 4 5
∴ ∫=
f ( x)dx ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
2 2 3 4

= 5 + 3 − 4= 4

Q 2: Express the area of the region below the line7𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 25, above x-axis and
between the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4 as a definite integral. Also express this integral as a
limit of the Riemann Sum.
Solution:

7x + 2 y =
25
25 − 7 x
2 y = 25 − 7 x ⇒ y =
2
4
25 − 7 x n
 25 − 7 xk * 
∫0 2 dx maxlim
=
∆xk → 0
∑ 
k =1 
∆xk
2 

x3 − 1
3
Q 3: Evaluate the integral ∫ dx .
1
x −1
Solution:
3
x3 − 1
3
( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
∫1 x − 1 dx = ∫1 x −1
dx

3
= ∫(x + x + 1) dx
2

1
3
x3 x 2
= + +x
3 2 1

 27 9  1 1   9   2+3+ 6 
=  + + 3  −  + + 1= 12 +  −  
 3 2  3 2   2  6 
 24 + 9  11 33 11 99 − 11 88 44
= − = − = = =
 2  6 2 6 6 6 3
 ( )
4
Q 4: Evaluate the definite integral ∫ 3 + 3 x dx .
1
Solution:
4
3

∫( )
4
x 2
3 + 3 x dx =
3x + 3
1
3
2 1

3 4
= 3x + 2 x 2
1

= (3(4) + 2(4) ) − (3(1) + 2(1) ) =

3
2
3
2
(12 + 2(8) ) − ( 3 + 2 ) = 28 − 5 = 23

1
Q 5: Evaluate the integral ∫ x .(2 + x )3
dx by using proper substitution.

Solution:
Let u= 2 + x
1
⇒ du = dx
2 x
1
⇒ 2du =dx
x
Putting these values in the given integral, it becomes
1 1
∫ =
x .(2 + x )3
dx 2=∫ u3
du

= 2 ∫ u −3 du
u −3+1 2
= 2=
−3 + 1 −2u 2
−1
= +c
( )
2
2+ x
Q 6: Use the Substitution method to express the following definite integrals in terms of
the variable ‘ u ’ but do not evaluate the integrals.
π
2

∫e
sin t
i. cos t dt
0
1
ii. ∫ 4t
0
1 − t 2 dt

Solution:
i.
Let u = sin t
⇒ du = cos t dt
t = 0 ⇒ u = sin 0 = 0
π π
and t= ⇒ u = sin =1
2 2
π
as t goes from 0 to
2
so u goes from 0 to 1
π
2 1 1

∫e =
sin t
cos t dt eu ( du )
∫= ∫ e du
u

0 0 0

ii.
Let
u = 1− t2
⇒ du = −2 tdt
− 2du = 4tdt
t =1 ⇒ u =1 − (1) =0
2

t =0 ⇒ u =1 − ( 0 ) =1
2
and
as t goes from 0 to 1
so u goes from 1 to 0
1 0 1
− 2 tdt = du 
∫0 − =
− ∫1 = ∫0
2
4t 1 t dt 2 u du 2 u du  
 4tdt = −2 du 
 Lecture No. 32: Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Lecture No. 33: Application of Definite Integral
Lecture No. 34: Volume by slicing; Disks and Washers

Q 1: Find a definite integral indicating the area enclosed by the curves y = x2 − 6x − 7

and y= x + 1 . But do not evaluate it further.
Solution:
Here y = x 2 − 6 x − 7 _____ (1) ,
and y= x + 1 _____ (2) ,
equating (1) and (2)
⇒ x 2 − 6 x − 7 = x + 1,
x 2 − 6 x − 7 − x − 1 =0,
x2 − 7 x − 8 =0,
x2 − 8x + x − 8 = 0,
x( x − 8) + 1( x − 8) =
0,
∴ ( x − 8)( x + 1) =
0,
⇒ x=
−1 and x =
8,
as x + 1 ≥ x 2 − 6 x − 7 for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 8,
8
∴ ∫ ( ( x + 1) − ( x − 6 x − 7) ) dx.
2

−1

Q 2: Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x3 and y = x between
1
=x 0=
and x .
3
Solution:
Since we= have y x=
3
and y x
 1
⇒ x ≥ x3 in the interval 0,  .
 3
1
1
x2 x4
( )
3

∫
Thus required area is A = − = − 3 3
x x dx
2 40
0
2 4
11 11 1 1
=   −   =−
2  3  4  3  18 324
17
=
324
 1 + sin 2t
0
Q 3: Evaluate ∫ dt .
π
2
Solution:
1 + sin 2t
0 0
1 sin 2t 
∫π 2 = dt ∫ 2 +
π 
2 
dt
0 0
1 sin 2t
= ∫π 2dt + π∫ 2 dt
1 0 1
= t π − cos 2t π
0

2 4
1 1
= (0 − π ) − (cos 0 − cos 2π )
2 4
π 1 π
= − − (1 − 1) = −
2 4 2

d  
x

Q 4: Evaluate  ∫ cos tdt  by using second fundamental theorem of calculus. Also

dx  1 
Check the validity of this theorem.
Solution:
Since f ( x ) = cos x is continuous on (1, x ) , so by second fundamental theorem of
calculus
d  
x

 ∫ cos tdt  = cos x

dx  1 
Now we will verify this result by evaluating this integral.
x

∫ cos= sin=
t 1 sin x − sin1
x
tdt
1
x
d d
⇒ ∫ cos tdt = (sin x − sin1) = cos x = f ( x )
dx 1 dx
Q 5: Find the volume of a solid bounded by two parallel planes perpendicular to the x-
axis at x = 0 and x = 3 , where the cross section perpendicular to the x- axis is a rectangle
having dimensions ‘a’ and ‘b’
Solution:
Here dimensions are a & b ⇒ A = ab
3
 d

V ∫0=ab dx V

∫c A( x ) dx 

3
= ab ∫ dx ⇒ ab. x 0 ⇒ 3ab
3

Q 6: Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the graphs of
1
f ( x)= + x and g ( x) = x over the interval [0,2] is revolved about the x-axis.
2
Solution:
=
Since the volume enclosed between two ( x ) and y g ( x ) revolve about
curves y f=

the x-axis so

∫ π ( g ( x ) − f ( x ) ) dx
b
=V 2 2
a

1
Here f ( x ) = + x and g ( x) = x as f ( x) ≥ g ( x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
=a 0=
, b 2
, so
 1 2 
=
V ∫
 2
0
π  ( + x) 2 − x 2  dx

2 1
V ∫ π ( + x 2 + x − x 2 )dx
=
0 4
2
1 2  x x2  5π
= ∫ π ( + x)dx ⇒ π  +  ⇒
0 4  4 2 0 2
 Lecture No. 35: Volume by Cylindrical Shells
Lecture No. 36: Length of Plane Curves
Lecture No. 37: Area of Surface of Revolution
Q 1: Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of the solid generated when the region ‘R’
=
in the first quadrant enclosed between y 4= x and y x 3 is revolved about the y-axis.
Solution:
To find the limit of integration, we will find the point of intersection between two curves.
=
Equating y 4=
x and y x 3 , we get
x 3 = 4 x,
⇒ x3 − 4 x =
0,
⇒ x( x 2 − 4) =
0,
⇒x= 0, x = ± 2.
Since our region R is in first quadrant so we ignore x = − 2. Hence limit of integration is
=x 0= to x 2.
2
= ∫ 2π x(4 x − x )dx,
3
So V
0
2
= 2π ∫ (4 x 2 − x 4 )dx,
0
2
x3 x5
= 2π 4 − .
3 5 0
After simplification, we get
128
V= π.
15

Q 2: Use cylindrical shell method to find the volume of the solid generated when the
region enclosed between y = x 3 and the x-axis in the interval [0,3] is revolved about the
y-axis.
Solution:
 Here = f ( x) x3 =
, a 0= ; b 3. 
 
3 3
=V ∫= 2π x( x3 ) dx 2π ∫ x 4 dx , b
 Cylindrical shells revolved about the y -axis : V = 2π x f ( x) dx 
0 0 

∫a 

1 3
= 2π . x 5 .
5 0

486
After simplification, we get V = π.
5
 3
2 1
Q 3: Find the arc length of the curve=y ( x − 1) 2 from x =0 to x = .
3 2
Solution:

3
2
=y ( x − 1) 2 ,
3
dy 2  3  1 1
⇒ =   ( x − 1) 2 =( x − 1) 2 .
dx 3  2 
b
= ∫ 1 + [ f '( x) ] dx,
2
L
a
1 1 1
2
 
2 1 2 2
⇒ L= ∫ 1 + ( x − 1)  dx= 2
∫ (1 + x − 1) dx= ∫ x dx,
0   0 0
1
3 2
2
= x 2
,
3 0
3
2  1 2
=   ,
32
1
= .
3 2

Q 4: If f is a smooth function on [1, 4] , then find a definite integral indicating the arc
2
length of the curve x = y 3 from
= y 1=
to y 4 . Note: Do not evaluate it further.

Solution:
2
Here =x g=
( y) y , 3

2 − 13
⇒ g ′( y ) = y .
3
b
 Arc length = ∫ 1 + [ g ′( y ) ] dy,
2
L
a

4 −2
4
∴ ∫1 1 + 9 y
L= 3
dy.
 Q 5: Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the curve y = 1 − x2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
about the x – axis.

Solution:
 f ( x)= y= 1 − x2 ,
x
⇒ f ′( x) =
− .
1 − x2
b
= ∫ 2π f ( x) 1 + [ f ′( x) ] dx,
2
 S
a

2
1
 x 
⇒
= ∫ 2π 1− x 1 + −
2
S  dx ,
 1− x 
2
0

1
x2
= ∫ 2π 1 − x 1 +
2
dx ,
0
1 − x2
1 − x2 + x2
1
= ∫ 2π 1 − x
2
dx,
0
1 − x2
1
= ∫ 2π dx,
0

= 2π x 0 ,
1

= 2π .

Q 6: Write a definite integral indicating the area of the surface generated by revolving the
=
curve y x 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 about the x – axis. Note: Do not evaluate it further.

Solution:
 = y f ( x=
) x 2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 2,
dy
⇒ = f '( x)= 2 x.
dx
2
 d

=
∴ S ∫ 2π ( x ) 1 + ( 2 x ) dx, = ∫c π + [ ]
2 2
 S
2
2 f ( x ) 1 f '( x ) dx 
0  
2
= 2π ∫ x 2 1 + 4 x 2 dx.
0
Lecture No. 38: Work and Definite Integral
Lecture No. 39: Improper Integral
Lecture No. 40: L’Hopital’s Rule

Q 1: Find the work done by the force 500x if an object moves in the positive
direction over the interval [0.16, 0.19]?

Solution:
Here
F(x) =500x; [0.16, 0.19]
0.19 𝑏
𝑊 = ∫0.16 500𝑥 𝑑𝑥 since 𝑊 = ∫𝑎 𝐹(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0.19
500 𝑥 2
=� �
2
0.16
500 2 0.19
= |𝑥 |0.16
2
=250[(0.19) -(0.16)2 ]
2

=2.625 J

Q 2: Find the spring constant if a force took 1800 J of work to stretch a

spring from its natural length of 5m to a length of 8m?
Solution:
3
The work done by F is W=∫0 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3
1800 =∫0 𝐾𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
=𝑘 ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
𝑥2
=k� �
2 0
9𝑘
=
2
3600=9k
or k=400
Q 3: Evaluate the improper integral:

0
1
� 3
𝑑𝑥
−∞ (2𝑥 + 1)
Solution:
0
1
� 𝑑𝑥
−∞ (2𝑥 + 1) 3
0
1
= lim � 𝑑𝑥
𝑡→∞ 𝑡 (2𝑥 + 1)3
1 0 1
= lim � (2𝑑𝑥)
𝑡→∞ 2 𝑡 (2𝑥 + 1)3
1 0
= lim � (2𝑥 + 1)−3 (2𝑑𝑥)
𝑡→∞ 2 𝑡
0
1 (2𝑥 + 1)−2
= lim � �
𝑡→∞ 2 −2 𝑡
−1
= lim |(2𝑥 + 1)−2 |0𝑡
𝑡→∞ 4
−1
= lim [1 − (2𝑡 + 1)−2 ]
4
𝑡 →∞
−1 1
= lim [1 − ]
4 (2𝑡 + 1)2
𝑡 →∞
−1
= [1 − 0]
4
−1
=
4
 5 1
Q 4: Solve the improper integral: ∫1 2 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥−2)3

Solution:
5
1
� 2 𝑑𝑥
1 (𝑥 − 2)3
2 5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=� 2+� 2
1 (𝑥 − 2)3 2 (𝑥 − 2)3
2 2 5 2
−
= � (𝑥 − 2) 3 𝑑𝑥 + � (𝑥 − 2)− 3 𝑑𝑥
1 2
1 2 1 5
= 3 �(𝑥 − 2) � 3 +3 �(𝑥 − 2) 3 �
1 2
=3[0- (-1)1/3]+3[(3)1/3-0]
=3[(3)1/3-(-1)1/3]
1� 1�
3 3
=3[ √3 - √−1 ]

Q 5: Use L‘Hopital's rule to evaluate the limit:

sin 𝑥 − 1
lim𝜋
𝑥→ 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1
2

Solution:
sin 𝑥 − 1 0
lim𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→ 𝐶𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 1 0
2
By L‘Hopital's rule
cos 𝑥 0
= lim
𝜋 −2 sin 2𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑥→ 0
2
cos 𝑥
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ −2 sin 2𝑥
2
cos 𝑥
= lim𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥→ −4 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2
1
= lim𝜋
𝑥→ −4 sin 𝑥
2
−1
=
4
Q 6: Evaluate the limit: lim𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥.
Solution:
lim �𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥→∞
√𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥
= lim × �𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥
(√𝑥 2 − 5𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥
−5𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥
−5𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞
�𝑥 2 (1 − 5) + 𝑥
𝑥
−5𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 5
𝑥 �(1 − ) + 𝑥
𝑥
−5𝑥
= lim
𝑥→∞ 5
𝑥(��1 − � + 1)
𝑥
−5
= lim
𝑥→∞
��1 − 5� + 1
𝑥
−5
=
2
Lecture No. 41: Sequence
Lecture No. 42: Infinite Series
Lecture No. 43: Additional Convergence tests

n +1
Q 1: Determine whether the sequence {a n } converges or diverges? Where an = .
n2 + 3
Solution:
n +1
Here an =
n2 + 3
n +1
We will calculate the limit lim n→∞ .
n2 + 3
Dividing by 'n 2' in denominator and numerator
n 1
2
+ 2
= lim n→∞ n 2 n
n 3
2
+ 2
n n
1 1 1 1
+ 2 +
= lim n→∞ n n = ∞ ∞= 0= 0
3 3 1
1+ 2 1+
n ∞
The sequence is convergent and its limit is '0'.

Q 2: Determine whether the following sequence is strictly monotone or not. Justify your
answer.
2
an =  2 
n 
Solution:
Here
2 2
=an = and an +1
( n + 1)
2
n2
an +1 2 n2 n2
= × = <1
( n + 1) 2 ( n + 1)
2 2
an
an +1
< 1 ⇒ an +1 < an
an
So this is a decreasing sequence and hence strictly monotonic.
Q 3: Determine whether the sequence {a n } converges or diverges; if it converges then
find its limit; where

an = [ln 2n − ln( n + 2)] .

Solution:
 2n 
lim [ ln 2n − ln ( n + 2) = lim ln
n →∞ n →∞
 n + 2 
2n
= ln lim [ ]
n →∞ n+2
divide numerator and denominator by n,
2
= ln lim [ ]
n →∞ 2
1+
n
 
 2 
= ln(2)  ∴ lim
= [ ] 2
n →∞ 2
 1+ 
 n 

The sequence is convergent and its limit is ln 2.

Q 4: Determine whether the following series converges; if so then find the sum:
5 5 5
5 + + 2 + ... + k −1 + ...
2 2 2

Solution:

5 5 5 1
Since 5 + + 2 + ... + k −1 + ... is a geometric series with a = 5 and r = .
2 2 2 2
1
And r = < 1 , therefore the series converges and the sum is
2
 if r < 1, the series converges then the sum is 
a
=
5  
1− r 1− 1  a − 
 =a + ar + ar + ...ar + ...
2 k 1

2  1− r 
2
= 5 
1
= 10
 Q 5: Use the divergence test to show that the given series diverges.
∞
k2 + k + 2
∑
k =1 3k + 1
2

Solution:
To show that the given series diverges by using divergence test we have to show that
k2 + k + 2
lim k →∞ ≠0
3k 2 + 1
Dividing in numerator and denominator by k 2
1 3
1+ +
(k + k + 3) / k
2 2
k k2
lim k →∞ = lim k →∞
(2k 2 + 1) / k 2 1
2+ 2
k
1
≠0 =
3
So according to divergence test the series diverges.

∞
k2 + k + 2
∑
k =1 3k + 1
2

∞
1
Q 6: Check the convergence or divergence of the series ∑
k =1 ( k + 1)!
by using the Ratio Test.

Solution:
uk +1
 The Ratio Test : ρ = lim
k →+ ∞ uk
for the series ∑u k

∞
1 1 1
∑ =
⇒ uk +1 = ; uk
k = 2 ( k + 1)! (k + 2)! (k + 1)!
 1 
 (k + 2)!   (k + 1)! 
=ρ lim =   lim  
k →+ ∞
 1  k →+ ∞  (k + 2)! 
 (k + 1)! 
 
 1 
= lim  
k →+ ∞ ( k + 2)
 
= 0 < 1 ⇒ the series converges ( ρ < 1 ⇒ the series converges )
 1 1
Test where ∑ an
Q 7: Find ρ by using the Limit Comparison = = and ∑ bn .
2n − 1 2n
Solution:

1 1
=∑ an =
2n − 1
and ∑ bn
2n
1
2n − 1 lim 2n  a 
=ρ lim
=  =
 The Limit Comparison test: ρ lim n 
n →+ ∞ 1 n →+ ∞ 2n − 1 n →+ ∞ b
 n 
2n
2
= lim
n →+ ∞ 1
2−
n

2 2  a 
= = = 0 
2−
1 2  ∞ 
∞
=
1 ( ∴ ρ is finite and ρ > 0 )
 Lecture No. 44: Alternating Series; Conditional Convergence
Lecture No. 45: : Taylor and Maclaurin Series

∞
n! . xn
Q 1: Find the radius of convergence for the following power series: ∑1 (3n)!
.
Solution:
n! . xn
Here an = ,
(3n)!
(n + 1)! . x n +1
so an +1 = .
(3n + 3)!
Now,
an +1 (n + 1)! . x n +1 (3n)!
lim = lim . ,
n →∞ a
n
n →∞ (3n + 3)! n! . xn
(n + 1)n ! (3n)!
= lim . x ,
(3n + 3)(3n + 2)(3n + 1)(3n)! n !
n →∞

n +1
= lim x,
n →∞ (3n + 3)(3n + 2)(3n + 1)

= 0.
Thus the series converges absolutely  ∀ x and radius of convergence                
= ∞.

∞ ∞
( −1) n . n n
Q 2: Show that ∑a n is divergent for the following alternating series: ∑ .
1 1 2n !
Solution:
(−1) n . n n
Here an =
,
2n !
nn (n + 1) n +1
=
so an = , and an +1 .
2n ! 2(n + 1)!
an +1 (n + 1) n +1 2n !
Now lim = lim . n
n →∞ an n →∞ 2( n + 1)! n
n +1 n
= lim ( ) ,
n →∞ n
1
= lim (1 + ) n ,
n →∞ n
= e > 1.
Thus the given series is diverges.
 Q 3: Find the first two terms of Tylor series for 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2.

Solution:
=
 f ( x) ln= x, f (2) ln 2,
1 1
=⇒ f ′( x) , = f ′(2) .
x 2
 Taylor polynomial for f about x = a :
f ′′(a ) f ( n ) (a)
) f (a ) + f ′(a )( x − a ) +
pn ( x= ( x − a ) 2 + ... + ( x − a)n ,
2! n!
⇒ p0 ( x) = f (2) =ln 2,
1
⇒ p1 ( x) = f (2) + f ′(2)( x − 2) = ln 2 + ( x − 2).
2

Q 4: Find the first four terms of the Taylor series generated by 𝑓 at 𝑥 = 2 where
1
f ( x) = .
x +1
Solution:

1 1 1
( x + 1)
−1
 f ( x) = = and f (2) = = ,
x +1 2 +1 3
1 1 1
− ( x + 1) =
−2
⇒ f ′( x) = − and f ′(2) =− =− 2,
( x + 1) ( 2 + 1)
2 2
3
2 2 2
⇒ f ′′( x) = 2 ( x + 1) =
−3
and f ′′(2) = = ,
( x + 1) ( 2 + 1)
3 3
33
6 6 6
−6 ( x + 1) =
−4
⇒ f ′′′( x) = − and f ′′′(2) =
− =
− 4.
( x + 1) ( 2 + 1)
4 4
3
 Taylor Series
f ′(a ) f ′′(a ) f ′′′(a )
pn ( x=
) f (a) + ( x − a) + ( x − a)2 + ( x − a )3 + ...
1! 2! 3!
1 2 6
− 2 − 4
1 3
= + 3 ( x − 2) + 3 ( x − 2) 2 + 3 ( x − 2)3 + ...
3 1! 2! 3!
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ = − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2) 2 − ( x − 2)3 + ...
x +1 3 9 27 81