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Thermal Conductivity: Gases Liquids Solids

This document discusses different modes of heat transfer - thermal conductivity, convection, and radiation. Thermal conductivity refers to a material's ability to conduct heat and is strongly dependent on temperature. Experimental measurements can determine conductivity for different materials, with solids generally having higher conductivity than liquids or gases. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving fluid, with forced convection occurring faster than natural convection. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves in a vacuum or gas between surfaces, following the Stefan-Boltzmann law for blackbody radiation proportional to the fourth power of temperature. Emissivity corrections apply for non-blackbody radiation transfer.

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164 views4 pages

Thermal Conductivity: Gases Liquids Solids

This document discusses different modes of heat transfer - thermal conductivity, convection, and radiation. Thermal conductivity refers to a material's ability to conduct heat and is strongly dependent on temperature. Experimental measurements can determine conductivity for different materials, with solids generally having higher conductivity than liquids or gases. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving fluid, with forced convection occurring faster than natural convection. Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves in a vacuum or gas between surfaces, following the Stefan-Boltzmann law for blackbody radiation proportional to the fourth power of temperature. Emissivity corrections apply for non-blackbody radiation transfer.

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Heat Transfer Third Year Dr.Aysar T.

Jarullah

Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity, (k), is the property of a material's ability to conduct heat. It appears
primarily in Fourier's Law for heat conduction.

 Experimental measurements may be made to determine the thermal conductivity of


different materials.
 In general, the thermal conductivity is strongly temperature-dependent.
 The numerical value of the thermal conductivity indicates how fast heat will flow in a
given material.

Some values of thermal conductivity of various materials are shown below:

Gases Liquids Solids


H2 = 0.175 W/m.°C H2O = 0.556 W/m.°C Ag = 410 W/m.°C
He = 0.141 W/m.°C Hg = 8.21 W/m.°C Cu = 385 W/m.°C
Air = 0.024 W/m.°C NH3 = 0.540 W/m.°C AL = 202 W/m.°C
CO2 = 0.0146 W/m.°C Freon = 0.073 W/m.°C Ni = 93 W/m.°C

Convection Heat Transfer


 Convection was considered as it related to the boundary conditions of a conduction
problem.
 The hot metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan (forced convection) than
when exposed to still air (natural convection).

h = convection heat transfer coeff. (W/m2.°C)

 If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of
motion, a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density
gradients near the plate. We call this natural, or free, convection as opposed to forced
convection, which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate.

Radiation Heat Transfer


 In conduction and convection, the energy transfer through a material medium.
 Radiation: the energy can be transferred through vacuum by propagation of
electromagnetic radiation.
Heat Transfer Third Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah

 Black boby (ideal radiation): it’s a body emit energy at a rate proportional to the
fourth power of the absolute temperature (in Kelvin) of the body and directly
proportional to its surface area. Thus
q q
 T4   T4
A A
 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant with the value of 5.669×10 −8 W/m2K4.
 Stefan-Boltzmann law of thermal radiation is q   A(T14  T24 ) for black infinite
bodies. T1 is the temperature of radiative body (K), and T2 is the temperature of
receiving body (K).
 For non black body and take into account that not all the radiation leaving one surface
will reach the other surface since electromagnetic radiation travels in straight lines and
some will be lost to the surroundings, the emissivity factor (Є) is used for this purpose
as a correction factor for non black bodies. Therefore:

q  F FGA(T14  T24 )

FЄ is the emissivity function


FG is the geometric function.
Heat Transfer Third Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah
Heat Transfer Third Year Dr.Aysar T. Jarullah

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