Type of flight control system

The flight Control System is the way for the pilot to control the aircraft during a flight. The Primary
flight controls are the controls which are very important in order for the pilot to control the aircraft during
a flight. The Secondary flight controls are the controls which help the pilot ease tension midflight. So, it is
very important to take considerations the type of flight control system and what kind of conditions will
the aircraft be. In order for the pilot to fly at ease

 Mechanical
Mechanical or manually operated flight control systems are the most basic
method of controlling an aircraft. They were used in early aircraft and are currently used
in small aircraft where the aerodynamic forces are not excessive.
 Hydro-mechanical
The complexity and weight of mechanical flight control systems increase
considerably with the size and performance of the aircraft. Hydraulically powered control
surfaces help to overcome these limitations.
 Fly-by-wire control systems
A fly-by-wire (FBW) system replaces manual flight control of an aircraft with an
electronic interface. The movements of flight controls are converted to electronic signals
transmitted by wires (hence the term fly-by-wire), and flight control computers
determine how to move the actuators at each control surface to provide the expected
response.

most of the basic flight control systems are mechanical and, although they date back to the earliest aircraft
types, are in use in the majority of light, general aviation aircraft. In this design, a collection of mechanical
components such as cables, pulleys, rods and chains transmit the movement of the flight deck controls to
the appropriate control surface.
A. Primary Flight Controls

There are two types of flight Controls. There are the primary flight controls which are needed in
order to safely control an aircraft during flight and consist pf ailerons, elevators, and rudder. With the
three primary controls we can control the aircraft in flight with the Movement of any of the primary flight
controls causes the aircraft to rotate around the axis of rotation associated with the control surface. The
ailerons control motion around the longitudinal axis (roll), the elevator controls rotation around the lateral
axis (pitch) and the rudder controls movement around the vertical axis (yaw). But the primary flight
control must be responsive, for it is soft and sluggish at low airspeed but become stiffer the faster the
airspeed become.

Ailerons

Ailerons are a primary flight control surface which control movement about the longitudinal axis
of an aircraft. This movement is referred to as "roll". The ailerons are attached to the outboard trailing
edge of each wing and, when a manual or autopilot control input is made, move in opposite directions
from one another. Moving the flight deck control wheel or control stick to the right results in the aileron
mounted on the right wing to deflect upward while, at the same time, the aileron on the left wing deflects
downward. The upward deflection of the right aileron reduces the camber of the wing resulting in
decreased lift on the right wing. And with our aircraft the ECHO – 07 being mechanical the ailerons are
connected by cables, bell cranks, pulleys, and/ or push pull tubes.
 Type 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 b 𝐶𝐴 /𝐶 Span Ratio δ𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Deg)
(Kg) (m) b/b/2 b/b/2 Up Down
Light GA 1406 11 0.2 0.46 0.95 20 14
Business Jet 9979 16.31 0.3 0.56 0.89 12.5 12.5
Agriculture 7257 18 0.36 0.4 0.95 17 13
Business Jet 16080 17.7 0.22 0.6 0.86 15 15
Airliner 44450 28.08 0.24 0.6 0.94 25 20
Airliner 247200 60.09 0.22 0.32 0.76 30 10
Airliner 368000 63.45 0.3 0.64 0.92 25 20
Airliner 368000 63.45 0.25 0.67 0.92 25 25
The Echo – 07 falls under the category of light aircraft therefore our aircraft has an upward
deflection of 20 degrees and downward deflection of 14 degrees
Isometric view of ECHO – 07 pointing the ailerons

zoomed view of ECHO – 07 showing the ailerons

 BELL CRANK

CABLE

PULLEY

CONTROL

Isolated view of ECHO – 07 Aileron with Bell Crank, Control, Cables, and Pulley

Elevators

The ECHO - 07 also has an Elevator which is a primary flight control surface that controls
movement about the lateral axis of an aircraft. This movement is referred to as "pitch". Most aircraft have
two elevators, one of which is mounted on the trailing edge of each half of the horizontal stabilizer. The
elevators respond to a forward or aft movement of the control column or control stick. When the pilot
moves the controls forward, the elevator surface is deflected downwards. This increases the camber of
the horizontal stabilizer resulting in an increase in lift. And with our aircraft being mechanical it uses
pulley, Bell Crank, cables, and pulley.

Type 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 𝑆𝐸 /𝑆𝑏 𝐶𝐸 /𝐶𝑏 δ𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Deg)

(Kg) Down Up
Light GA 1406 0.38 0.44 22 25
Business Jet 9979 0.37 0.37 15 15.5
Business Jet 16080 0.28 0.31 20 27.5
Agriculture 7257 0.36 0.38 15 29
Reg 18600 0.35 0.33 16 26
Military 70305 0.232 0.35 15 40
Transport
Transport 33000 0.197 0.22 15 25
 BELL CRANK

CABLE
CONTROL

PULLEY

Isolated view of ECHO – 07 Elevator with Bell Crank, Control, Cables, and Pulley

Rudder

The ECHO- 07 also has a Rudder which is a primary flight control he rudder is a primary flight
control surface which controls rotation about the vertical axis of an aircraft. This movement is referred to
as "yaw". The rudder is a movable surface that is mounted on the trailing edge of the vertical stabilizer or
fin. In most aircraft, the rudder is controlled through the flight deck rudder pedals which are linked
mechanically to the rudder. Deflection of a rudder pedal causes a corresponding rudder deflection in the
same direction; that is, pushing the left rudder pedal will result in a rudder deflection to the left. Rudders
and ailerons if use together causes the aircraft to roll.
 Aircraft Type 𝑚 𝑇𝑂 𝑆𝑅 /𝑆𝑉 𝐶𝑅 /𝐶𝑉 δ𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Deg) Max Cross
(Kg) wind
(Knot)
Cessna 182 Light GA 1406 0.38 0.42 24
Cessna 650 Business jet 9979 0.26 0.27 25
Gulfstream 200 Business jet 16080 0.3 0.32 20
Air Tractor AT - 802 Regional 18600 0.61 0.62 24
Airliner
Lockheed C -130E Military Cargo 70305 0.239 0.25 35
DC – 8 Transport 140600 0.269 35 32.5 34
DC – 10 Transport 251700 0.145 38 23/46 30
Boeing 737-100 Transport 50300 0.25 0.26
Boeing 777 – 200 Transport 247200 0.26 0.28 27.3
Boeing 747 – 200 Transport 377842 0.173 0.22 25 30
Lockheed C – 5A Cargo 381000 0.191 0.2 - 43
Fokker 100A Airliner 44450 0.23 0.28 20 30
Embraer ERJ145 Regional Jet 22000 0.29 0.31 15
Airbus A340-600 Airliner 368000 0.31 0.32 31.6

BELL CRANK

CABLE

CONTROL PULLEY

Isolated view of ECHO – 07 Rudder with Bell Crank, Control, Cables, and Pulley
Isometric view of ECHO – 07 With a mechanical Primary flight system