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Cp467 12 Lecture6 Sharpening

1. Sharpening filters work by enhancing edges and discontinuities in an image through spatial differentiation techniques like derivatives. 2. The Laplace filter uses second derivatives to highlight regions of rapid intensity change. Unsharp masking and high boost filtering produce sharpening by subtracting a blurred version of the image from the original. 3. Gradient masks calculate a magnitude from first derivatives to sharpen based on intensity gradients across an image.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
124 views33 pages

Cp467 12 Lecture6 Sharpening

1. Sharpening filters work by enhancing edges and discontinuities in an image through spatial differentiation techniques like derivatives. 2. The Laplace filter uses second derivatives to highlight regions of rapid intensity change. Unsharp masking and high boost filtering produce sharpening by subtracting a blurred version of the image from the original. 3. Gradient masks calculate a magnitude from first derivatives to sharpen based on intensity gradients across an image.

Uploaded by

Kalirajan K
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 6 Sharpening Filters

1. The concept of sharpening filter


2
2. First and second order derivatives
3. Laplace filter
4. Unsharp p mask
5. High boost filter
6. Gradient mask
7. Sharpening image with MatLab
Sharpening Spatial Filters
• To highlight fine detail in an image or to enhance detail
that has been blurred, either in error or as a natural
effect
ff t off a particular
ti l method th d off image
i acquisition.
i iti

• Blurring vs
vs. Sharpening

• Blurring/smooth is done in spatial domain by pixel averaging in a


neighbors,
i hb it iis a process off iintegration
t ti

• Sh
Sharpening
i is
i an inverse
i process, tot find
fi d th
the diff
difference by
b the
th
neighborhood, done by spatial differentiation.

2
Derivative operator

• The strength of the response of a derivative


operator is proportional to the degree of
discontinuity of the image at the point at which the
operator is applied.

• Image differentiation
– enhances edges and other discontinuities (noise)
– deemphasizes area with slowly varying gray-level
values.
values

3
Sharpening edge by First and second order derivatives

• Intensity function f =
f’
f
• First derivative f’ =

• Second-order derivative
f’’
f f’’
f-f
f’’ =

• f- f’’ =

4
First and second order difference of 1D
• The basic definition of the first-order derivative of a one-
dimensional function f(x) is the difference

∂f
= f ( x + 1) − f ( x)
∂x
• The second-order derivative of a one-dimensional
function f(x)
( ) is the difference

∂ f
2
= f ( x + 1) + f ( x − 1) − 2 f ( x)
∂x 2

5
First and Second-order derivative of 2D
• when we consider an image function of two variables,
f(x, y), at which time we will dealing with partial
d i ti
derivatives along
l th
the ttwo spatial
ti l axes.

∂f ( x, y ) ∂f ( x, y ) ∂f ( x, y )
Gradient operator ∇f = = +
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
(linear operator)
∂ 2
f ( x , y ) ∂ 2
f ( x, y )
Laplacian
p operator
p ∇ f =
2
+
(non-linear) ∂x 2
∂y 2

7
Discrete form of Laplacian

from
∂ f
2
= f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x − 1, y ) − 2 f ( x, y )
∂x 2

∂2 f
= f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y − 1) − 2 f ( x, y )
∂y 2

∇ f = [ f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x − 1, y )
2

+ f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y − 1) − 4 f ( x, y )]

8
Result Laplacian mask

9
Laplacian mask implemented an extension of
diagonal neighbors

10
Other implementation of Laplacian masks

give the same result, but we have to keep in mind that


when combining (add / subtract) a Laplacian-filtered
i
image with
ith another
th image.
i
11
Effect of Laplacian Operator
• as it is a derivative operator,
– it highlights gray-level discontinuities in an image
– it deemphasizes regions with slowly varying gray levels
• tends to produce images that have
– grayish edge lines and other discontinuities, all superimposed on
a dark
dark,
– featureless background.

12
Correct the effect of featureless background

• easily by adding the original and Laplacian image.


• be careful with the Laplacian filter used

if th
the center
t coefficient
ffi i t
of the Laplacian mask is
⎧ f ( x, y ) − ∇ 2 f ( x, y ) negative
g ( x, y ) = ⎨
⎩ f ( x , y ) + ∇ 2
f ( x, y )
if the center coefficient
of the Laplacian mask is
positive

13
Example

• a). image of the North


pole of the moon
• b). Laplacian-filtered
image with
1 1 1
1 -8 1
1 1 1

• c). Laplacian image


scaled for display
purposes
• d). image enhanced by
addition with original
image
14
Mask of Laplacian + addition
• to simply the computation, we can create a mask which
do both operations, Laplacian Filter and Addition the
original
i i l iimage.

15
Mask of Laplacian + addition

g ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) − [ f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x − 1, y )
+ f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y − 1) + 4 f ( x, y )]
= 5 f ( x, y ) − [ f ( x + 1, y ) + f ( x − 1, y )
+ f ( x, y + 1) + f ( x, y − 1)]

0 -1 0
-1
1 5 -1
1
0 -1 0

16
Example

17
Note
⎧ f ( x, y ) − ∇ f ( x, y )
2
g ( x, y ) = ⎨
⎩ f ( x, y ) + ∇ f ( x, y )
2

0 -1
1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0
-1 5 -1 = 0 1 0 + -1 4 -1
0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0

0 -1
1 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0
-1 9 -1 = 0 1 0 + -1 8 -1
0 -1
1 0 0 0 0 0 -1
1 0

18
Unsharp masking

f s ( x, y ) = f ( x, y ) − f ( x, y )
sharpened image = original image – blurred image

• to subtract a blurred version of an image produces


sharpening output image.

19
Unsharp mask
High-boost filtering

f hb ( x, y ) = Af ( x, y ) − f ( x, y )

fhb(x, y) = (A−1) f (x, y) − f (x, y) f (x, y)


= (A−1) f (x, y) − fs (x, y)
• generalized form of Unsharp masking
• A≥1

22
High-boost filtering

f hb ( x, y ) = ( A − 1) f ( x, y ) − f s ( x, y )
• if we use Laplacian filter to create sharpen image fs(x,y)
with addition of original image

⎧ f ( x, y ) − ∇ 2 f ( x, y )
f s ( x, y ) = ⎨
⎩ f ( x , y ) + ∇ 2
f ( x, y )

⎧ Af ( x, y ) − ∇ 2 f ( x, y )
f hb ( x, y ) = ⎨
⎩ Af ( x, y ) + ∇ f ( x, y )
2

23
High-boost Masks

„ A≥1
„ if A = 1,
1 it becomes “standard”
standard Laplacian sharpening

24
Example

25
Gradient Operator

• first derivatives are implemented using the


magnitude of the gradient.
gradient
⎡ ∂∂ff ⎤
⎡Gx ⎤ ⎢ ∂x ⎥
∇f = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ∂f ⎥
⎣Gy ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ ∂y ⎥⎦
1
∇f = mag (∇f ) = [G + G ]
x
2 2 2
y
1 commonly approx.
⎡⎛ ∂f ⎞ 2 ⎛ ∂f ⎞ 2
⎤ 2

= ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎥⎦
∇f ≈ G x + G y
the magnitude becomes nonlinear
26
Gradient Mask
z1 z2 z3
• simplest approximation, 2x2
z4 z5 z6
z7 z8 z9

G x = ( z8 − z 5 ) and G y = ( z 6 − z5 )
1 1
∇ f = [G + G ]
2
x
2
y
2
= [( z8 − z5 ) + ( z6 − z5 ) ]
2 2 2

∇ f ≈ z8 − z 5 + z 6 − z 5

27
Gradient Mask z1 z2 z3
z4 z5 z6
• Roberts cross-gradient operators, 2x2 z7 z8 z9

G x = ( z9 − z5 ) and G y = ( z8 − z 6 )
1 1
∇ f = [G + G ]
2
x
2
y
2
= [( z9 − z5 ) + ( z8 − z6 ) ]
2 2 2

∇ f ≈ z 9 − z 5 + z8 − z 6

28
Gradient Mask z1 z2 z3
z4 z5 z6
• Sobel operators, 3x3 z7 z8 z9

Gx = ( z7 + 2 z8 + z9 ) − ( z1 + 2 z 2 + z3 )
G y = ( z3 + 2 z6 + z9 ) − ( z1 + 2 z 4 + z7 )
∇f ≈ G x + G y
the weight value 2 is to
achieve smoothing by
giving more important
to the center point
29
Example

30
Example of Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods

• want to sharpen the


original image and bring
out more skeletal detail.
• problems: narrow
dynamic range of gray
level and high noise
content makes the
image difficult to
enhance

31
Example of Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods

• solve :
1. Laplacian to highlight fine detail
2. gradient to enhance prominent edges
3. gray-level transformation to increase the dynamic
range of gray levels

32

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