Saravanamuttu and Sudarsanam IJPSR, 2012; Vol.

3(10): 3639-3650 ISSN: 0975-8232

IJPSR (2012), Vol. 3, Issue 10 (Review Article)

Received on 10 June, 2012; received in revised form 11 July, 2012; accepted 21 September, 2012

ANTIDIABETIC PLANTS AND THEIR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS: A REVIEW

Sivani Saravanamuttu* and D. Sudarsanam

School of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Loyola College,
Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus is a lifestyle disorder that is rapidly becoming a major

Diabetes mellitus, threat to populations all over the globe. Over the past 30 years, the status of
Herbal medicine, diabetes has changed from being considered as a mild lifestyle disorder of
Active ingredient,
the elderly to one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, affecting
Antidiabetic principle,
Molecular docking
people of all ages. India is slated to be the diabetic capital of the world, with
50.8 million diabetics. There seems to be a renewed interest in herbal
Correspondence to Author:
medicines across the world today and plants are a powerhouse of sources for
Sivani Saravanamuttu (M. Phil.,) antidiabetic principles. Hence, a review on the antidiabetic plants has been
done and the plants with antidiabetic principles isolated have been
School of Genomics and Bioinformatics,
Department of Advanced Zoology and
tabulated. Electronic searches were conducted in numerous databases and
Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai relevant journals. Sources also included various books and newspaper
600 034, Tamil Nadu, India articles. Hand searches were also carried out in additional journals and
Email: [email protected]
secondary references. Researchers in the field of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
and Homeopathy were consulted for access to ongoing research and various
references. Molecular docking studies were performed on three selected
plants to authenticate their affinity and therapeutic efficacy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus, being a with diabetes, which is set to increase to 552 million by
multifactorial disease, demands multiple therapeutic 2030 2. Recent molecular investigations all over the
approaches. Global studies on diabetes mellitus have world highlight the power of herbs. There is a need to
reiterated that primary prevention is necessary and transform “traditional anecdotes” to “evidence-based
drastic steps must be taken to diagnose the disease medicine”. The transformation of digitalis from a folk
early on, provide effective management and also take medicine, foxglove, to a modern drug, digoxin,
steps to prevent the onset of disease in high-risk illustrates principles of modern pharmacology that
subjects. According to WHO, plant-based traditional allow development of safe and effective drugs from
system of medicine is still the mainstay of about 75– nature 3.
80% of the world population, mainly in the developing
countries, for primary healthcare because of better QUICK RESPONSE CODE
cultural acceptability, better compatibility with the IJPSR:
human body and lesser side effects 1. According to the ICV- 4.57
fifth edition of the World Diabetes Atlas released by
the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), as of 2011, Website:
www.ijpsr.com
the total adult population in the age group of 20-79
years stands at 4.3 billion, out of which 366 million live

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 Saravanamuttu and Sudarsanam IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(10): 3639-3650 ISSN: 0975-8232

Historical Account: Fossil records date human use of and little can be done to prevent the delay of its
plants as medicines at least to the Middle Paleolithic secondary complications. Thus, search for new
age some 60,000 years ago 4. A study of Ayurvedic antidiabetic drugs with novel mechanisms of action
literatures, written as early as 4th to 5th century B.C., should still be pursued. Man has used plants heavily to
indicate that diabetes, known as “Madhumeha (honey treat diabetes mellitus, so much so, there are 700
urine)”, was fairly well known and well conceived in recipes containing more than 400 plants reputed for
ancient India. The earliest recorded evidence of their their antidiabetic activity. The last few years have seen
use in classical Indian texts such as Rigveda and a major surge in the use of herbal medicines the world
Atherveda, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Roman and over. India is sitting on a gold mine of well-recorded
Syrian texts dates back to about 5000 years 5-6. The and well-practiced knowledge of traditional herbal
most authentic medical treatise, Sushruta Samhita, medicine, and hence must capitalize on this herbal
describes 760 species of antidiabetic plants, while wealth by promoting its use worldwide 12.
Charaka Samhita describes 500 species. They also
describe about glycosuria, polyphagia, and polyuria. In the field of bioinformatics, molecular docking
studies are widely used to predict suitable drug
Historical references to diabetes mellitus occur in an candidates in the pharmaceutical drug designing
ancient Egyptian medicine document, Ebers Papyrus, industry. Binding orientation of these small molecules
from the 3rd Dynasty in 1500 B.C. In China, Ben Jing, or active ingredients to their protein targets reveals
written in 104 B.C., describes about 252 species of their affinity and activity as possible drug candidates 13.
antidiabetic plants. In Unani system of medicine, which
originated in Greece and evolved within the Muslim MATERIALS AND METHOD: For this review, electronic
world, there are various references to diabetes and searches were conducted in various databases and
antidiabetic herbs. South America and Africa, which online journals. Sources also included books and
have less documentation, also describe about various newspaper articles. Hand searches were also carried
treatments for diabetes using medicinal plants. A out in additional journals and secondary references.
comprehensive review on antidiabetic medicinal plants Researchers in the field of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani
has been compiled by Atta-ur-Rahman and Zaman, and Homeopathy were consulted for access to
providing information regarding nearly 343 references and ongoing research. To authenticate the
antidiabetic plants 7-9. promising effect of the antidiabetic phytochemicals,
molecular docking studies were performed on three
The earliest recorded attempt to treat diabetes chosen antidiabetic plants - Pterocarpus marsupium
mellitus dates back more than 3,500 years and the (Figure 1-3, Table 1), Glyzyrrhiza glabra (Figure 4-6,
treatment used was of plant origin 10. Hence, there are Table 2), Syzygium cumini (Figure 7-9, Table 3), using a
various evidences of treatments with antidiabetic web-based software application for protein and ligand
medicinal plant in Native American, Traditional molecular docking.
Chinese Medicine, Kampo, Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani,
Homeopathy, Tribal, and Folk from time immemorial. RESULTS:
According to the folklore of North Carolina, collected Docking Studies:
by Dr. Frank C. Brown during the years 1912 to 1943, a
strange sounding suggestion to cure diabetes is to Pterocarpus marsupium:
allow a poisonous snake to bite the sufferer.11.
(Phytochemical - Pterostilbene)
Alternative Therapy - Plants as Source of Antidiabetic
IUPAC Name: 4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethenyl]
Drugs: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with
serious long-term debilitating complications and no phenol
known cure. Nowadays, insulin and other oral blood
Molecular Weight: 256.296440 g/mol
glucose lowering agents are used in the clinical
management of diabetes mellitus. Unfortunately, the Molecular Formula: C16H16O3
prevalence of this disease continues to rise worldwide

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FIG. 1: 2D STRUCTURE FIG. 2: 3D Structure

FIG. 3: DOCKING OF 4-[(E)-2-(3,5-DIMETHOXYPHENYL) ETHENYL] PHENOL WITH PROTEIN (SIRTUIN 6) WITH ANALYSIS DONE ON
DOCKING SERVER SHOWING RECEPTOR (BLUE), LIGAND (RED) AND ACTIVE SITE (GREEN)

TABLE 1: DOCKING STUDIES SHOWING ENERGY VALUES OF PTEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM (PHYTOCHEMICAL - PTEROSTILBENE)
Est. Free Energy of Est. Inhibition vdW + Hbond + Electrostatic Total intermolec. Interact.
Rank Frequency
Binding Constant Ki desolv Energy Energy Energy Surface
1 -6.56 kcal/mol 16.66 uM -7.85 kcal/mol -0.15 kcal/mol -8.00 kcal/mol 50% 706.58

Glycyrrhiza glabra:

(Phytochemical - Glycyrrhiza - Flavonol A)

IUPAC Name: 3, 5, 7-trihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-2, 2-

dimethyl-3, 4-dihydrochromen-4-one
Molecular Weight: 370.35272 g/mol
Molecular Formula: C20H18O7

FIG. 5: 3D STRUCTURE

FIG. 4: 2D STRUCTURE

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FIG. 6: DOCKING OF 3,5,7-TRIHYDROXY-2-(3-HYDROXY-2,2-DIMETHYL-3,4-DIHYDROCHROMEN-4-ONE WITH PROTEIN (SIRTUIN 6) WITH

ANALYSIS DONE ON DOCKING SERVER SHOWING RECEPTOR (BLUE), LIGAND (RED) AND ACTIVE SITE (GREEN)

TABLE 2: DOCKING STUDIES SHOWING ENERGY VALUES OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA (PHYTOCHEMICAL - GLYCYRRHIZA - FLAVONOL A)
Est. Free Energy of Est. Inhibition vdW + Hbond + Electrostatic Total intermolec. Interact.
Rank Frequency
Binding Constant Ki desolv Energy Energy Energy Surface
1 -5.48 kcal/mol 95.87 uM -5.69 kcal/mol -0.33 kcal/mol -6.02 kcal/mol 50% 761.887

Syzygium cumini:

(Phytochemical - Cuminyl alcohol)

IUPAC Name: (4-propan-2-ylphenyl)methanol

Molecular Weight: 150.217560 g/mol

Molecular Formula: C10H14O

FIG. 8: 3D STRUCTURE

FIG. 7: 2D STRUCTURE

FIG. 9: DOCKING OF (4-PROPAN-2-YLPHENYL)METHANOL WITH PROTEIN

(SIRTUIN 6) WITH ANALYSIS DONE ON DOCKING SERVER SHOWING
RECEPTOR (BLUE), LIGAND (RED) AND ACTIVE SITE (GREEN)

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TABLE 3: DOCKING STUDIES SHOWING ENERGY VALUES OF SYZYGIUM CUMINI (PHYTOCHEMICAL - CUMINYL ALCOHOL)
Est. Free Energy of Est. Inhibition vdW + Hbond + Electrostatic Total intermolec. Interact.
Rank Frequency
Binding Constant Ki desolv Energy Energy Energy Surface
1 -5.01 kcal/mol 213.71 uM -5.91 kcal/mol -0.01 kcal/mol -5.92 kcal/mol 50% 469.309

DISCUSSION: Before the advent of insulin injections 12. Tinospora cordifolia - Guduchi
and oral hypoglycemic drugs, healers relied heavily
upon the use of herbs to treat diabetes. Various active 13. Syzygium cumini - Jamun or jambul
ingredients were isolated from the medicinal herbs 14. Azadirachta indica - neem
and animal experimentations were carried out to study
their mode of action. In recent times, due to the surge 15. Murraya koenigii - curry leaf
in interest in herbal medicines, various antidiabetic
plants are being studied to identify a wide array of 16. Embilica officinalis - Indian gooseberry or amla
chemically derived plant compounds for their possible
17. Phyllanthus amarus - keezhkai nelli
treatment of diabetes. Often extracts from natural
sources provide excellent pharmacological actions and 18. Cyamopsis tetragonaloba - guar gum
negligible or no adverse effects. Hence, this review
will throw light on the various explored and 19. Withania sominifera - winter cherry
unexplored antidiabetic plants, which could enable
20. Hordeum vulgare - barley
efficacious and cost-effective antidiabetic therapy.
21. Ginko biloba - ginko
Most antidiabetic plants belong to the family
Leguminoseae, Curubitaceae, Liliaceae, Laminaceae, 22. Bauhinia forficate - pata de vaca
Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, and
Araliaceae. 23. Ocimum sanctum - holy basil

Although a number of plants have some degree of 24. Coccinia indica - Ivy gourd
antidiabetic activity, a significant amount of research
25. Vaccinium myrtillus - bilberry
as well as traditional usage is confined only to a few
useful plants, some of which are the following: 26. Glycyrrhiza glabra - licorice
1. Gymnema sylvestre - gurmar Some plants, Pterocarpus marsupium 14 and Bauhinia
forficata 15, even promote regeneration of the
2. Trigonella foenum-graecum - fenugreek
damaged beta cells in the Islet of Langerhans in
3. Momordica charantia - bitter gourd pancreas. Most of the plants have blood glucose
lowering activity and some in addition have
4. Opuntia streptacantha - nopal or prickly pear antioxidant, as well as hypocholesterolemic activities.
cactus Not all the antidiabetic plants have their active
ingredients identified and are yet to be isolated. Most
5. Pterocarpus marsupium - Indian kino
of the experimentation takes place using plants in
6. Polygala senega - Seneca snake-root aqueous or hydroalcoholic extracts. The effect of these
antidiabetic plants have been tested in vivo and in
7. Allium cepa - onion vitro on rats, mice, rabbits and dogs. Very few have
been tested on humans for their efficacy.
8. Allium sativum - garlic
Alloxan or streptozotocin has been used to induce
9. Panax quinquefolius - ginseng diabetes in the animal studies, as well as
10. Aloe vera - aloe pancreatectomy in a few. Mechanism of action is
described in a few plants, in comparison with the oral
11. Lagerstroemia speciosa - banaba hypoglycemic drugs. The active ingredients play a role

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in enhancing glucose utilization, lowering plasma Pancreatic α-amylase inhibitors offer an effective
glucose, and improving insulin sensitivity in diabetic strategy to lower the levels of post-prandial
animals. Different extracts of numerous plants were hyperglycemia via the control of starch breakdown 32.
studied and found to show hypoglycemic effects. The Caesalpinia sappan shows moderate porcine
aqueous extracts show maximum effect. They were pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory (PPA) activity 33. Root
compared to glibenclamide, tolbutamide, and of Dioscorea oppositifolia is used in Chinese herbalism
metformin as standard 16-22. to treat diabetes. This root is a key ingredient in "the
herb of eight ingredients" used in Traditional Chinese
Abies pindrow (silver fir) and its active ingredient D- Medicine to treat hyperthyroidism, nephritis, and
pinitol, exert an insulin-like effect to improve glycemic diabetes 34.
control in hypoinsulinemic STZ-diabetic mice. D-pinitol
may act via a post-receptor pathway of insulin action Leaves of Eucalyptus globulus is found to ameliorate
affecting glucose uptake. Hypoglycemic activity due to the diabetic state by partial restoration of pancreatic
increase in the peripheral metabolism of glucose was beta cells and repair of STZ-induced damage in rats.
seen in some plants and these experiments were Eucalyptus alcoholic extract can serve as a good
carried out on rabbits with experimentally induced adjuvant in the present armamentarium of antidiabetic
diabetes 23. The leaves of Bauhinia purpurea (orchid drugs.37
tree) were found to possess, in addition to antidiabetic
activity, antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities According to Urmila Thatte, many studies have been
24
. made on leaves, fruits, or flowers of antidiabetic
plants, which is better than using the whole plant or
The saponins of root bark of Berberis vulgaris aqueous the root of the plant, as the continued availability of
extract exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activity. raw material will be a challenge. Sustainability and
The results suggest that the hypoglycemic effect was environmental conservation should be taken into
due to the stimulating effect of the remnant beta cells account as well. It was also found that combinations
25
. Root of Beta vulgaris is known to reduce blood of herbal extracts showed better efficacy as compared
glucose levels by regeneration of beta cells. The leaf of to individual herbal plant extracts used. This was seen
the bitter plant, Biophytum sensitivum, exhibited in Abroma augusta and Curcuma longa, which showed
hypoglycemic activity, which may be mediated through efficient antidiabetic activity and also reduced
stimulating the synthesis/release of insulin from the oxidative stress in diabetic animals 35-37.
beta cells of Langerhans 26-29. Ethanolic extracts of the
roots and leaves of Boerhaavia diffusa (red spiderling) Coccinia indica, a member of the Cucurbitaceae family,
was found to have potent antidiabetic activity that had the same ability to lower glucose levels as
reduces blood sugar level in streptozotocin-induced tolbutamide. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation
diabetic rats 30. and peroxisome proliferator-mediated receptor-α or
(PPARα)-mediated mechanisms might be relevant
The study on the leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis pathways for the antidiabetic activity of the Fraxinus
suggests that aqueous and methanolic extracts have excelsior extract. Majorana hortensis, a native of
good glucose tolerance and significantly reduced Cyprus and Turkey, has alpha-glucosidase inhibition
intestinal glucosidase activity, with regeneration of activity, which indicates that inclusion of herbs from
insulin-producing cells and increase in plasma insulin. Lamiaceae family could potentially help manage
These results suggest a potential for development of hyperglycemia linked to type 2 diabetes 38-42.
new nutraceutical treatment for diabetes 31.
It is important to study the efficacy of the antidiabetic
Buddleja officinalis was found to have a hypoglycemic herb, shelf-life, and stability as well. Studies show that
effect, which was due to the inhibition of DPP-IV. DPP- animal studies are poor predictors of effects in
IV inhibitors have been proved to prevent GLP-1 humans. Though many plants have shown promising
degradation, and thus, effectively decrease blood results as antidiabetic agents, their efficacy varies from
glucose. It also possesses antioxidant activity. patient to patient. As a result, clinical studies must be

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 Saravanamuttu and Sudarsanam IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(10): 3639-3650 ISSN: 0975-8232

carried out in large populations before any plant-based the family Leguminoseae, which declined the
product can be introduced into clinical practice. hyperglycemia of the normal rats 51-52.
Studies should be designed to identify and determine
any undesirable side effects that result from their Shilajit, which is considered one of the wonder
consumption 12. medicines of Ayurveda, neither a plant nor animal
substance, but a mineral pitch that oozes from the
Gossypium herbaceum, a potential antidiabetic plant, rocks of the Himalayas, as they become warm in the
is a part of Diabecon (D-400), which is an antidiabetic summer months, is said to be used extensively for a
herbomineral preparation, which reduces variety of diseases including diabetes. Shilajit is among
hyperlipidemia and may possibly delay the lipid- the best herbs for the long-term management of
mediated secondary complications of arteriosclerosis diabetes mellitus where it should be combined with
32
. The seeds of Irvingia gabonensis significantly reduce gurmar 56. Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s mane), a fungi,
body weight and improve metabolic parameters in native to China, Japan, North America and Asia, is
overweight humans in a randomized double-blind found to be antidiabetic. Non-starch polysaccharides
placebo controlled investigation. Leaf decoction of of the fruiting body are found to reduce blood glucose
Jatropha curcas was found to stimulate insulin release. levels 58. Ramulus mori or Sang Zhi, dried twig of
Furthermore, depending upon the cultivation mulberry tree, which is a traditional Chinese medicinal
conditions, the amount of secondary metabolites will herb that appears to have properties similar to those
vary, which may possess additional pharmacological of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 59. Alpha-glucosidase
activity, leading to variability in bioactivity. Hence, the inhibitors are oral antidiabetic drugs. Triphala, which is
geographic distribution of the plants and their place of a combination of 3 myrobalans - Embelica officinalis,
origin has to be traced as well 43-46. Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, is a well-
known hypoglycemic agent.
The bitter seeds of Holarrhena pubescens have potent
immuno-stimulant property, antihyperlipidemic activity Gossypin, a pentahydroxy flavone glucoside found
without any toxicity induction. The methanolic and rich in the flowers of Hibiscus vitifolius, possess many
ethanolic extracts have favorable effects on blood biological properties including antidiabetic, anti-
glucose levels, liver glycogen, serum lipids and body oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Oral
weight. Ilex paraguayensis, a native plant of Brazil, administration of gossypin to diabetic rats normalized
inhibits the formation of advanced glycation-end the levels of plasma protein and blood urea. The
products (AGEs), with an effect comparable to that of obtained data were comparable with gliclazide, a
two pharmaceutical AGE-inhibitor drugs. The formation standard reference drug for diabetes. Hence, it was
of AGEs play a part in the development of diabetic concluded that gossypin has potent antidiabetic
complications. The bioactive compounds might be activity in streptozotocin-induced experimental
capable of interfering in glucose absorption, by diabetes in rats. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate
decreasing SGLT1 expression 47-50. fractions of the leaves of Coccinia cordifolia have
potential antidiabetic activity 60-61. Most of the active
Evaluation and identification of some new natural compounds isolated from the antidiabetic plants are
molecules with antidiabetic property have become one secondary metabolites. These hypoglycemic
of the major preludes of present day diabetic research. constituents include alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids,
Although few marine natural products are currently in polysaccharides, glycopeptides, aminobutyric acid
the market or in the clinical trials, marine organisms derivatives, steroids, iridoids, phenolics, peptides,
still remain the greatest unexploited source of potential alkyldisulfides and inorganic ions 62.
pharmaceuticals. Because of the unusual diversity of
chemical structures isolated from marine organisms, Natural products provide important clues for
there is intense interest in screening marine natural identifying and developing synergistic drugs that
products for their biomedical potential. One such research has largely neglected. We have a rich
marine flora is Cynometra ramiflora L., belonging to historical record from ancient physicians, which might
provide important clues for developing new drugs. The

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popularity of natural products will continue simply The antidiabetic principles isolated from numerous
because they are a matchless source of novel drug antidiabetic plants 64-100 are listed (Table 4). There are
leads and inspiration for the synthesis of non-natural many antidiabetic plants which are yet to have their
molecules 63. active ingredients isolated.
TABLE 4: ANTIDIABETIC PRINCIPLES ISOLATED FROM ANTIDIABETIC PLANTS
Medicinal Plant Part Used Active ingredient
Abroma augustum Root Abromine, its hydrochloride and a phytosterol
Abies pindrow Root, leaf D-pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiroinositol)
Abelmoschus moschatus Aerial part of plant Myricetin (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one)
Bumelia sartorum Root bark Unsaturated triterpene acid - bassic acid
Bryonia alba Root Trihydroxyoctadecadienoic acids
Bougainvillea spectabilis Leaf paste, leaf juice D-pinitol (3-O-methyl-chiroinositol)
Boswellia serrata Gum resin Oleo-gum resin
Bombax ceiba Fruit, heartwood, leaf C-flavonol glucoside - Shamimin
Blighia sapida Fruit Hypoglycin A and B
Bidens pilosa Whole plant, leaf Cytopiloyne
Bergenia ciliata Root, leaf (−)-3-O-galloylepicatechin, (−)-3-O-galloylcatechin
Berberis vulgaris Root bark Saponins
Berberis aristata Stem, root Berberine
Bauhinia variegata Bark, leaves Flavonoids
Bauhinia purpurea Leaf Flavonoid-containing fractions
Bauhinia candicans Leaf Trigonelline, kaempferol dirhamnoside
Balanites aegyptiaca Mespcarp of fruit Pure saponin, steroidal saponins
Bacopa monnieri Aerial parts, leaf Hersaponin, bacoside A
Camellia sinensis Leaf Epigallocatechin 3-gallate
Cajanus cajan Leaves, seed, fruit Arginine, ascorbic acid
Caesalpinia ferrea Fruit Ellagic acid (EA), 2-(2,3,6-trihydroxy-4-carboxyphenyl)ellagic acid (TEA)
Caesalpinia digyna Root Bergenin
Caesalpinia bonducella Seeds Caesalpin F
Caesalpinia bonduc Seed kernel Caesalpinianone
Dioscorea dumetorum Tuber Alkaloid - Dioscoretine, dihydrodioscorine
Eugenia uniflora Leaf Uniflorin A, uniflorin B, (+)-(3a, 4a, 5ß)-1-methylpiperidine-3, 4, 5-triol
corosolic acid, 3-epicorosolic acid methyl ester, 2-α hydroxy-3-oxo urs-
Eriobotrya japonica Leaf
12-en-28-oic acid, tormentic acid methyl ester, ursolic acid
Erigeron breviscapus Plant extract Scutellarin
kaempferol glucosides, caffeoyl glucoside, kaempferol-3-Osophoroside-
Equisetum myriochaetum Aerial parts
4'-O-beta-D-glucoside
Ephedra distachya Whole plant Ephedran C
Enicostema littorale Whole plant Swertiamarin, ophelic acid, tannins, alkaloid (gentianine)
Emblica officinalis Fruit, seed, leaf Polyphenols: flavonoids, kaempferol, ellagic acid, gallic acid
Eleusine coracana Seed coat Polyphenols
Eichhornia crassipes Shoot, rhizome Terpenoids, glycoside, flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid
Exostema mexicanum Stem bark 4-phenylcoumarins glycosides, chlorogenic acid, ursolic acid
Exostema caribaeum Stem bark 4-phenylcoumarins glycosides, chlorogenic acid, ursolic acid
Coumestans like wedelolactone, desmethylwedelolactone,
Eclipta alba Whole plant, leaf
furanocoumarins, oleanane, taraxastane glycosides
Ficus religiosa Bark β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside
Ficus racemosa Stem bark Beta-sitosterol
Ficus glomerata Leaves, stem bark, fruit Flavonoids, tannins
Ficus bengalensis Bark, aerial roots, fruits Leucopelargonin
Fumaria parviflora Whole plant Sanguinarine
Fraxinus excelsior Seed, plant extract Iridoids - secoiridoid glucosides, excelsides A and B
Gymnema sylvestre Leaf Gymnemic acids, gymnemagenin, gymnestrogenin

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Medicinal Plant Part Used Active ingredient

Ginkgo-flavone glycosides fraction - quercetin, kaempferol,
Ginkgo biloba Leaf
isorhamnetin
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Root Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrhiza glabra Root Glycyrrhizin
Gentiana olivieri Plant extract Isoorientin
Galega officinalis Leaf, flowering tops Alkaloid - galegine
Garcinia kola Seed alkaloid and biflavonoid extracts of seeds
Hygrophila auriculata Aerial parts Betulin, lupeol
Hovenia dulcis Entire plant Flavonoids
Hydrastis canadensis Root Berberine and hydrastine
Holostemma ada-kodien Root Flavonoids
Hintonia standleyana Leaf Phenylcoumarins
Hintonia latiflora Leaf, root Neoflavonoid coutareagenin
Hydnocarpus wightiana Seed hulls Acetyllbetulinic acid, betulinic acid, ursolic acid, acetylursolic acid
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Root, tuber Hypoxoside
Hemidesmus indicus Root Isovanillic acid - 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid
Harpagophytum procumbens Root harpagoside, beta-sitosterol
Ipomoea batatas Root, leaf An acidic glycoprotein
Juniperus communis Dried berries Isocrupressic acid
4-hydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D-*6′-O-(3″,4″,5″-trihydroxybenzoyl)
Juglans regia Roots, leaves, unripe fruits
glucopyranoside and 4-hydroxy-α-tetralone
Kalopanax pictus Stem bark kalopanaxsaponin A
Kalanchoe pinnata Leaf Bryophyllin A
Larrea tridentata Leaf Masoprocal (nordihydroguaiaretic acid)
Gallotannin -
Lagerstroemia speciosa Leaf
Penta-O-galloyl-glucopyranose (PGG)
Murraya koenigii Leaf, fruit juice Quercetin, murrayacine, carbazole
Momordica charantia Fruit, seed Charantin
Melia azadirachta Pericarp of fruit, leaf, seed Nimbin, nimbidin, nimbinin; azadirachtin
Marrubium vulgare Leaf, roots Marrubiin, marrubiol
Mangifera indica Stem bark, leaf Mangiferin – protocatechic acid, catechin,
Nigella sativa Seeds, oilseed Thymoquinone
Roots, external seed coat,
Oryza sativa Glycans - oryzarans A, B, C, D
seed
Otholobium pubescens Plant extract Bakuchiol - [4-(3-Ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadienyl)phenol]
4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3',4'-dihydroxybenzyl protocatechuate,
Origanum vulgare Leaf 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3',4'-dihydroxybenzyl 4-O-
methylprotocatechuate
Opuntia dillenii Fruit Polysaccharides
Ophiopogon japonicus Roots Polysaccharides
oleuropein,
Olea europaea Leaf
hydroxytyrosol
Ocimum sanctum Leaf Eugenol
Gum resin, bark,
Pterocarpus marsupium Pterocarpol, pterostilbene
heartwood
Phyllanthus amarus Leaf Bitters, lignans - phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, bioflavanoids
Quercus infectoria Leaf Quercetin
Quercus rubra Seed Vanadium, manganese, magnesium, copper, chromium
Quercus alba Bark Quercetin
Rhizophora apiculata Roots Inositol, pinitol
Sesamum indicum Seeds Lignan - sesamin, phenolic derivative - sesamol, sesamolin
Semecarpus anacardium Fruit, nut Flavonoids and phenolic compounds

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 Saravanamuttu and Sudarsanam IJPSR, 2012; Vol. 3(10): 3639-3650 ISSN: 0975-8232

Medicinal Plant Part Used Active ingredient

Scrophularia ningpoensis Root Harpagoside
Scrophularia deserti Aerial part of plant Scropolioside-D, harpagoside-B
Schisandra chinensis Fruit Schizandrin B
Salacia chinensis Root mangiferin, salacinol, kotalanol
Salacia reticulata Root, stem, leaves polyphenol constituents - catechins, mangiferin, salacinol and kotalanol
Salacia oblonga Root Mangiferin, salacinol, kotalanol, kotalagenin 16-acetate
Saccharum officinarum Stalk Glycans A, B, C, D, E, F from the non-sucrose portion, saccharin
Tinospora cordifolia Root Tinosporin, berberine, tinosporinone
Vinca rosea Whole plant; leaves, roots Catharanthine, lochnerine, vindoline, leurosine, vindoline, vindolinine
Vernonia amygdalina Leaves Vernonioiside B and myricetin (flavonol)
Withania somnifera Leaf, root Chlorogenic acid, withaferin A, choline
Wedelia paludosa Stems, root Hypoglycemic diterpene - kaurenoic Acid (Ent-16-kauren-19-oic acid)
Xanthium strumarium Seed, fruit carboxyatractyloside (CAT)
Plant, seed, root, fruit, silk
Zea mays Alpha-tocopherol, quercetin
stigma style, cob, leaf, oil
Juice of ginger, fresh and [6]-gingerols, tannins, polyphenolic compounds (e.g. coumarins),
Zingiber officinale
dried rhizome flavonoids, triterpenoids
Zizyphus spina-christi Leaves Principal saponin glycoside - christinin-A
Triterpenene acid bisdesmosides with different sugar residues at C3 and
Zygophyllum gaetulum Aerial parts, leaves
C8 of the aglycones

In the light of docking analysis made, it is apparently proven side effects and they can help reduce the costs
evident that the plants have promising antidiabetic associated with the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
phytochemicals, able to complement the target and
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Saravanamuttu S and Sudarsanam D: Antidiabetic Plants and their active
ingredients: A Review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 3(10); 3639-3650.

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