GENERATOR, SELF INDUCTANCE AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Outline

1. Electromotive force(emf) induced in a generator coil.

2. Maximum electromotive force (emf) of a Generator.

3. Self Inductance

4. Mutual Inductance

5. Coupling Factor Between Coils

Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

1. calculate the emf induced in a generator.

2. get the peak emf which can be induced in a particular generator

system.

3. Solve problems involving self inductance.

4. solve problems involving mutual inductance in two coils.

5. determine the coupling factor between coils.

Concepts

EMF INDUCED IN A GENERATOR COIL

When current flows through a wire held in a magnetic field, a force

is created that moves the wire.This is called electromagnetic induction. It

occurs if a magnet is moved in a coil of wire, or if a coil of wire rotates in

a magnetic field.
 Figure 1. When the magnet is moved, a current is induced in the coil.

A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy which uses the principle of EMF/Faraday’s Law.

Example

The generator coil shown in Figure 2 is rotated through one-fourth of a

revolution (from θ = 0º to θ = 90º ) in 15.0 millisecond (ms). The 200-turn

circular coil has a 5.00 cm radius and is in a uniform 1.25 T magnetic field.

What is the average emf induced?

Figure 2
 emf = −NΔΦ
Δt

where: N = number of turns

ΔΦ = change in flux

Δt = change in time

Given: N = 200 Δt = 15.0 ms, ΔΦ=? emf=?

Since the area of the loop and the magnetic field strength are constant, we

see that

A = Area (m2)

formula A = πr2

B = Magnetic field in (Tesla)

Now, Δ (cos θ) = −1.0, since it was given that θ goes from 0º to 90º . Thus,

ΔΦ = −AB.

Substitute in the equation

A = πr2

A = (3.14)(0.0500m)2

A = 7.85 × 10−3 m2
This is a practical average value, similar to the 120 V used in household
power.

MAXIMUM EMF IN A GENERATOR

Example.

Calculate the maximum emf, of the generator which is rotated through

one-fourth of a revolution (from θ = 0º to θ = 90º ) in 15.0 millisecond (ms).

The 200-turn circular coil has a 5.00 cm radius and is in a uniform 1.25 T

magnetic field.

ω, the angular velocity, is determined, emf0 = NABω can be used to find emf0.

Angular velocity is defined to be the change in angle per unit time: ω=Δθ/Δt

One-fourth of a revolution = π/2 radians

5 Milliseconds = 0.0150 s

= π/2 rad
0.0150s

ω = 104.7 rad/s

Substitute the value for ω into emf0 = NABω

emf0 = NABω

= 200 (7.85×10−3 m2) (1.25 T) (104.7 rad/s)

emf0 = 206 V

SELF INDUCTANCE
 Inductance is the property of a device that tells us how effectively it

induces an emf in another device. In other words, it is a physical quantity that

expresses the effectiveness of a given device.

Self inductance is defined as the induction of a voltage in a

current-carrying wire when the current in the wire itself is changing. The

magnetic field created by a changing current in the circuit itself induces a

voltage in the same circuit.

Figure 3. Image of a coil. The number of turns in the coil will have an

effect on the amount of voltage that is induced in the circuit.

Example

A long cylindrical solenoid with 100 loops per 1 cm has a radius of 1.6 cm.

Assume the magnetic field inside the soenoid to be homogenous and parallel

to the axis of the solenoid. What is the inductance of the solenoid per 1 meter

of its length.

The inductance of the solenoid is defined as the constant of proportionality

between the total magnetic flux through the coil turns and the current flowing

in the coil:
 NΦ=LI

N is the number of turns per one meter, thus N = 10,000. The magnetic flux Φ

is the flux through one turn. Since the magnetic field is homogeneous, it is true

that

Φ=BScosα

The magnetic induction B is at all points perpendicular to the cross section of

the coil, therefore cos α = 1, where α is the angle between the magnetic

induction B and the normal to the surface, thus α = 0o. The solenoid has a

circular cross-section, therefore the area is

S=πR2

We substitute the formula for magnetic induction inside the coil for the

magnetic induction B.

B=μoNI

After substituting all of these derived relations into the first relation, we obtain

NμoNIπR2=LI

We evaluate the unknown inductance L

L=μoπN2R2

 µo is the permeability of free space (4.π.10-7 T.m/A)

 N is the number of coil turns

 R is the radius in meters

 l is the coils length in meters

Solving for L
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

When two circuits carrying time-varying currents are close to one

another, the magnetic flux through each circuit varies because of the changing

current I in the other circuit.

Figure 4. From Faraday’s law, the EMF E2 induced in coil 2, is

proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux passing through it

Consequently, an emf is induced in each circuit by the changing

current in the other. This type of emf is therefore called a mutually induced

emf, and the phenomenon that occurs is known as mutual inductance (M).

Example.

Figure 5 shows a coil of N2 turns and radius R2 surrounding a long solenoid

of length l1 , radius R1 , and N1 turns.

If N1=500 turns, N2=10 turns, R1=3.10 cm, l1=75.0 cm , and the current in the

solenoid is changing at a rate of 200 A/s, what is the mutual inductance of the

two coils? What is the emf induced in the surrounding coil?

The mutual inductance M21 of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 is the ratio of the flux

through the N2 turns of coil 2 produced by the magnetic field of the current in

coil 1, divided by that current, that is,

Similarly, the mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2 is

We can show that M21=M12

definition of mutual inductance. Since N2Φ21 is the total flux through coil 2 due

to I1, we obtain

Similarly, we have

There is no magnetic field outside the solenoid, and the field inside has

magnitude and is directed parallel to the solenoid’s axis.

We solve part (b) by calculating the mutual inductance from the given

quantities and using Equation

to calculate the induced emf.

The magnetic flux Φ21 through the surrounding coil is

Using the previous expression and the given values, the mutual inductance is

The emf induced in the surrounding coil is

COUPLING FACTORS BETWEEN COILS

When the coefficient of coupling, k is equal to 1, (unity) such that all the

lines of flux of one coil cuts all of the turns of the second coil, that is the two

coils are tightly coupled together, the resulting mutual inductance will be equal

to the geometric mean of the two individual inductances of the coils.

L1 is equal to L2, the mutual inductance that exists between the two coils will

equal the value of one single coil as the square root of two equal values is the

same as one single value.

Example

Two inductors whose self-inductances are given as 75mH and 55mH

respectively, are positioned next to each other on a common magnetic core so

that 75% of the lines of flux from the first coil are cutting the second coil.

Calculate the total mutual inductance that exists between the two coils.

where k = coefficient of coupling

M= mutual inductance

L1= Self inductance of coil 1

L2= Self inductance of coil 2

Worksheet

GENERATOR AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Year and Section: _____________________ Score: __________________

Conceptual Understanding

Direction: Read and analyze each item carefully, Write your answer on a

separate sheet of paper.

1. How can we Increase the size of the induced current in a generator?

2. The source of a generator’s electrical energy output is the work done to

turn its coils. How is the work needed to turn the generator related to

Lenz’s law?

3. Give the possible negative effects of mutual induction to coils.

Problem Solving

Direction. Read and analyze the following problems. Show your complete

solution. Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

1. A bicycle generator rotates at 1875 rad/s, producing an 18.0 V peak emf.

It has a 1.00 by 3.00 cm rectangular coil in a 0.640 T field. How many

turns are in the coil?

2. A cylindrical solenoid with 200 loops per 1 cm has a radius of 3.8 cm.

Assume the magnetic field inside the solenoid to be homogenous and

parallel to the axis of the solenoid. What is the inductance of the solenoid

per 2 meter of its length.

cm, l1=75.0 cm , and the current in the solenoid is changing at a rate of 100

A/s. How many turns are there in N1?

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