Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 48 views

    Lesson 1: Logic - Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Dragana Simic Neskovic
    Logic was founded by Aristotle, who established its basic laws and the syllogism as a form of deductive reasoning. In the 19th century, symbolic logic emerged through the work of Boole and de Morgan, applying mathematical symbols to analyze relations and remove ambiguities. This new symbolic logic was further developed by Whitehead and Russell to cover the same ground as higher mathematics. Studying logic sharpens the mind, helps detect fallacious arguments, and improves problem-solving in various domains by developing skills in reasoning and argument evaluation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lesson 1: Logic - Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Dragana Simic Neskovic
    48 views2 pages
    Logic was founded by Aristotle, who established its basic laws and the syllogism as a form of deductive reasoning. In the 19th century, symbolic logic emerged through the work of Boole and de Morgan, applying mathematical symbols to analyze relations and remove ambiguities. This new symbolic logic was further developed by Whitehead and Russell to cover the same ground as higher mathematics. Studying logic sharpens the mind, helps detect fallacious arguments, and improves problem-solving in various domains by developing skills in reasoning and argument evaluation.

    Original Description:

    Logika, uvodna lekcija

    Original Title

    Logic, Introduction

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Logic was founded by Aristotle, who established its basic laws and the syllogism as a form of deductive reasoning. In the 19th century, symbolic logic emerged through the work of Boole and de Morgan, applying mathematical symbols to analyze relations and remove ambiguities. This new symbolic logic was further developed by Whitehead and Russell to cover the same ground as higher mathematics. Studying logic sharpens the mind, helps detect fallacious arguments, and improves problem-solving in various domains by developing skills in reasoning and argument evaluation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    48 views2 pages

    Lesson 1: Logic - Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Dragana Simic Neskovic
    Logic was founded by Aristotle, who established its basic laws and the syllogism as a form of deductive reasoning. In the 19th century, symbolic logic emerged through the work of Boole and de Morgan, applying mathematical symbols to analyze relations and remove ambiguities. This new symbolic logic was further developed by Whitehead and Russell to cover the same ground as higher mathematics. Studying logic sharpens the mind, helps detect fallacious arguments, and improves problem-solving in various domains by developing skills in reasoning and argument evaluation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    Lesson 1: Logic – Introduction

    Definition of logic

    Logic is the study of reasoning - the nature of good (correct) reasoning and of bad (incorrect)
    reasoning. Its distinction from psychology is in its matter, i.e., logic concerns itself solely
    with the validity of thought, psychology with the nature of thought and its relationship with
    other vital processes. Logicians study and analyze arguments, premises, inferences,
    conditional statements, and symbolic forms.

    Founder

    Aristotle was the founder of logic; and later investigation has not superseded his work but
    extended the field. From the beginning it has been recognized that in all thinking there are
    certain presuppositions, three of which have been known as the laws of thought. They are
    the law of identity: whatever is, is (A is A); the law of contradiction: a thing cannot both be
    and not be (A cannot be B and not-B); the law of the excluded middle: a thing must either be
    or not be (A is either B or not-B). Deductive thinking is largely reducible to a form such as:
    All men are mortal. Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal (all S is P, M is S,
    therefore M is P); or more exactly: If all men are mortal, and if Socrates is a man, Socrates
    must then be mortal. Such a form is known as a syllogism. The investigation of deduction and
    the elaboration of the syllogism are the work of Aristotle, and the Aristotelian logic has been
    the logic of schools and men in general; this has been certainly assisted by its application in
    the Euclidean geometry and in the scholastic philosophy. Aristotle’s logical writings comprise
    six works, known collectively as the Organon (“Tool”). The significance of the name is that
    logic, for Aristotle, was not one of the theoretical sciences. These were physics, mathematics,
    and metaphysics. Instead, logic was a tool used by all the sciences.

    Historical development of logic

    In the 19th century arose a new logical field which has had wide attention and cultivation. It
    is called logistic or symbolic logic and owes much to the work of George Boole and Augustus
    de Morgan. Its characteristic form is the application of mathematical symbols to logic, and its
    substance is analysis of relation. The fundamental inadequacy of Aristotelian logic, according
    to the logicians, arises in the use of language rather than symbols. An example of how
    language can fail the logician is the alleged ambiguity of the copula, e.g., in the statements "A
    is B" and "All A are B" the "is" and "are" seem to express different relations. The application
    of mathematical symbols to logic not only removes any such possible ambiguity but also
    greatly simplifies logical processes and admits of extending their application far beyond the
    province of the Aristotelian logic. The development of symbolic logic in the hands of A.N.
    Whitehead and Bertrand Russell has made it cover the same ground in its extension as the
    higher mathematics.

    Reasons to study logic


    To sharpen the mind in a world saturated by streams of propaganda and advertising. To know
    when a pitchman is conning you, when some "expert" or pundit is propounding a dubious
    doctrine, when someone is making an apocryphal claim about miracles or divinity or the
    afterlife. To chasten one's own thinking, to develop an appreciation for tenable arguments and
    a respect for good reasoning. To become more adept at solving problems, whether they're
    encountered in business, science, politics, or the law.

    1
    Lesson 1

    Questions:

    1. When was logic created and who was the founder?


    2. Which philosophers have contributed to the development of logic in the last two
    centuries? How?
    3. Explain the form of the syllogism and give an example (new one).
    4. Aristotle’s main work “Organon” was “ a tool” for:
     Everyday life
     Correct reasoning in all sciences
     How to be a successful politician
    5. Why do we study logic?

    You might also like