Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Deepesh Namdev Tripti Gupta Hod, E&Ce & Ee Roll no.-11EGKEE116 Giet, Kota 4 Year EE (8 Sem.)
Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Deepesh Namdev Tripti Gupta Hod, E&Ce & Ee Roll no.-11EGKEE116 Giet, Kota 4 Year EE (8 Sem.)
Submitted To: Submitted By: Mr. Deepesh Namdev Tripti Gupta Hod, E&Ce & Ee Roll no.-11EGKEE116 Giet, Kota 4 Year EE (8 Sem.)
Report on
Technical Seminar
On
Submitted
In partial fulfillment
Bachelor of Technology
March – 2015
CERTIFICATE
DATE: 23-03-2015
This is to certify that Tripti Gupta Student of Gurukul Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Kota student of B.Tech final year in Electrical Engineering has presented a
seminar on Wireless Transmission of Electricity the topic allotted to him under the Seminar
Lab.
DATE: DATE:
TABLE OF CONTENT
Preface 1
Abstracts 2
Acknowledgement 3
List of figure 4
1. Introduction 5-7
1.1 Overview 6
2. Working principle 8
4. Efficiency 14
5. Need of wireless transmission 14
9. Conclusions 17
PREFACE
Research and development in wireless power transfer technologies have witnessed fast
growing advancements in various fundamental and application fields due to the availability of
highly developed analytical methods, measurement techniques, advanced numerical
simulation tools, and an increase in practical business demands. The recent advancements
have also been accompanied by the appearance of various interdisciplinary topics.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in the
development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during the course of
study.
I express my sincere gratitude to Er. Deepesh Namdev(HOD ECE &EE) worthy principal
for providing me an opportunity to give a seminar on "Wireless transmission of
electricity".
I am thankful to Mrs. Sapna Rai (Asst. Prof. EE) for his support, cooperation and motivation
provided to me, during the seminar for constant inspiration, guidance, presence and blessings.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my friends with
whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions that improved my quality
of work.
Submitted by:
Tripti Gupta
IV year, EE
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure no. Figure name Page no.
1.1 Cross sectional view of coupled coils 5
1.2 Generic block diagram of a wireless power system 6
2.1 Working principle 8
3.1 A Splash power mat uses induction to recharge multiple devices
simultaneously. 9
3.2 Resonant and wireless power 10
3.3 Resonant induction recharging 11
3.4 (SHARP) unmanned plane. 12
3.5 electromagnetic wave propagation 13
5.1 typical circuit of wiring transmission 14
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1. INTRODUCTION
Electricity is today a necessity of modern life. It is difficult to imagine passing a day without
electricity. The conventional use of electricity is made possible through the use of wires.
However researchers in MIT have devised a means of providing electricity without any wires.
Wireless Electricity, a portmanteau for wireless electricity, is a term coined initially and used.
This principle of wireless electricity works on the principle of using coupled resonant objects
for the transference of electricity. The system consists of Wireless Electricity transmitters and
receivers that contain magnetic loop antennas critically Tuned to the same frequency.
Wireless power transmission is not a new idea; Nikola Tesla demonstrated a “transmission of
electrical energy without wires” that depends upon electrical conductivity as early as
1891.The receiver works on the same principle as radio receivers where the device has to be
in the range of the transmitter. It is with the help of resonant magnetic fields that Wireless
Electricity produces electricity, while reducing the wastage of power. This is unlike the
principle adopted by Nikola Tesla in the later part of the 19th century; where conduction
based systems were used. The present project on Wireless Electricity aims at power
transmissions in the range of 100 watts. May be the products using WiTricity in future might
be called Wireless Electricity So we have been able to power a 60 watt light bulb from a
power source that is located about seven feet away, while providing forty percent efficiency.
This was made possible using two copper coils that were twenty inches in diameter which
were designed so that they resonated together in the MHz range. One of these coils were
connected to a power source while the other, to a bulb. With this Wireless Electricity setup,
the bulb got powered even when the coils were not in sight.
Fig. 1.1
1.1 OVERVIEW
“Wireless power transmission” is a collective term that refers to a number of different technologies for
transmitting power by means of time-varying electromagnetic fields. The technologies, listed in the table
below, differ in the distance over which they can transmit power efficiently, whether the transmitter must
be aimed (directed) at the receiver, and in the type of electromagnetic energy they use: time varying
electric fields, magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves, or infrared or visible light waves.[8]
In general a wireless power system consists of a “transmitter” device connected to a source of power such
as mains power lines, which converts the power to a time-varying electromagnetic field, and one or more
“receiver” devices which receive the power and convert it back to DC or AC electric power which is
consumed by an electrical load. In the transmitter the input power is converted to an
oscillating electromagnetic field by some type of “antenna” device. The word “antenna” is used loosely
here; it may be a coil of wire which generates a magnetic field, a metal plate which generates an electric
field, an antenna which radiates radio waves, or a laser which generates light. A similar antenna or
coupling device in the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric current. An important parameter
which determines the type of waves is the frequency f in hertz of the oscillations. The frequency
determines the wavelength λ = c/f of the waves which carry the energy across the gap, where c is
the velocity of light.
Wireless power uses much of the same fields and waves as wireless communication devices
like radio, another familiar technology which involves power transmitted without wires by electromagnetic
fields, used in cellphones, radio andtelevision broadcasting, and Wi-Fi. In radio communication the goal is
the transmission of information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is unimportant as long as it
is enough that the signal to noise ratio is high enough that the information can be received intelligibly. In
wireless communication technologies generally only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver. By
contrast, in wireless power, the amount of power received is the important thing, so the efficiency (fraction
of transmitted power that is received) is the more significant parameter.[5] For this reason wireless power
technologies are more limited by distance than wireless communication technologies.
These are the different wireless power technologies:
Rotating
Magnetodynamc Short N.A. Hz Charging electric vehicles.
magnets
Parabolic
Solar power satellite,
Microwaves Long High GHz dishes,phased
powering drone aircraft.
arrays,rectennas
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2. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The concept of wireless electricity works on the principle of using coupled resonant objects
for the transfer of electricity to objects without the use of any wires. This concept of
WiTricity was made possible using resonance where an object vibrates with the application
of a certain frequency of energy. So two objects having similar resonance tend to exchange
energy without causing any effects on the surrounding objects.
Witricity works on the principle of mutual induction between the two coils.
There are two copper coils arranged one at the sender end and other at the receiver
end .The first coil is attached to the power source while the second coil to the light
bulb.
When the power is switched on the first coil converts the electricity into magnetic
field ,which is oscillating at a particular frequency i.e, AC source.
The second coil at the receiver end converts the magnetic field into electricity .
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3. TYPES OF WITRICITY
These methods can reach at most a few centimetres. The action of an electrical transformer is
the simplest instance of wireless energy transfer. The primary and secondary circuits of a
transformer are electrically isolated from each other. The transfer of energy takes place by
electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual induction. (An added benefit is
the capability to step the primary voltage either up or down.) The electric toothbrush charger
is an example of how this principle can be used.
A toothbrush's daily exposure to water makes a traditional plug-in charger potentially
dangerous. Ordinary electrical connections could also allow water to seep into the toothbrush,
damaging its components. Because of this, most toothbrushes recharge through inductive
coupling.
You can use the same principle to recharge several devices at once. For example, the Splash
power recharging mat and Edison Electric's Power desk both use coils to create a magnetic
field. Electronic devices use corresponding built-in or plug-in receivers to recharge while
resting on the mat. These receivers contain compatible coils and the circuitry necessary to
deliver electricity to devices' batteries.
Fig 3.1 A Splash power mat uses induction to recharge multiple devices simultaneously.
Electricity, travelling along an electromagnetic wave, can tunnel from one coil to the other as
long as they both have the same resonant frequency. In a short theoretical analysis they
demonstrate that by sending electromagnetic waves around in a highly angular waveguide,
evanescent waves are produced which carry no energy. An evanscent wave is near field
standing wave exhibiting exponential decay with distance. If a proper resonant waveguide is
brought near the transmitter, the evanescent waves can allow the energy to tunnel
(specifically evanescent wave coupling, the electromagnetic equivalent of tunneling to the
power drawing waveguide, where they can be rectified into DC power. Since the
electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through the air to be absorbed
or dissipated, and would not disrupt electronic devices.
As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen, since the fields
around the coils aren't strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly, if the two coils
resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen. But if two resonating coils with the
same frequency get within a few meters of each other, streams of energy move from the
transmitting coil to the receiving coil. According to the theory, one coil can even send
electricity to several receiving coils, as long as they all resonate at the same frequency. The
researchers have named this non-radiative Electricity, travelling along an electromagnetic
wave, can tunnel from one coil to the other as long as they both have the same resonant
frequency.
In a short theoretical analysis they demonstrate that by sending electromagnetic waves around
in a highly angular waveguide, evanescent waves are produced which carry no energy. An
evanescent wave is near field standing wave exhibiting exponential decay with distance. If a
proper resonant waveguide is brought near the transmitter, the evanescent waves can allow
the energy to tunnel (specifically evanescent wave coupling, the electromagnetic equivalent
of tunnelling to the power drawing waveguide, where they can be rectified into DC power.
Since the electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through the air to
be absorbed or, dissipated, and would not disrupt electronic devices.
As long as both coils are out of range of one another, nothing will happen, since the fields
around the coils aren't strong enough to affect much around them. Similarly, if the two coils
resonate at different frequencies, nothing will happen. But if two resonating coils with the
same frequency get within a few meters of each other, streams of energy move from the
transmitting coil to the receiving coil. According to the theory, one coil can even send
electricity to several receiving coils, as long as they all resonate at the same frequency. The
researchers have named this non-radiative energy transfer since it involves stationary fields
around the coils rather than fields that spread in all directions.
Whether or not it incorporates resonance, induction generally sends power over relatively
short distances. But some plans for wireless power involve moving electricity over a span of
miles. A few proposals even involve sending power to the Earth from space. In the 1980s,
Canada's Communications Research Centre created a small airplane that could run off power
beamed from the Earth. The unmanned plane, called the Stationary High Altitude Relay
Platform (SHARP), was designed as a communications relay. Rather flying from point to
point, the SHARP could fly in circles two kilometers in diameter at an altitude of about 13
miles (21 kilometers). Most importantly, the aircraft could fly for months at a time.
The secret to the SHARP's long flight time was a large, ground-based microwave transmitter.
The SHARP's circular flight path kept it in range of this transmitter. A, large, disc-shaped
rectifying antenna, or rectenna, just behind the plane's wings changed the microwave
energy from the transmitter into direct-current (DC) electricity. Because of the microwaves'
interaction with the rectenna, the SHARP had a constant power supply as long as it was in
range of a functioning microwave array.
Rectifying antennae are central to many wireless power transmission theories.
They are usually made an array of dipole antennae, which have positive and negative poles.
These antennae connect to shottkey diodes. Here's what happens:
1. Microwaves, which are part of the electromagnetic spectrum reach the dipole antennae.
2. The antennae collect the microwave energy and transmit it to the diodes.
3. The diodes act like switches that are open or closed as well as turnstiles that, let electrons
flow in only one direction. They direct the electrons to the retinas’ circuitry.
4. The circuitry routes the electrons to the parts and systems that need them.
Since the discovering of electromagnetic waves a technological race began to take advantage
of transferring information wirelessly. This technological race started with Morse code
transmission, but quickly came radio, television, cellular phones and the digital versions for
all the mentioned previously. Adding to the mentioned before, in the last decade arrived an
endless amount of mobile devices capable to communicate wirelessly; these kind of devices
are used massively around the globe. As a result, it is common that an average person is
subjected to magnetic fields in frequencies going from Megahertz up to the Gigahertz.
Therefore, the concerns of the population about health effects due to be exposed to all the
electromagnetic radiation generated by our society every day. Besides, added to the debate, is
the concern for the wireless energy transfer mechanisms working with electromagnetic
signals.
Several studies have been completed (Breckenkamp et al. (2009); Habash et al. (2009)) about
the effects of electromagnetic waves, in particular for cellular phones, verifying that just at
the upper international security levels some effects to genes are noticed. In (Peter A. Valberg
& Repacholi (2007)) is assured that it is not yet possible to determine health effects either on
short or long terms due by the exposition to electromagnetic waves like the ones emitted by
broadcasting stations and cellular networks. Nevertheless, in (Valborg Baste & Moe (2008)) a
study was performed to 10,497 marines from the Royal Norwegian Navy; the result for the
ones who worked within 10 meters of broadcasting stations or radars, was an increase on
infertility and a higher birth rate of women than men.
This increase of infertility agrees with other study (Irgens A & M (1999)) that determined
that the semen quality decay in men which by employment reasons (electricians, welders,
technicians, etc.) are exposed to constant electromagnetic radiation including microwaves.
The efficiency of wireless power is the ratio between power that reaches the receiver and the
power supplied to the transmitter. Researchers successfully demonstrated the ability to power
a 60 watt light bulb from a power source that was seven feet (2 meters) away using
resonating coils. This kind of setup could power or recharge all the devices in one room.
Some modifications would be necessary to send power over long distances, like the length of
a building or a city. Power transmission via radio waves can be made more directional,
allowing longer distance power beaming, with shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation, typically in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to convert the
microwave energy back into electricity. Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95%
have been realized.
Wireless Power Transmission (using microwaves) is well proven. Experiments in the tens of
kilowatts have been performed.
Number of household points receives electricity at the same frequency using single
transmitting coil as long as they all are at resonance. So this setup could, recharge all the
devices in a room at once.
The unmanned planes or robots (where wires cannot be involved viz oceans volcanic
mountains etc.) which are run by the wireless power over an area, as they could fly for
months at a time, could be used for research as well as a mini satellite.
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Fig 5.1 typical circuit of wiring transmission
4. Industrial Application.
Example, Robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools, drilling,
mining, underwater, etc.
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8. DISADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY
2. The flux condition should satisfy certain conditions, otherwise no power supply takes
place.
4. Possibility of “energy-theft”. Wi-Fi, someone can be using your internet or your power.
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9. CONCLUSIONS
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