Project

In
POS

Straobery Ayne A. Sardillo

2nd year BSIT
 WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
History:
In 1984, Microsoft announced the development of Windows,
a graphical user interface (GUI) for its own operating system (MS-
DOS). The product line has changed from a GUI product to a
modern operating system over two families of design, each with its
own codebase and default file system.

The 3.x and 4.x family includes Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1x, Windows
95, Windows 98, and Windows ME. Windows for Workgroups
3.11 added 32-bit networking. Windows 95added additional 32-bit
capabilities (however, MS-DOS, some of the kernel, and
supplementary utilities such as Disk Defragment remained 16-bit) and
implemented a new object oriented user interface, elements of
which are still used today.

The Windows NT family started with Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. Modern

Windows operating system versions are based on the
newer Windows NT kernel that was originally intended for OS/2.
Windows runs on IA-32, x86-64, and on 32-bit ARM (ARMv7)
processors. Earlier versions also ran on
the i860, Alpha, MIPS, Fairchild Clipper, PowerPC,
and Itanium architectures. Some work was done to port it to
the SPARC architecture.

The familiar Windows Explorer desktop shell superseded Program

Manager with the release of Windows 95, received major
enhancements in 1997, and remained the default shell for all
commercial Windows releases until Windows 8's Modern UI-
derived Start screen debuted in 2012.
Versions:
 Windows 1.0 (1985)
 Windows 2.0 (1987)
 Windows 3.x (1990, 1992)
 Windows 95 (1995)
 Windows 98 (1998)
 Windows 2000 (2000)
 Windows ME (2000)
 Windows XP (2001)
 Windows Vista (2006)
 Windows 7 (2009)
 Windows 8 (2012)
 Windows 8.1 (2013)
 Windows 10 (2015)
 Windows 10 (Anniversary Update) (2016)

Windows NT

 Windows NT 3.12 (1993)

 Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
 Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
 Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
 Windows NT 5.0 (1997)
 LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
History:
Linux (pronounced i/ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks or, less frequently, /ˈlaɪnəks/ LYN-
əks) is a Unix-like and mostly POSIX-compliant computer operating
system (OS) assembled under the model of free and open-source
software development and distribution. The defining component of
Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on
October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The Free Software Foundation uses
the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has
led to somecontroversy.

Linux was originally developed as a free operating

system for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture,
but has since been ported to more computer hardware
platforms than any other operating system. Because of the
dominance of Android onsmartphones, Linux has the largest installed
base of all general-purpose operating systems. Linux is also the
leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such
as mainframe computers and virtually all fastest supercomputers, but
is used on only around 2.3% of desktop computers when not
including Chrome OS, which has about 5% of the overall and nearly
20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales. Linux also runs on embedded
systems, which are devices whose operating system is typically built
into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system; this includes
smartphones and tablet computers running Android and other Linux
derivatives, TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility
automation controls, televisions, video game
consoles and smartwatches.
 Versions:

 1 Debian-based
o 1.1 Knoppix-based
o 1.2 Ubuntu-based
 1.2.1 Official distributions
 1.2.2 Old official distributions
 1.2.3 Third-party distributions
 2 Gentoo-based
 3 Pacman-based
o 3.1 Arch-based
 4 RPM-based
o 4.1 Fedora-based
 4.1.1 RHEL-based
o 4.2 Mandriva Linux-based
o 4.3 openSUSE-based
 5 Slackware-based
o 5.1 Slax-based
 6 Independent
COMPARISON BETWEEN WINDOWS AND LINUX

 Bundled Software

Windows
 Windows 7 by default has very minimal software set, the basic
features that we need – word processor, spread sheet and a
presentation software are not present. You’ll have to purchase
and install the MS Office suite separately, this is something that
should be bundled with the operating system. The question I
ask is “What good is an operating system, if it doesn’t provide
the basic features?”

Linux
 On the other hand Ubuntu 12.04 comes with the LibreOffice
suite (a Microsoft Office Equivalent) preinstalled. It also has F-
spot, an image editing program that and an Instant messaging
client called Empathy – that has chat provisioning for
Facebook, G-Talk, Yahoo,MSN and VOIP capabilities all under
a single application.

 Drivers

Windows
 In Windows we have to manually download and install a driver
for everything.

Linux
 One of the biggest advantages of Linux is its built-in driver set,
or rather the ability of automatically downloading and installing
them. This includes the drivers for your webcam, Wi-Fi, Ethernet
Card, even your printer or scanner!
 Price

Windows
 Microsoft Windows usually costs between $99.00 and $199.00
USD for each licensed copy. However, Windows 10 is being
offered as a free upgrade to current owners of Windows 7 or
Windows 8.1 if they upgrade before July 29, 2016.

Linux
 The Linux kernel, and the GNU utilities and libraries which
accompany it in most distributions, are entirely free and open
source. You can download and install GNU/Linux distributions
without purchase. Some companies offer paid support for their
Linux distributions, but the underlying software is still free to
download and install.

 Reliability

Windows
 Although Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in
reliability in recent years, it's considered less reliable than Linux.
Many of the sacrifices it makes in the name of user-friendliness
can lead to security vulnerabilities and system instability.

Linux
 Linux is notoriously reliable and secure. It has a strong focus on
process management, system security, and uptime.
 Hardware

Windows
 Windows has a massive user base, so it would be madness for a
consumer hardware manufacturer not to support Windows. As
a Windows user, you can rest assured that your operating
system is compatible with any hardware you might buy.

Linux
 Fifteen years ago, Linux struggled to support new hardware.
Manufacturers often considered Linux support a secondary
concern (if they considered supporting it at all), and device
drivers were created only by enthusiasts who devoted their
own time and resources to making Linux compatible with new
hardware. Since then, the Linux user base has grown
exponentially. Today, the majority of hardware manufacturers
give Linux support the same priority as Microsoft Windows.

 Security

Windows
 Microsoft has made great security improvements over the
years. But as the operating system with the largest user base,
especially among novice computer users, it is the primary
target for malicious coders. As a result, of all major operating
systems, Microsoft Windows is the most likely to be the victim
of viruses and malware.

Linux
 Linux is a highly secure operating system. Although attack
vectors are still discovered, its source code is open and
available for any user to review, which makes it easier to
identify and repair vulnerabilities.
 Open Source

Windows
 Windows isn’t yet an open source but it isn’t unthinkable,
“Microsoft: An Open Source Windows Is 'Definitely Possible'
Microsoft's softwareempire rests on Windows, the computer
operating system that runs so many of the world's desktop
PCs, laptops, phones, and servers..”

Linux
 The primary difference between Linux and many other
popular contemporary operating systems is that
the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-
source software. Linux is not the only such operating system,
although it is by far the most widely used.

 Support

Windows
 Microsoft Windows offers integrated and online help systems,
and there are thousands of informative books about
Windows available for every skill level.

Linux
 There is a massive amount of online support available for
Linux, including here on Computer Hope.
 Software Cost

Windows
 Although there are many free Windows programs, utilities,
and games, the majority of the programs are commercial.

Linux
 Many of the available software programs, utilities, and
games available on Linux are free and open source. Even
complex applications such as GIMP, Open Office, and Star
Office are available for free.
 UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM

History:

The history of Unix dates back to the mid-1960s when

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, AT&T Bell Labs,
and General Electric were jointly developing an experimental time
sharing operating system called Multics for the GE-
645 mainframe. Multics introduced many innovations, but had many
problems.

Bell Labs, frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not the
aims, slowly pulled out of the project. Their last researchers to leave
Multics, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy, and Joe
Ossanna among others, decided to redo the work on a much
smaller scale. In 1979, Dennis Ritchie described their vision for Unix:

What we wanted to preserve was not just a good environment in

which to do programming, but a system around which a fellowship
could form. We knew from experience that the essence of
communal computing, as supplied by remote-access, time-
shared machines, is not just to type programs into a terminal instead
of a keypunch, but to encourage close communication.
Structure:

The UNIX operating system (OS) consists of a kernel layer, a shell layer
and a utilities and applications layer. These three layers create a
portable, multiuser, multitasking operating system. There are multiple
versions of the OS, but every version has the exact same structure.
UNIX is used by programmers, businesses, universities and
governments because of its stability and its ability to perform many
tasks simultaneously.

 Basics

The UNIX operating system is a multiuser, multitasking operating

system originally designed for programmers by AT&T employees
at Bell Laboratories in 1969. The terms multiuser and multitasking
mean that many different users can perform tasks simultaneously on
one machine. Each user interacts with her own instance of the shell,
and can start one or more applications within that shell.

 Kernel

The Kernel is the heart of the UNIX OS. It is a software application that
provides the interface between the hardware and the user. It
handles the process, memory, file, device and network
management for the operating system. The kernel is responsible for
ensuring that all system and user tasks are performed concurrently.
 Shell

The shell is the program that sits between the user and the kernel. It is
the interpreter that translates the commands that are typed into the
terminal session. Users can type commands directly into the terminal,
or they can create a text file containing a series of commands that
can be sent to the shell. The series of commands are called a shell
script.

There are multiple shells that are used by the UNIX OS. They include
the Bourne shell (sh), the C shell (csh), the Korn shell (ksh) and the
Bourne Again shell (bash). Each shell has own set of shell commands.
Operating system commands are the same across all the shells.

The initial shell that the user logs into is defined by the system
administrator. The user can change her default shell by using the
“chsh” command. Users may want to change their shells in order to
use particular features that are available in one shell or not another,
or they may simply prefer a particular shell environment.