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BTM2133-Chapter 1 Introduction

This document provides an introduction to metrology and quality. It defines key terms like metrology, measurement, and quality. Measurement is important for manufacturing goods to exact standards and reducing costs. Quality is defined as meeting requirements and specifications. Inspection measures products and processes to ensure quality. Sources of error in measurement are also discussed. Metrology and quality control are important for certification standards and developing reliable experimental data.

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136 views26 pages

BTM2133-Chapter 1 Introduction

This document provides an introduction to metrology and quality. It defines key terms like metrology, measurement, and quality. Measurement is important for manufacturing goods to exact standards and reducing costs. Quality is defined as meeting requirements and specifications. Inspection measures products and processes to ensure quality. Sources of error in measurement are also discussed. Metrology and quality control are important for certification standards and developing reliable experimental data.

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Aswaja313
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BTM2233 METROLOGY

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO METROLOGY AND


QUALITY
OUTLINE
 OVERVIEW
 DEFINITION
 Metrology
 Measurement
 Quality
 THE USE OF MEASUREMENT
 MEASURE OF QUALITY
 Inspection
 What to inspect?
 Why we need quality and inspection
 ERROR IN MEASUREMENT
 METROLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
OVERVIEW

 From economic standpoint:


 The measurement we make with accuracy and precision
will reduce the waste of materials, and will further
contribute to the production of high quality items

 A simple error in measurement when setting up a


machining center could cost of company a contract,
loss of work etc.
Overview

 In our modern industrial society, we need to be able


to produce manufactured goods that are made to
exacting standards, able to be repaired with
interchanged parts and be consistent in their
production so that costs can be reduced.
Overview

 To explain the importance of measurement,


Lord Kelvin said “I often say that when you can
measure what you are speaking about and
express it in numbers, you know something
about it; but when you cannot measure it,
when you cannot express it in numbers, your
knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory
kind. It may be the beginning of knowledge
but you have scarcely in your thought
advanced to the stage of science.”
Measurement is defined as the set of
operations having the objective of
determining the value of a quantity.
DEFINITION

 Metrology
 Metrology comes from Greek word ‘metron’ (measure) and ‘logo’
(study of).
 Science of measurement
 Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of
measurement
DEFINITION (cont’)

 Measurement
 Language of science
 Use to communicate about size, quantity, position, condition and
time
 a procedure in which an unknown quantity compared to a known
standard, using an accepted and consistent system of units
DEFINITION (cont’)

Dimensional measurement
 For determining the linear and angular magnitudes of technical parts
or of their specific features
 These magnitudes are measured and expressed by standard units of
length and angle
 The basic purpose of dimensional measurements in production is to
assure and to verify the agreement of the product with the
specifications of the design.
DEFINITION (cont’)
Quality

i. Crosby
 Quality is conformance to requirements or specifications
(to manage quality adequately, we must able to measure it)

ii. Juran
 Quality is fitness for use
(emphasis on the customer aspect of quality)

iii. ISO 9000-2000 [American Society for Quality (2000)]


 Degree of which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements
Note:
a. degree –quality can be used with adjectives such as poor, good, or excellent.
b. Inherent – existing in something, especially as a permanent characteristic
c. Requirement- need or expectation that is stated
THE USES OF MEASUREMENT

To make things

To control manufacture

For progress
SI: The International System of Units

Seven base units: Lots of derived units:

Length: meter (m) Area: m2

Mass: kilogram (kg) Speed: m/s


Force: 1 newton = 1 kg·m/s2
Time: second (s)
Voltage: 1 volt = 1 m2·kg/s3·A
Electric current: ampere (A)
Frequency: 1 hertz = 1/s
Thermodynamic temperature: kelvin (K) Power: 1 watt = 1 kg·m2/s3

Amount of substance: mole (mol) Electric Charge: 1 C = 1 A·s

Luminous intensity: candela (cd)


MEASURE OF QUALITY
Inspection

 An inspection is, most generally, an organized


examination or formal evaluation exercise.

 It involves the measurements, tests, and gauges


applied to certain characteristics in regard to an
object or activity.

 The results are usually compared to specified


requirements and standards for determining
whether the item or activity is in line with these
targets
What to inspect?

• Inspection specific to PRODUCTS


▪ Electronic parts (circuits, chips, etc.)
▪ Machine elements (engines, brakes, gears, etc.)
▪ Heat and thermodynamic components (engines, fuel
injectors
▪ Medical and Bio-related products (implants, dental
devidevices, surgical parts, etc.)

• Inspection specific to PROCESSES


▪ Chip removal processes (turning, milling, drilling, etc.)
▪ Chipless manufacturing (casting, molding, forging, etc.)
▪ Non-traditional methods (EDM, ECM, ultrasonics, etc.)
Why We Need for Quality and Inspection??

 Quality is a very important aspect of


manufacturing.
 Needed for interchangeable manufacturing.
 Basic concept of standardization and mass
production
 Components of a product must fit together,
assemble properly and be replaceable
 Quality should be built into a product.
 Prevention of defects is a major goal
Error in measurement
 The error in measurement is the difference
between the measured value and the true value
of the measured dimension. Error may be absolute
or relative.
Error in Measurement = Measured Value – True
Value
 The actual value (True value) is a theoretical size
of dimension free from any error of measurement
which helps to examine the errors in a
measurement system that lead to uncertainties.
Static Error

 These are the result of physical nature of the various


components of a measuring system.
 Static error may occur due to existence of either
characteristic errors or reading errors or environmental
errors.
 Included in Static Error are Reading Error and
Alignment Error.
a) Reading error
b) Alignment error
Loading Error

 The part to be measured is located on the surface


table (datum for comparison with standards).

 If datum surface is not flat or if foreign matter like dirt,


chips, etc., get entrapped between datum and
workpiece, then an error will be introduced while
taking readings.
Loading error
Loading error
METROLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL

 Certification to ISO 9000 standards has become a primary


requirement for both manufacturing and service oriented
organization

 Calibration and control of test, measurement and


inspection equipment is one of the more important
requirements given in standard

Requirement of ISO 9001: 2000

 Metrology, the science of measurement, plays an


important roles in checking if specifications are met, and
is needed to develop experimental data for analyzing a
process

 The quality of goods and services offered is highly


dependent on reliable measurement.
References

 C.l.Dotson, Fundamentals of Dimensional Metrology,


Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006

 Anand K Bewoor, Vinay A kulkarni, Metrology and


Measurement, McGraw-Hill, 2009

 A. T. Bozdana, PP, Engineering Metrology and Quality


Control, Mechanical Engineering University of Gaziantep

 Analysis of Material Removal

 G.M.S de Silva, Basic Metrology for ISO 9000


certification, Butterworth Heinemann, 2002

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