Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 33 views

    Smartgrid Fuelcell

    Uploaded by

    raghuevm
    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction, without combustion. They have higher efficiencies than traditional power generation methods and can reach 90% efficiency. Fuel cells use hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich fuel along with oxygen to create an electric current, and produce only water as a byproduct. They are more efficient and environmentally friendly than batteries as the fuel source is not contained within and can be continuously resupplied. Fuel cells have various applications and benefits but also limitations related to hydrogen infrastructure and high costs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Smartgrid Fuelcell

    Uploaded by

    raghuevm
    33 views28 pages
    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction, without combustion. They have higher efficiencies than traditional power generation methods and can reach 90% efficiency. Fuel cells use hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich fuel along with oxygen to create an electric current, and produce only water as a byproduct. They are more efficient and environmentally friendly than batteries as the fuel source is not contained within and can be continuously resupplied. Fuel cells have various applications and benefits but also limitations related to hydrogen infrastructure and high costs.

    Original Description:

    RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

    Original Title

    SMARTGRID_FUELCELL

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction, without combustion. They have higher efficiencies than traditional power generation methods and can reach 90% efficiency. Fuel cells use hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich fuel along with oxygen to create an electric current, and produce only water as a byproduct. They are more efficient and environmentally friendly than batteries as the fuel source is not contained within and can be continuously resupplied. Fuel cells have various applications and benefits but also limitations related to hydrogen infrastructure and high costs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views28 pages

    Smartgrid Fuelcell

    Uploaded by

    raghuevm
    Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy of fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction, without combustion. They have higher efficiencies than traditional power generation methods and can reach 90% efficiency. Fuel cells use hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich fuel along with oxygen to create an electric current, and produce only water as a byproduct. They are more efficient and environmentally friendly than batteries as the fuel source is not contained within and can be continuously resupplied. Fuel cells have various applications and benefits but also limitations related to hydrogen infrastructure and high costs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Fuel Cells

    Fuel Cells Vs Conventional Power


    Sources
    Chemical energy of fuel and oxidizer
    FC is an electrochemical
    device in which the energy of
    Combustion
    chamber
    Fuel cell fuel and oxidant continuously
    supplied to electrodes is
    Heat directly converted into
    electricity without low-
    Turbine or engine efficient combustion process.

    Mechanical
    As there is no heat/power
    energy conversion in these devices,
    their energy efficiency is
    Electric
    generator much higher than that of
    traditional power units, and
    Electric current can reach 90%.
    The Fuel Cell
     A Need for Change
     Battery technologies are not
    keeping pace with demand
     Battery life
     Miniaturization
     Global warming
     A Possible Solution
     Fuel Cell: A device that uses
    hydrogen (or a hydrogen-rich
    fuel) and oxygen to create an
    electric current
    Fuel Cells vs. Batteries
     Designed to be continuously powered
     Fuel source can be re-supplied without
    interrupting power
     Unlike batteries, the fuel source is not contained
    inside the fuel cell - increases shelf life and
    decreases time before replacement is necessary
     Produces water waste only
     Environmentally friendly - companies such as
    Dell must currently offer recycling programs for
    batteries in order to comply with government
    environmental regulations
     More efficient than batteries
    Parts of a Fuel Cell
     Anode
     Negative post of the fuel cell.
     Conducts the electrons that are freed from the
    hydrogen molecules so that they can be used in an
    external circuit.
     Etched channels disperse hydrogen gas over the
    surface of catalyst.
     Cathode
     Positive post of the fuel cell
     Etched channels distribute oxygen to the surface of the
    catalyst.
     Conducts electrons back from the external circuit to
    the catalyst
     Recombine with the hydrogen ions and oxygen to
    form water.
    Proton-Exchange Membrane Cell

    http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Nov03/Fuelcell.institute.deb.html
     Electrolyte
     Proton exchange membrane (PEM).
     Specially treated material, only conducts positively
    charged ions.
     Membrane blocks electrons.
     Catalyst
     Special material that facilitates reaction of oxygen
    and hydrogen
     Usually platinum powder very thinly coated onto
    carbon paper or cloth.
     Rough & porous maximizes surface area exposed to
    hydrogen or oxygen
     The platinum-coated side of the catalyst faces the
    PEM.
    Fuel Cell Operation
     Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2) enters cell on anode side.
     Gas is forced through catalyst by pressure.
     When H2 molecule comes contacts platinum catalyst, it splits into
    two H+ ions and two electrons (e-).
     Electrons are conducted through the anode
     Make their way through the external circuit (doing useful work
    such as turning a motor) and return to the cathode side of the fuel
    cell.
     On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2) is forced through the catalyst
     Forms two oxygen atoms, each with a strong negative charge.
     Negative charge attracts the two H+ ions through the membrane,
     Combine with an oxygen atom and two electrons from the external
    circuit to form a water molecule (H2O).
    A Timeline: Fuel Cell Implementation
    1993: Ballard Power Systems
    1839: Sir William Grove launches first proof-of-concep
    invents the first fuel cell hydrogen fuel cell bus, Vanco
    Late 1950’s: Allis-Chambers 1996: Daimler Benz and Toyota are
    Manufacturing Co. demonstratescompanies to unveil prototype fuel c
    20 hp fuel cell-powered tractorpassenger cars
    1965: NASA uses alkaline fuel2000: Ballard Power Systems unvei
    cell in Apollo space missions first production-ready fuel cell for au

    1970: Karl Kordesch builds the2001: Honda opens the first hydrog
    first practical fuel cell car and fueling station in Torrance, CA
    1993: Ballard Power Systems
    launches first proof-of-concept2004: The World’s first fuel cell-powe
    undergoes deep-water trials
    hydrogen fuel cell bus in Vancouver
    Benefits of Fuel Cells
     Environmental Reasons
     Driving force
     Lowered emissions
     Less noisy
     Higher quality
     Can be programmed for 99.999% uptime
     More reliable
     On site
     No movable parts
    More Benefits
     Increased Efficiency
     Up to 80% with pure Hydrogen
     With reformer about ~24-32%
     Gasoline ~20%
     Battery-Powered ~26% with
    recharging
     Distributed Generation
     Flexible Technology
     Portable
     Modular
    Some Limitations
     Hydrogen:
     Not readily available, must use other energy sources to
    convert
     Infrastructure not in place
     Difficult to store/distribute
     High Capital Cost
     Non-technical barriers
     Could have dramatic impact
    Automotive Industry & Hydrogen
     GM and others are looking to capitalize on the next
    generation of cars
     After enormous success of rivals like Honda and Toyota with
    hybrid vehicles
     GM, along with other domestic automotive makers
     Face serious threats of bankruptcy, making a large R&D push
    difficult.
     Rivals such as Toyota and Honda are already ahead of GM
    and Ford
    •A 30 ft. Hydrogen Fuel cell powered transit bus made by
    Ballard Power Systems in Canada.

    •It has a 275 horsepower engine, and a range of 250 miles


    before requiring refueling.

    •The only emission from this bus is warm, moist air.


    Honda FCX

    Operates between -20C


    and 95C.

    Honda has also


    built a hydrogen
    production and
    filling station
    prototype.
    Ford FCV

    Driving range 100 miles.

    H2 Fuel Cell
    Ford H2RV

    H2 Internal Combustion Engine


    hybrid with electric motor.

    Driving Range 125 miles.


    Future
    2015 – 2025- Substantial markets for
    hydrogen-powered vehicles likely to
    start developing

    2020: 5 to 10 million hydrogen-powered cars

    2030: 50 million hydrogen powered cars

    2040: 150 million hydrogen-powered cars


    GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
    Introduction
    Geothermal Reservoirs
    Advantages
    Disadvantages

    You might also like