ISSN: 2322 - 0902 (P)

ISSN: 2322 - 0910 (O)

International Journal of Ayurveda
and Pharma Research
Review Article

MODE OF ACTION OF AN AYURVEDIC PREPARATION IN RELIEVING SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF

MADATYAYA: A CONCEPTUAL STUDY
Chawla Kumar Satbir1*, Priyanka2
*1Lecturer, Agad tantra Department, Glocal College of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences and Research Center, Saharanpur, U.P.
2Lecturer, Stri Roga and Prasuti tantra Department, Chaudhary Devi Lal College of Ayurveda, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana.

ABSTRACT
Madatyaya (Alcoholism) which is a global problem in present world and it is also well described in ancient
Indian classical texts. As per the Ayurvedic text Madatyaya is a Tridoshaja Vyadhi (Disease)and in
contemporary science it can be correlated with Alcoholism. The withdrawal symptoms of alcoholism are
the biggest hurdle in overcoming this disease. Once the sign and symptoms of withdrawal of madatyaya are
controlled the disease can be treated easily and it will help the patient to give up the addiction of alcohol
easily. The present study is a conceptual work to illustrate the mode of action of “Punarnavadi Ghritt” in
reliving the withdrawal symptom of Madatyaya. In Ayurveda many preparations were mentioned for
treatment of Madatyaya. But the contents of Punarnavadi Ghritt have Tridosha shamaka effect on all the
three Vikrit doshas in Madatyaya. The present conceptual study describes the mode of action of contents of
Punarnavadi Ghrittaon the basis of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Karma and Doshsghanta in suppressing the
sign and symptoms of withdrawal of Madatyaya. The mode of action of every content of Punarnavadi
Ghritta is explained systematically that how it suppress the sign and symptoms and works on Samprapti
vighatan (to breakdown the pathogenesis) of Madatyaya. Once the pathogenesis is hampered it is easy to
treat the disease. The study reviles the probable mode of action of Punarnavadi Ghrittaon Madatyaya which
will help to treat the alcohol addicted patients.
KEYWORDS: Madatyaya, Punarnavadi Ghritta, Tridosha shamaka, Samprapti vighatan.
INTRODUCTION
One that produces Mada is called Madya,1 the prevalence of the disease in the society and to help the
disease produced due to improper use of Madya is called patients to overcome the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol
Madatyaya.2 Madatyaya is produced when person takes the there is need of effective Ayurvedic medicine. The
Madya without considering Prakriti, Satmya, Agni, etc. As treatment in Ayurveda is effective, economical,
per Ayurvedic concepts Madatyaya is a Tridoshaja Vyadhi complication free and it works on the root cause of the
mainly Kapha Sthana is vitiated along with Agni.3 disease rather than suppressing the sign and symptoms for
According to World Health Organization, alcohol is a while.
implicated as a risk factor in more than 200 health Madatyaya is a TridoshajaVyadhi so the drug
disorders including high blood pressure, stroke, coronary having Tridoshshamaka effects is to be used. There are
heart disease, liver cirrhosis and various cancers. several medicines mentioned in Ayurvedic texts for
Worldwide, 3.3 million people die every year due to treatment of Madatyaya. In the present conceptual study
alcohol abuse; this represents 5.9% of all deaths.4 The the drug ‘Punarnavadi Ghritta’ is selected with the
patient who are consuming alcohol from a long period and reference of Acharya Chakradatta8for the treatment of
sudden cessation/stoppage of alcohol result in withdrawal Madatyaya. It is combination of Punarnava kwath,
symptoms; which force them to take alcohol again. The Yashtimadhu kalka, Go-dugdh and Go-ghritta. The present
Gunas of Madya are Laghu, Ushna, Teekshna, Sukshma, study is the conceptual review of each single content of
Vishada, Amla, Vyavayi, Aashu, Vikashi and Ruksha.5 All the Punarnavadi Ghritta that how it works to breakdown the
Madyas are generally, Pittakara and Vatahara in nature.6 Samprapti of Madatyaya and to relieve the withdrawal
As Madya is prepared from different types of ingredients, symptoms as per the concepts of Ayurveda.
they have different Guna and karma. Therefore these ETIOLOGY OF MADATYAYA: NIDAN
drinks have both useful and harmful effects. If taken in an
The Atyayata (disorders) produced by excessive
appropriate manner in optimum dose, at an appropriate
intake of Madya is called as Madatyaya.9 Acharya Charak
time, along with wholesome food, in accordance with one’s
explains types of Madatyaya as Vataprayam, Pittaprayam
own strength and with a happy mood, Madya is beneficial
and Kaphaprayam and considers the disease as
and works as Amritta.7 But in the present modern world
Tridoshaja.10 Each type of Madatyaya has its own causes
the young generation and middle age generation,
and effects. If a person is excessively emaciated because of
immediately and easily gets attracted towards alcohol to
indulgence in women, grief, fear, carrying heavy loads,
reduce tension and stress, which results in addiction of
walking long distances and other strenuous activities,
alcohol and ultimately in alcoholism. The increasing
while eating Ruksha type of food, less quantity of food or
IJAPR | January 2017 | Vol 5 | Issue 1 63
 Chawla Kumar Satbir, Priyanka. Ayurvedic Preparation in Relieving sign and Symptoms of Madatyaya: A Conceptual Study
limited quantity of food, drinks alcohol at night which is of Guda, and Pishti, then he immediately develops
excessively fermented, then this leads to the impairment of Kaphaprayam Madatyaya.13 And in Sannipataja Madatyaya
his sleep and Vatapraya type of Madatyaya.11 If a person, all or some of the above said features of three individual
indulging in food that is Amla, Ushna and Tikshna, having Doshas can be seen. Madatyaya is always Sannipatajaor
wrathful disposition, and having liking for excessive Tridosaja vyadhi.14
exposure to the fire and sun, drinks excess quantity of Pathogenesis: Samprapti
alcohol that is Tikshna, Ushna and Amla, then he suffers In Ayurvedic literature the general Samprapti of
from the Pittapraya type of Madatyaya.12 If a person who is Madataya is not mentioned or explained separately.
habituated to Madhura, Snigdha and Guru Ahara, who does Acharya Charak in Sutrasathana has explained the
not perform exercise, who sleeps during the daytime and Samprapti of Mada- Murcha- Sanyasa.15 So according to
who indulges in comforts of beds and seats, excessively these, it may be defined as:
drinks alcohol which is not an old one or which is prepared
Excessive intake of Alcohol with Illogical and Pre-mentioned causes

Tridoshja Prokopa Degradation of 10 Gunas of Oja

(Kapha- Pitta- Vatta respectively)

Rasavah, Raktavah, Sanghyavah Manakshobha

Srroto-avrodha
Mada Uttpatti
Manakshobha

Sanghyanash

Mada Uttpatti
According to Acharyakasayapa the Samprapti of Madatyaya is explained as
The excessive intake of alcohol in Ajeerna or by a person of Laghu satva results in the Vikrti of Rasadhatu. This
vikriti of rasa due to its Ruksha and Teekshna effects causes the Vayuprakopa, and due to its Ushanaveepaka it results in
Pittaprakopa. Then these Prakupitvatta and Pittadosha reaches the Aamashya and makes the Kaphaprakupit. Then all three
Vikritadoshas reached the heart and cause obstruction of Srotas or channels of heart. Due to this the patient suffers from
pain and Kalesha in whole of the body16.
Excessive intake of Madya in Ajeerna& by Laghu Satva person

Rasa Dhatu dushti

Vatta & Pitta Dosh Prakopa in Amashaya

Kapha Dosh Prokopa

Oja Vikruti and Srotodushti

Madatyaya

Samprapti Ghatak of Madataya Samanya Lakshana of Sannipataja Madatyaya17

Dosha - Tridoshaja (viz. Kapha- Pitta- 1. Shareera Dukham - Excruciating pain in the
Vatta respectively) body
Dushya - Rasa, Rakta, Sanghya (Budhi) 2. Balavat Sammoha - Unconsciousness
Srotasa - Rasavah, Raktavah, Sanghyavahi 3. Hridaya Vyatha - Discomfort in the chest
Srotodushti - Sanga region
Adhisthana- - Hridya (Chetna) 4. Aruchi - anorexia
Agni - Tikshana agni
5. Pratata Trishna - incessant thirst
Sadhya- - Kashtasadhya
asadhyata- 6.Jvarah Sheetoshna Lakshana -fever having the
characteristics of cold
and heat

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 Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(1):63-69
7.Shirah Parshvasthi Sandheenam Vidyuttulya 22. Pralapa - delirium
Cha Vedana- severe pain in the head, sides of the chest, 23. Roopanamasastanam Darshanam - visual
bones and joints hallucinations like if the body is covered with grass,
8. Atibala Jrimbha - severe yawning creepers, leaves and dust; and afraid of birds as if they are
colliding with his body.
9. Sphuranam - horripilation
24. Vyakulanamashastaanaam Svapnaanam Darshanani -
10. Vepanam - twitching
dreaming of terrifying and inauspicious objects.17
11. Shrama - fatigue
Mode of Action of Punarnavadi Ghritta: Ayurvedic
12. Urovibandha - feeling of obstruction in Preparation
the chest
The drug ‘Punarnavadi Ghritta’ is mentioned in the
13. Kasa - cough treatment of Madatyaya by Acharya Chakradatta.8 The
14. Hikka - hiccup drug was prepared according to procedure as mentioned
15. Shwasa - dyspnoea in the classical text. It contains Punarnava kwath (8part),
16. Prajagarana - insomnia Yashtimadhu kalka (1 part), Go-dugdh (4 part) and Go-
17. Shareera Kampa - trembling of the body ghritta (4 part). The first three ingredients are mixed
together and the Go-ghritta is to make Sidhh (medicated)
18. Karnakshimukharoga - diseases of ears, eyes
from them on low fire8 and is given in the dose of 6 ml. to
and mouth
10 ml. with warm water.18The contents Punarnava,
19. Trikagraha - stiffness of sacro-iliac Yashtimadhu, Go-dugdha and Go-ghritta have the potency
joint and properties which directly act on the sign and
20. Chardi, Atisara and Hrilasa of Tridoshatmaka - symptoms of Samanya Madataya mentioned in Ayurvedic
vomiting & diarrhea texts.
21. Bhrama - giddiness
Table: 1 Properties of Contents of Trial Drug
Drug Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka Doshaghanta Karma
Punarnava Madhura Laghu Ushana Madhura Tridosha Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana, Mutral,
(Mutaraladi Tikta Ruksha shamaka Yakritutejaka, Shothhara, Vrishya,
varga) Kasaya Rasayana, Raktavardhak
Yashtimadhu Madhura Guru, Sheeta Madhura Vata-Pitta Varnashotha, Medhya, Vatanulomak,
(Chedanadi Sanigdha shamaka Amlapitta, Raktavardhka, Shleshamahar,
varga) Rakta-pitta shamaka,
Go-dugdha Madhura Guru, Sheeta Madhura Vata-Pitta Rasayana, Medhya, Varnya,
Sanigdha shamaka Pranadharaka, Mutrakriccha, Raktapitta
Mridu, and Jeernajwara nashaka,
Go-dugdha Madhura Guru, Sheeta Madhura Vata-Pitta Rasayana, Medhya, Varnya,
Sanigdha shamaka Pranadharaka, Mutrakriccha, Raktapitta
Mridu, and Jeernajwara nashaka,
Go-ghritta Madhura Guru, Sheeta Madhura Tridosha Medhya, Rasayana, Veerya-Oja vardhak,
Sanigdha shamaka Jwaranashaka, Urahkshata nashaka
Discussion on Probable Mode of Action of the trial Drug
Each drug performs its action with the properties symptoms of Madatyaya. The constituents Punarnava,
like Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka and Prabhava. For any Yashtimadhu, Go-dugdha, Go-ghrittahave Tridosha
disease the main causative factor is the imbalance in shamaka effects and increases Oja, Bala, dhatu by its
Doshas and Dushyas of the body; and to cure any disease it Branhana and Rasayana effects.
is necessary to balance these factors. Many drugs are used Action by Rasa
in combination on the basis of their action and properties All the four constituents of the trial drug have
like Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka and Prabhava which act as Madhurarasa dominant in them, which belongs to
antagonist to the main factors i.e. Doshas and Dushyas to Saumyavarga; provides Sheetata and Snigdhata which is
cause Sampraptivighatana to relieve the sign and antagonistic to Pitta and Vata causing in Vata-
symptoms of the disease. Madatyaya includes the Pittashamana.
involvement of Dushyas i.e. Rasa, Rakta and Sanghya.
By Madhurarasa: (Jala + Prithivi)19
Rasavaha, Raktavaha and Sangyavahi are the main Srotas
involved in Madatyaya and Srotodushti is seen in the form All the four drugs help in Snehana, Tarpana (mainly of
of Sanga. In this Vyadhi Haridya (Heart) is the main Rakta dhatu results in Raktavardhana), Medhya,
adhishthana , due to which patient suffers from
16 Vatanulomana, Trishnanigrahana, Sandhana of damaged
Ojakshaya, Dhatukshaya, Sharirkampa, Pralapa, Bhrama, cells (mainly of liver), Hridya, Mriduta in the body by their
Agnivikriti (Amavisha), Anidra and many more sign and Madhurarasa. It is also Sarvadhatuvardhaka, Balya,
Brihana, Ojovardhaka, Daha-murchashamana. The
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 Chawla Kumar Satbir, Priyanka. Ayurvedic Preparation in Relieving sign and Symptoms of Madatyaya: A Conceptual Study
Madhurarasa of the drugs acts as Vata-Pittashamaka20. It Deepana, Rechana, Raktashodhana, Raktaprasadana,
also removes toxic bilirubin, biliverdin and other Amavisha Trishnanigrahana, Poorishshoshana, Dahaprashamana,
formed in the body by their Mutrala effects. But Punarnava Jawaraghana, Sravashoshana (amavisha absorbed from gut
is predominant in Mutrala effect in comparison of other and circulation), Pitta-Kaphashamana and Vishaghana
drugs. (removes toxins from the body). It helps in Agnivridhi
By Tikta rasa: (Vayu + Akasha) 19 which promotes proper formation and nourishment of
Tiktarasa of Punarnava helps in Raktaprasadna, Dhatu.21
removal of Khavaigunya, Sroto-shodhana (which may By Kashaya rasa: (Vayu + Prithivi)19
inhibit Sangasrotodushti of the Srotas and increase flow of Kashayarasa of Punarnava helps to recover the
secretions in the body, so that it stimulates liver and gall body from alteration. It helps in Kapha-Pittashamana,
bladder to increase their functions and further remove Raktaprashamana, Raktasandhana, Sravashoshana,
toxins from the body). Tiktarasa stimulates Jathraagni Kledoshoshana22 and removal of toxins from the body.
which respectively improves Dhatuagni, Ama-pachana,
Flow chart: 1 Action by Rasa
Madhura Tikta Kashaya

Jala + Prithivi Vayu + Akasha Vayu + Prithivi

Snigdha & Guru Ruksha & Laghu & Ruksha Guru

Sheeta Sheeta Sheeta

Snehana, Tarpana, Varnya, Rochana, Deepana, Vishaghana, Ama- Kapha-Rakta-Medhya, Pitta-shaman,

Trishnanigrahana, Rakta- pachana, Raktashodhana, Vatanulomana, Varnya, Kledo- shoshna,
Mutrala, Shaman Trishnanigrahana, Rakta- prasadana, Mutra Vishaghana, samgrahana,
Pitta-Kapha-shoshana, Sravashoshana, Vardhana, Balya, Vishaghana,
Srotoshodhana, Yakriduttejaka Brihanana, Rakta-sandhana, Pitta
Kledashoshana Mardavakara
Action by Guna
Maximum contents of the trial drug are of Guru and Snigdhaguna. But Punarnava has Laghu and Rukshaguna.
By Guruguna: (Prithivi + Jala)23
The Guruguna of the drugs act as Brihanana and Balya24 for the body. It does Malavridhi, Srota-uplepa, Triptijanana and
Vatahara. This Guna increases the stability of the body.
By Snigdhaguna: (Jala)23
It increases Snehana, Mriduta, Adrata in the body. It is Vatahara, increases Varna, Bala of sharirdhatu, Malapravartaka,
Rasayana and Vajikara25 which helps to cover the damage occurred to Dhatu and different organs of the body due to Mada.
By Laghu guna: (Akasha + Vayu + Agni)23
It produces Laghuta in the body. Due to this Guna the drug causes Deepana, Kaphashamana, Vatanulomana, Srotoshodhana,
Vranaropana and decreases the Mala. Laghuguna makes the drug easily digestible by predominance of Akasha and Agni
which increases Jathraagni and Dhatwagni.
By Ruksha guna: (Prithivi + Vayu + Agni)23
This Guna of the drugs causes Kaphashaman, Vatanulomana, Malashoshana (Amamalashoshana) which further causes
decrease in toxins and re-absorption of secretions in the body.
Flow chart: 2 Action by Guna:
Guru Sanigdha

Prithivi + Jala Jala

Guru Snigdha & Sheeta Snigdha & Sheeta

Branhana, Balya, Vatahara, Snehana, Mriduta, Vatahara, Triptijanana,

Sroto-uplepa Varnya, Dhatuvardhaka, Balya, Vajikara, Malapravartk

Provide stability to vitiated Doshas and Relief in sign & symptoms of Madatyaya
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 Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2017;5(1):63-69
Laghu Ruksha

Vayu + Agni + Akasha Vayu + Agni + Prithivi

Ruksha (Laghu) Agneya Laghu Ruksha & Sheeta Agneya (Laghu) Guru & Sheeta

Deepana, Kapha shamana, Srotoshodhana Kapha shamana, Dravyansha-Vatanulomana, Shoshana,

Vatanulomana

Removes toxins (Amavisha) by Srotoshodhana, Reabsorption of fluids (inflammation due to toxic injury) from body

Relief in sign and symptoms of Madatyaya

Action by Veerya
Maximum drugs have Sheetaveerya in Punarnavadighritta. But Punarnava has Ushanaveerya.
By Sheeta veerya: (Prithivi + Jala)
The Sheetaveerya of the drugs is Pittashamka and Vata-Kaphahara, Balya, Jeevana Vishyandana26. It stabilizes the
vitiated Tridoshas. The Sheetaveerya of the drugs acts as Dhatuposhana (increases mainly Rasa and Raktadhatu, due to its
Jaliya and Prithivi properties).
By Ushna veerya: (Agni)
Ushanaveerya of Punarnava results in Kapha-Vatashamana. It has predominance of Agnimahabhoota, so it is
considered as Agnivardhaka which helps in Deepana and Pachana26 of Amavisha (toxins in the body). Punarnava by its
Ushanaveerya (Agneya property) stimulate Jatharagni and Dhatwagni which causes proper nourishment and formation of
Dhatus.
Flow chart: 3 Action by Veerya
Sheeta Ushana

Prithivi + Jala Agni

Guru Snigdha & Sheeta Laghu

Pitta shamana, Vatanulomana, Kapha shamana, Vishaghana, Kaphahara,

Dhatuposhana, Vardhaka Vatanulomana, Deepana, Ama Rasa & Rakta
Pachana, Raktavardhana

Removes Amavisha from body, Increase Rasa & Rakta dhatu

Relief in sign and symptoms of Madatyaya

Action by Vipaka
All the four contents of the trial drug have Madhuravipaka. It causes Vata-Pittashaman. By its Guru and
Snigdhaguna the Madhuravipaka helps in Dhatuposhana (as of Raktadhatu) and easily removes Vata, Mutra and Mala. It
has Shukrala effects and increases Dhatu, Bala, Oja27 simultaneously. Madhuravipaka also has Urajaskara and nourishing
effects on disturbed Mana (as Madhura is the only nutrition to mind). It also acts as an immunomodulator and antioxidant.
Flow chart: 4 Action by Vipaka
Madhura

Guru and Snigdha

Pittashamana, Vatanulomana, Rakta dhatu pushti,

Easily remove Vata, Mala, Mutra

Dhatupushti, Removal of toxins (Amavisha), Medhya, Rasayana, Oja-vardhaka

Relief in sign and symptoms of Madatyaya

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 Chawla Kumar Satbir, Priyanka. Ayurvedic Preparation in Relieving sign and Symptoms of Madatyaya: A Conceptual Study
Doshaghanata
Punarnava - Tridosha shamaka28
Yashtimadhu - Vata-Pitta shamaka and Shleshmahara29
Go-dugdha - Vata-Pitta shamaka30
Go-ghritta - Tridosha shamaka31
Flow chart:5 Action by Doshaghanata

Punarnava Yashtimadhu Go-dugdha Go-ghritta

Tridosha Shleshmahara & Vata-Pitta Tridosha shamaka

shamaka Vata-Pitta shamaka shamaka

Tridoshahara, Relief in sign and symptoms of Madatyaya

Karma
All the drugs have Deepana, Pachana, Anulomana, Acharya. Reprint:2009, Varanasi: Chaukhmba
Yakriduttejaka, Mutrala, Raktavardhaka, Raktashodhaka, Subharti Prakashan; Chikitsa Sthan, 24/30, p.-583.
Vishaghana, Rasayana, Medhya, Raktapitta shamaka, 7. Agnivesha. Charaka Smahita, revised by Charaka and
Veerya & Oja vardhaka, Dhatuvardhaka karma which Dridhabala, with Ayurveda Dipika commentary of
relieves the sign and symptoms of Madatyaya. Chakrapanidatta, Edited by: Vaidya Jadavaji Trikamji
CONCLUSION Acharya. Reprint:2009, Varanasi: Chaukhmba
The drug Punarnavadighritta mentioned in Subharti Prakashan; Chikitsa Sthan, 24/26,27.p.-
Ayurvedic text may effectively help in reliving the sign and 583.
symptoms of Madatyaya. Madatyaya is a Tridoshajavyadhi, 8. Chakardatt. Padarthbodhini Hindi commentary by
and the contents of Punarnavadighritta have Pt. Ravidatt Shashtri, 2nd edition. Reprint:2005
Tridoshashamaka effects. So it helps in reliving the sign Varanasi: Chaukhamba Publication, Chapter:
and symptoms of Madatyaya. The drug is used in the form 18/10.p.84
of Sanskaritghritta. When Ghritta is processed with the 9. Raja Radhakantadeva Brahmdurega, Shabda-
herbal drugs it increases its properties and acts as a kalpadruma; Edited by: Sri Vardha Parasada Vasuna,
stimulant. It has Yogavahi properties so it is easily and Delhi; Naag Publishers, Tritya Kaand,p.-588.
effectively delivered to the every cell of the body. 10. Ibid (Charak Samhita, Chikitsa Sthan,24/90,94,96.p.-
REFFRENCES 587)
1. Bhavmishra.Bhavprakasha. Edited by: Pt. 11. Ibid (Charak Samhita, Chikitsa Sthan,24/89,90.p.-
Brahmshankar mishra, 11th edition, 2004,Varanasi; 587)
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Shloka no.18.p.-785.
13. Ibid (Charak Samhita, Chikitsa Sthan,24/95,96.p.-
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Tarkavachaspati; Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit
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Sthan, 6/1, p.-485. 21. Ibid (Charak Samhita, Sutra Sthan,26/43.5.p.-145)
6. Agnivesha. Charaka Smahita, revised by Charaka and 22. Ibid (Charak Samhita, Sutra Sthan,26/43.6.p.-145)
Dridhabala, with Ayurveda Dipika commentary of 23. Sushruta. Sushruta samhita. Edited by: Kaviraja
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Sthan, 1/18. p.-12 Tripathi, Reprint:2002. Varanasi: Chaukhmba
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27. Ibid (Charak Samhita, Sutra Sthan,26/59-62.p.-146) Tripathi, Reprint:2002. Varanasi: Chaukhmba
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28. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, 2001, Part-1st, Vol.3rd,
Delhi: The Controller of Publications, p.-158.
*Address for correspondence
Dr Chawla Kumar Satbir
Cite this article as: Lecturer, Agad tantra
Chawla Kumar Satbir, Priyanka. Mode of Action of an Ayurvedic Preparation in Department, Glocal College of
Relieving sign and Symptoms of Madatyaya: A Conceptual Study. International Ayurvedic Medical Sciences and
Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2017;5(1):63-69. Research Center, Saharanpur,
Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared U.P., India.
Ph.No: 09813348824
Email: [email protected]

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