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MAGNETISM
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. The Magnetic field ............................................................................................ 3
2. Biot Savart law .................................................................................................. 3
3. Field Due to straight Current Carrying wire ...................................................... 4 – 8
4. Magnetic field at an axial Point of a circular coil ............................................ 8 – 11
5. Solenoid ........................................................................................................ 11 – 13
6. Magnetic lines and their characteristics ........................................................ 13 – 15
7. Ampere’s law ................................................................................................ 15 – 20
8. Magnetic field Inside a long Solenoid ................................................................ 20
9. Toroid ............................................................................................................... 21
10. Infinite Current Carrying sheet ........................................................................ 21
11. Magnetic force on a moving charge ................................................................. 22
12. Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field .............................. 23 – 27
13. Motion of a Charged particle in Combined ................................................... 27 – 31
Electric and Magnetic field
14. Magnetic force on a current carrying wire .................................................... 31 – 35
15. Current loop in a uniform magnetic field. ..................................................... 36 – 38
16. Magnet ....................................................................................................... 38 – 44
17. Terrestrial Magnetism ..................................................................................... 45
18. Moving coil galvanometer ................................................................................ 46
19. Exercise I ................................................................................................... 47 – 57
20. Exercise - II ................................................................................................ 58 – 59
21. Exercise - III ............................................................................................... 60 – 62
22. Exercise - IV .............................................................................................. 63 – 65
23. Exercise - V ............................................................................................... 66 – 72
24. Answer key ................................................................................................ 73 – 74

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Page # 2 MAGNETISM

Syllabus
Biot-Savart law and Ampere’s law, magnetic field near a current-carrying straight wire, along
the axis of a circular coil and inside a long straight solenoid; Force on a moving charge and
on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.
Magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop;
Moving coil galvanometer.

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 MAGNETISM Page # 3

1. THE MAGNETIC FIELD

In earlier lessons we found it convenient to describe the interaction between charged objects
in terms of electric fields. Recall that an electric field surrounding an electric charge. The
region of space surrounding a moving charge includes a magnetic field in addition to the
electric field. A magnetic field also surrounds a magnetic substance.
In order to describe any type of field, we must define its magnitude, or strength, and its
direction.
Magnetic field is the region surrounding a moving charge in which its magnetic effects are
perceptible on a moving charge (electric current). Magnetic field intensity is a vector quantity

and also known as magnetic induction vector. It is represented by B .
Lines of magnetic induction may be drawn in the same way as lines of electric field. The
number of lines per unit area crossing a small area perpendicular to the direction of the

induction being numerically equal to  

B . The number of lines of B crossing a given area is

referred to as the magnetic flux linked with that area. For this reason B is also called
magnetic flux density.
There are two methods of calculating magnetic field at some point. One is Biot-Savart
law which gives the magnetic field due to an infinitesimally small current carrying wire at
some point and the another is Ampere’ law, which is useful in calculating the magnetic field
of a symmetric configuration carrying a steady current.
The unit of magnetic field is weber/m2 and is known as tesla (T) in the SI system.
2. BIOT-SAVART LAW
Biot-Savart law gives the magnetic induction due to an infinitesimal current element.
Let AB be a conductor of an arbitrary shape carrying a current i, and P be a point in vacuum
at which the field is to be determined. Let us divide the conductor into infinitesimal current-
elements. Let r be a displacement vector from the element to the point P..

According to ‘Biot-Savart Law’, the magnetic field induction dB at P due to the current

element d l is given by
   B
 i ( d l  r )  i (d l  r ) i
dB  or dB  k
r3 r3 dl dB
Where k is a proportionalty constant. r P

Here d l vector points in the direction of current i. i

Wb A
In S.I. units, k   0  10 7
4 amp  metre
 
  0 i( d l  r )
 dB  ...(1)
4 r3
Equation (1) is the vector form of the Biot-Savart Law. The magnitude of the field induction
at P is given by
 0 id l  sin
dB  ,
4 r2
 
where  is the angle between d l and r .
If the medium is other than air or vaccum, the magnetic inducton is

   i(dl  r )
dB  0 r ...(2)
4 r3
where r is relative permeability of the medium and is a dimensionless quantity.

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 Page # 4 MAGNETISM

3. FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT CURRENT CARRYING WIRE

3.1 WHEN THE WIRE IS OF FINITE LENGTH
Consider a straight wire segment carrying a current i and there is a point P at which magnetic
field to be calculated as shown in the figure. This wire segment makes angle 1 and 2 at that
point with normal OP. Consider an element of length dy at a distance y from O and distance of
this element from point P is r and line joining P to Q makes an angle  with the direction of
current as shown in figure. Using Biot-Savart Law magnetic field at point P due to small
current element is given by
 0 i  dy sin   B
dB   
4  r 2 
i

As every element of the wire contributes to B
O d 1
in the same direction, we have  2
P
B y

0 i dy sin  r
B  ....(i) dy
4
A
r2 Q
From the triangle OPQ as shown in diagram, we have A
y = d tan 
or dy = d sec2 d
and is same triangle,
r = d sec  and  = (90º – ), where  is angle between line OP and PQ
Now equation (i) can be written in this form
1
0 i
 B   cos d
4 d
–2

0 i i
or B  [sin1  sin2 ] ...(3)
4 d
Note :  &  must be taken with sign 2
For the case shown in figure 1 A
 0i r
B at A = (sin  2 – sin 1 ) 
4 r 
Direction of B : The direction of magnetic field is determined by the cross product of the
 
vector id l with r . Therefore, at point P, the direction of the magnetic field due to the whole
conductor will be perpendicular to the plane of paper and going into the plane.
Right-hand Thumb Rule : The direction of B at a point P due to a long, straight wire can be
found by the right-hand thumb rule. The direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the
plane containing wire and perpendicular from the point. The orientation of magnetic field is
given by the direction of curl fingers if we stretch thumb along the wire in the direction of
current. Refer figure.

Conventionally, the direction of the field perpendicular to the plane of the paper is represented
by  if into the page and by O  if out of the page.
Now consider some special cases involving the application of equation (3)

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CASE 1 : When the point P is on the perpendicular bisector

In this case angle 1 = 2, using result of equation (3), the magnetic field is

1
L P
d 1


 0 2i
B sin  1
4 d
L
where sin 1 
L  4d2
2

Case - 2
(i) If the wire is infinitely long then the magnetic field at ‘P’ (as shown in the figure) is given
by (using 1 = 2 = 90° and the formula ‘B’ due to straight wire)
 I I
B= 0  B
2r r
×
×
r
I P ×

× ×

The direction of B at various is as shown in the figure. The magnetic lines of force will be
concentric circles around the wire (as shown earlier)

(ii)If the wire is infinitely long but ‘P’ is as shown in the figure. The direction of B at various
points is as shown in the figure. At ‘P’
 0I
B=
4 r
upto 
×
× ×

I ×
×
90°
P
r
×
CASE III : When the point lies along the length of wire (but not on it)

A id l B
P

r
 
If the point P is along the length of the wire (but not one it), then as d l and r will either
 
be parallel or antiparallel, i.e.,  = 0 or , so i d l  r = 0 and hence using equation (1)
B
 
B  dB 0

A

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 Page # 6 MAGNETISM

a 3
Ex-1 Calculate the magnetic field induction at a point distance, metre from a straight
2
wire of length ‘a’ metre carrying a current of i amp. The point is on the perpendicular
bisector of the wire.
Sol. x
 i
B= 0 [sin1 + sin 2]
4 d
3
 i  1 1  a
   2 30°
= 10–7  a P
 (a 3 / 2)  2 2   d 30°
2i i
=  10 –7 T
a 3
Perpendicular to the y
plane of figure (inward). S R

Ex.2 Find resultant magnetic field at ‘C’ in the figure shown. C a

Sol. It is clear that ‘B’ at ‘C’ due all the wires is directed . Also B
at ‘C due PQ and SR is same. Also due to QR and PS is same P i Q
 Bres = 2(BPQ + BSP)
3a
 0i
BPQ = (sin 60° + sin 60°)
a
4
2
 0i
BSP = 3 a (sin 30° + sin 30°)
4
2
 3  0i  0i  4 0 i
 Bres = 2   =
 2a 2a 3 
 3 a

Ex.3 Figure shows a square loop made from a uniform wire. Find the magnetic field at the
centre of the square if a battery is connected between the points A and C.

D C

B
A

Sol. The current will be equally divided at A. The fields at the centre due to the currents in the
wires AB and DC will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The resultant of these
two fields will be zero. Similarly, the resultant of the fields due to the wires AD and BC will be
zero. Hence, the net field at the centre will be zero.

Ex.4 In the figure shown there are two parallel long wires
(placed in the plane of paper) are carrying currents
1 2
2 I and I consider points A, C, D on the line
perpendicular to both the wires and also in the plane
2I C I D
of the paper. The distances are mentioned. A

a a/2 a
Find (i) B at A, C, D
 a
(ii) position of point on line A C D where B is zero.

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 MAGNETISM Page # 7

  
Sol. (i) Let us call B due to (1) and (2) as B1 and B 2 respectively. Then
 
at A : B1 is and B 2 is ×
 0 2I 0 I
B1 = and B2 =
2 a 2 2a
3  0I
 Bres = B1 – B2 = Ans.
4 a
 
at C : B1 is × and B 2 also ×

 0 2I  I 6 0 I 3 0 I
 Bres = B1 + B2 = + 0 = = Ans.
a 2
a 2 a a ×
2
2 2
 
at D : B1 is × and B 2 is and both are equal in magnitude
 Bres = 0 Ans.
(ii) It is clear from the above solution that B = 0 at point ‘D’. y

Ex.5 In the figure shown two long wires W1 and W2 each P

carrying current I are placed parallel to each other Q(a,a)
and parallel to z-axis. The direction of current in W1
3a

is outward and in W2 it is inwards. Find the B at ‘P’
I I
and ‘Q’ x
w1 w2
   a a
Sol. Let B due to W1 be B1 and due to W2 be B 2 .
  y
By summetry B1 = B 2 = B B1 B2
60° 60°
 0I  0I
BP = 2 B cos 60° = B = =
2 2a 4 a
2a 2a
  I
 Bp  0 j Ans.
4 a
60° 60°
0 I  I a a ×
For  B1 = ,  B2 = 0
2 5 a 2a
a 1  B1
tan = =  B =(B1 cos j ) + (B2 – B1sin) i
2a 2 
1   I   I  I 
sin =  B  0 j   0 – 0  i B2
5 5 a  2 a 10 a 
2  2 I
0   I
cos =  B i  0 j
5 5 a 5 a 
×

Ex.6 In the figure shown a large metal sheet of width ‘w’ carries a current I (uniformly
distributed in its widith ‘w’. Find the magnetic field at point ‘P’ which lies in the plane of
the sheet

a P
I

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 Page # 8 MAGNETISM

Sol. To find ‘B’ at ‘P’ the sheet can be considered as collection of large number of infinitely long
wires. Take a long wire distnace ‘x’ from ‘P’ and of width ‘dx’. Due to this the magnetic field at
‘P’ is ‘dB’
 I 
 0  dx
dB =  w 
 x P
2 x

due to each such wire B dx
will be directed inwards
 0I
 Bres =  dB  2w
a w
dx  I
  0 . ln a  w Ans.
x 2w a
x a

4. MAGNETIC FIELD AT AN AXIAL POINT OF A CIRCULAR COIL

Consider a circular loop of radius R and carrying a steady current i. We have to find out
magnetic field at the axial point P, which is at distance x from the centre of the loop.

id l dB cos 
R r dB

 P
x dB sin

×
dB

Consider an element i d l of the loop as shown in figure, and the distance of point P from
current element is r. The magnetic field at P due to this current element from the equation (1)
can be given by,
 
  id l  r
0
dB 
4 r3
In case of point on the axis of a circular coil, as for every current element there is a
symmetrically situated opposite element, the component of the field perpendicular to the axis
cancel each other while along the axis add up.
 0 idl sin 
 B  dB sin  =
 sin 

4 r2
  
Here,  is angle between the current element id l and r , which is everywhere and
2
R R
sin  = =
r R  x2
2

2R
0 iR
 B = 4 2
(R  x 2 ) 3 / 2  dL B
0
0 i
0 iR B
(2R) 2R
or, B = 4  2
(R  x 2 ) 3 / 2
0 2 i R 2
or, B = ...(4)
4 (R 2  x 2 )3 / 2
If the coil has N turns, then x

 0 2NiR2
B=
4 (R 2  x 2 )3 / 2

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 MAGNETISM Page # 9


Direction of B : Direction of magnetic field at a point the axis of a circular coil is along the
axis and its orientation can be obtained by using the right-hand thumb rule. If the figers are
curled along the current, the stretched thumb will point towards the magntic field.

Magnetic field will be out of the page for anticlockwise current while into the page for
clockwise current as shown in the figure given.
Now consider some special cases involving the application of equation (4)
CASE I : Field at the centre of the coil
In this case distance of the point P from the centre (x) = 0, the magnetic field
 0 2i 0 i
B= =
4 R 2 R
i i
OUT IN
P P
B B

ACW CW
CASE II : Field at a point far away from the centre
 0 2R 2i
It means x >> R, B =
4 x 3

4.1 FIELD AT THE CENTRE OF A CURRENT ARC

Consider an arc of radius R carrying current i and subtending an angle  at the centre.
According to Biot-Savart Law, the magnetic field induction at the point P is given by

 0 idl 
B = 4
0

R2 dl B

Here, dl = Rd
 d
0 iRd  P
i
 B = 4 
0
R 2
R
0 i 
or, B = ...(5)
4 R
It ‘l’ is the length of the circular arc, we have
0 i l
B= ...(6)
4 R 2
Consider some special cases involving the application of equation (5)
CASE I : If the loop is semicircular

B B

ACW CW
In this case  = , so
 0 i
B=
4 R
and will be out of the page for anticlockwise current while into the page for clockwise current
as shown in the figure.

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 Page # 10 MAGNETISM

CASE II. If the loop is a full circle with N turns

i i
In this case  = 2, so
OUT IN
 0 2Ni P P
B= B B
4 R
and will be out of the page for anticlockwise
current while into the page for clockwise current ACW CW
as shown in the figure.

Ex.7 Two wire loop PQRSP formed by joining two semicircular wires of radii R1 and R2 carries
a current i as shown in the figure given below. What is the magnetic field induction at
the centre O in cases (A) and (B) ?
i R2
i
R2
O
S R R1 Q P
S R O R1 Q P i
(A) (B)
Sol. (a) As the point O is along the length of the straight wires, so the field at O due to them will
be zero and hence magnetic field is only due to semicircular portions
  i i
0
 |B |  [  ]
4  R2 R1
 0  1 1
or, |B | = 4  i  R – R  out of the page
 2 1

 0  1 1 
(b) |B | = 4  i  R  R  into the page
 1 2

Ex.8 A battery is connected between two points A and B on the circumference of a uniform
conducting ring of radius r and resistance R as shown in the figure given below. One of
the arcs AB of the ring substends an angle  at the centre. What is the value of the
magnetic field at the centre due to the current in the ring?
i
A i1 i

i2  B
r O
O

(B)
(A)
Sol. (a) As the field due to arc at the centre is given by
0 i
B=
4 r
 0 i1  i ( 2  – )
 B=  0 2
4 r 4 r
But(VA – VB) = i1R1 = i2R2
R1 L
or, i2 = i1 = i1 1 [ R  L]
R2 L2

i2 = i1 [ L = r]
( 2 –  )
 0 i1  i
 BR =  0 1 0
4 r 4 r
i.e., the field at the centre of the coil is zero and is independent of .

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 MAGNETISM Page # 11

Ex.9 A charge of one coulomb is placed at one end of a nonconducting rod of length 0.6m.
The rod is rotated in a vertical plane about a horizontal axis passing through the other
end of the rod with angular frequency 104 rad/s. Find the magnetic field at a point on
the axis of rotation at a distance of 0.8 m from the centre of the path.
Now half of the charge is removed from one end and placed on the other end. The rod
is rotated in a vertical plane about horizontal axis passing through the mid-point of
the rod with the same angular frequency. Calculate the magnetic field at a point on
the axis at a distance of 0.4 m from the centre of the rod.
Sol. As the revolving charge q is equivalent to a current

 10 4  q=1C
i = qf = q × =1× = 5 × 103 A
2 2
0.6 m
0 2iR2 P
Now B = 0.8m B
4  (R2  x2 ) 3 / 2

2  5  10 3 (0.6) 2
–7
 B = 10 × = 1.13 × 10–3 T
[( 0.6) 2  ( 0.8) 2 ]3 / 2
If half of the charge is placed at the other end q/2
and the rod is rotated at the same frequency,
the equivalent current. 0.3m

O B
 q  q 0.4m
i’ =   f    f = qf = i = 5 × 103 A
 2  2
In this case, R’ = 0.3 m and x’ = 0.4 m
q/2
2  5  10 3  (0.3) 2
 B’ = 10–7 × = 2.3 × 10–3T
[(0.3) 2  (0.4) 2 ] 3 / 2

5. SOLENOID :
(i) Solenoid contains large number of circular loops wrapped around a non-conducting cylinder.
(it may be a hollow cylinder or it may be a solid cylinder)

B R B

Axis of the
solenoid

(ii) The winding of the wire is uniform direction of the magnetic field is same at all points of the
axis.

(iii) B on axis (turns should be very close to each others).
 0ni
B= (cos 1 – cos 2 ) ...(7)
2
where n : number of turns per unit length.  P 2
1
1 1 B
cos1 = ; cos = = – cos2
12  R 2  22  R 2
2 1
 
 0ni  1 2 
B= 2  2 
2
 1  R  22  R 2 

 0ni
= (cos 1  cos )
2
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 Page # 12 MAGNETISM

Derivation :
Take an element of width dx at a distance x from point P. [point P is the point on axis at which
we are going to calculate magnetic field. Total number of turns in the element dn = ndx where
n : number of turns per unit length]
dx
 0 iR2
dB = (ndx) 
2(R2  x2 ) 3 / 2
P x
2
 0 iR 2ndx
B=  dB   – 1
2(R 2  x 2 ) 3 / 2 1 2

 
 0 ni  1 2   0ni
= 2   = cos 1 – cos  2 
2 2 2 2 
 1
  R  2  R  2
(iv) For ‘Ideal Solenoid’ :
* Inside (at the mid point)
 >> R or length is infinite
1  0
2  
 0ni
B= [1 – (–1)]
2
B = 0ni
If material of the solid cylinder has relative permeability ‘r’ then B = 0rni
 0ni
At the ends B =
2

(v) Comparision between ideal and real solenoid :

(a) Ideal Solenoid
Real Solenoid
B B
B   0ni
 0ni / 2
(b)

end centre of solenoid end x (distance x

from centre)  / 2 x /2

Ex.10 A solenoid of length 0.4m and diameter 0.6m consists of a single layer of 1000 turns of
fine wire carrying a current of 5.0 × 10–3 ampere. Find the magnetic field on the axis at
V–s
the middle and at the ends of the solenoid. (Gives 0 = 4 × 10–7 )
A –m
1
Sol. B=  ni [cos1 – cos 2 ]
2 0
1000
 n= = 2500 per meter
0.4
i = 5 × 10–3 A.

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2
1
(i)

0.2 0.2
cos1 = 2 2 =
( 0.3 )  ( 0.2) 0.13

–0.2
cos2 =
0.13
1 2  0.2   10 –5
B= × (4 ×  × 10–7) × 2500 × 5 × 10–3 = T
2 0.13 13

90°

(ii)

At the end
0.4
 0.8
cos1 =
( 0.3)  (0.4) 2
2

cos2 = cos 90° = 0

1
B= × (4 ×  × 10–7) × 2500 × 5 × 10–3 × 0.8
2
 B = 2 × 10–6 Wb/m2

6. MAGNETIC LINES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

The space surrounding a magnet or magnetic configuration in which its effects are perceptible
is called the magnetic field of the given magnet or magnetic configuration.

S N S

U-Shape magnet
Bar-magnet
(B)
(A)
In order to visualise a magnetic field graphically, Michael Faraday introduced the concept of
lines. According to him a line is an imaginary curve the tangent to which at a point gives the
direction of the field at that point.
Regarding magnetic field it is worth noting that :
(i) Outside a magnet, field are from north to to south pole while inside from south to north, i.e.,
magnetic lines are closed curves i.e., they appear to converge or diverge at poles.
(ii) The number of magnetic lines of field originating or terminating on a pole is proportional to its
strength. 0 lines are assumed to be associatd with a unit pole. so if a body encloses a pole
of strength m, total lines linked with the body (called magnetic flux) will be 0(m).

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(iii) Magnetic lines of field can never intersect each other because if they intersect at a point,
intensity at that point will have two directions which is absurd.
(iv) Magnetic lines of field have a tendency to contract longitudinally like a stretched elastic
string (producing attraction between opposite poles) and repel each other laterally (resulting
in repulsion between similar poles)

S
N N N

Attraction Repulsion
(A) (B)

(v) Number of lines of field per unit area, normal to the area at a point, represents the magnitude
of field at that point. so crowded lines represent a strong field while distant lines represent
weak field. Further, if the lines of force are equidistant and straight the field is uniform
otherwise not

Non uniform fields

Uniform field

Magnitude is Direction is Both magnitude Both magnitude and

not constant not constant and direction are direction are constant
(A) (B) not constant (D)
(C)
(vi) In a region of space where there is no magnetic field, there will be no lines of field. This is
why, at a neutral point (where resultant field is zero) there cannot be any line of field.
(vii) Magnetic lines of field originate from or enter in the surface of a magnetic material at any
angle.
(viii) Magnetic lines of field exist inside every magnetised material
(ix) As monopoles do not exist, the total magnetic flux linked with a closed surface is always
zero, i.e.,
 
B . ds   0 (0)  0

This law is called Gauss’s law for magnetism.

MAGNETIC FIELD LINE DUE TO SOME IMPORTANT STRUCTURE

1. Straight current carrying wire

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2. Circular coil

3. Solenoid

× × × × ×
×××××××××××××××××××××

(ideal)
(Real)

7. AMPERE’S LAW
This law is useful in finding the magnetic field due to currents under certain conditions of
symmetry. Conside a closed plane curve enclosing some current-carrying conductors.

The line integral  B . d l taken along this closed curve is equal to 0 times the total current
crossing the area bounded by the curve.

i.e., B . d l   0i
 ...(8)
where i = total current (algebraic sum) crossing the area.
As a simple application of this law, we can derive the magnetic induction due to a long
straight wire carrying current i.
Suppose the magnetic induction at point P, distance R from the wire is required.

i B
B

O P
R

Draw the circle through P with centre O and radius R as shown in figure.

The magnetic induction | B | at all points along this circle will be the same and will be tangential

to the circle, which is also the direction of the length element d l .
 
Thus,  B .d l =  B dl  B dl  B × 2 R
The current crossing the circular area is i.
Thus, by Ampere’s law, B × 2R = 0i
 0i
 B=
2 R
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NOTE : -
• Line integral is independent of the shape of path and position of wire with in it.
 
• The statement B . d  0 does not necessarily mean that B = 0 everywhere along the

path but only that no net current is passing through the path.
 
• Sign of current : The current due to which B is produced in the same sense as d (i.e.
  
B . d  ) positive will be taken positive and the current which produces B in the sense

opposite to d will be negative.
 
Ex.11 Find the value of B . d for the loops L1, L2, L3 in the figure shown. The sense of d is

mentioned in the figure.

Sol. for L1 B . d   0 (I1 – I2 )

here I1 is taken positive because magnetic lines of force
produced by I1 is anti clockwise as seen from top. I2
 I1 I2
produces lines of B in clockwise sense as seen from L1 I3
 I4
top. The sense of d is anticlockwise as seen from top.
L2

for L2 : B . d   0 (I1 – I2  I4 ) L3


for L3 :  B . d  0
7.1 USES OF AMEPERE’S CURRENT LAW : To find out magnetic field due to infinite current
carrying wire

i B

P R
R

 
By B.S.L. B will have circular lines. d is also taken tangent to the circle

 B . d  B. d   = 0° so
  B. d = B 2R ( B = const.)
Now by amperes law :
B 2R = 0I
 0i
 B=
2 R
7.2 Hollow current carrying infinitely long cylinde : (I is uniformly distributed on the)
whole circumference
(i) for r  R I
By symmetry the
amperian loop is a
circle. r
 
= B. d = Bd   = 0
  No current

2r

= B d   B = const. R
0

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0I
 B= B
2 r
(ii) r<R  0I
 2R
B .d =  B. d  =  0
(0)
B  1/ r
= B(2 r) = 0
 Bin = 0
Graph r=R r

7.3 Solid infinite current carrying cylinder :

Assume current is uniformly distributed on the whole cross section area

current
R I
density J 
R 2

CASE (I) :r  R
taken an amperian loop inside the cylinder. By symmetry it should
be a circle whose centre is on the axis of cylinder and its axis
also coincides with the cylinder axis on the loop.
 1
r 2
 B . d =  B. d = B d = B . 2r =  0
 R2 r

 0Ir  0 Jr
 
 B = 0J  r

B= =
2 R 2 2 2
CASE (II) :

0 I
2R r B  1/ r

B

r=R r
 
rR  B. d = B d = B.(2r) =  . I 0

 0I   I  JR2
 B= also B 0 ( j  r ) = 0
2r 2r 2r
  R2  
B  0 2 (J  r )
2r

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Ex.12 Consider a coaxial cable which consists of an inner wire of radius a surrouded by an
outer shell of inner and outer radii b and c respectively. The inner wire carries an electric
current i0 and the outer shell carries an equal current in opposite direction. Find the
magnetic field at a distnace x from the axis where (a) x < a, (b) a < x < b (c) b < x < c and
(d) x > c. Assume that the current density is uniform in the inner wire and also uniform
in the outer shell.

Sol.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

A cross-section of the cable is shown in figure. Draw a circle of radius x with the centre at
the axis of the cable. The parts a, b, c and d of the figure correspond to the four parts of the
problem. By symmetry, the magnetic field at each point of a circle will have the same
magnitude and will be tangential to it. The circulation of B along this circle is, therefore,
 
B. d B 2x

in each of the four parts of the figure.
(a) The current enclosed within the circle in part b is i0 so that
i0 i
2
.x 2  02 x 2
a a
Ampere’s law
 
B. d   0 i gives

 0i0 x2  0 i0 x
B. 2x = or, B =
a 2 2 a 2
The direction will be along the tangent to the circle.
(b) The current enclosed within the circle in part b is i0 so that
 i
B 2x = 0 i0 or, B = 0 0
2x
(c) The area of cross-section of the outer shell is c2 – b2. The area of cross-section of the
outer shell with in the circle in part c of the figure is x2 – b2.
i0 ( x2 – b2 )
Thus, the current through this part is . This is in the opposite direction to the
(c 2 – b 2 )
current i0 in the inner wire. Thus, the net current enclosed by the circle is
i0 ( x2 – b 2 ) i 0 (c 2 – x 2 )
inet = i0 – =
c 2 – b2 c 2 – b2
From Ampere’s law,
 0 i0 (c 2 – x2 )  0 i0 (c 2 – x2 )
B 2x = or, B =
c 2 – b2 2x( c 2 – b2 )
(d) The net current enclosed by the circle in part d of the figure is zero and hence
B 2x = 0 or, B = 0.

Ex.13(a)Figure shows a cross-section of a large metal sheet carrying an electric current along
its surface. The current in a strip of width dl is Kdl where K is a constant. Find the
magnetic field at a point P at a distance x from the metal sheet.

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Sol. Consider two strips A and C of the sheet situated symmetrically on the two sides of P
(figure). The magnetic field at P due to the strip A is B0 perpendicular to AP and that due to
the strip C is Bc pependicular to CP. The resultant of these two is parallel to the width AC of
the sheet. The field due to the whole sheet will also be in this direction. Suppose this field
has magnitude B.

Ba B P

x
Bc
x
A C x
B
dl O dl 

The field on the opposite side of the sheet at the same distance will also be B but in opposite
direction. Applying Ampere’s law to the rectangle shown in figure.
1
2B  = 0 K  or,, B =  0K
2
Note that it is independent of x.

Ex.13 (b) A cylinder of radius R1 have cylinderical cavity of

radius R2 as shown in the figure and have current × ×
× × ×× ×
density J (down ward). Find Magnetic field when
× × × × R2
(i) r > R1 (on x-axis towards right) ×R1×
× ×× ×
(ii) r < R1 (on x-axis towards left) × × ××× ×
× × ×
(iii) when point is in cavity

Sol. (i) r > R1 (on x-axis towards right)

y
R2
× × × ×
× = × ×
+
×× × x × × ×
× r ×

(1) (2)
Magnetic field due to big cylinder = B1
Magnetic field due to smaller cylinder = B2
Br = B1 + B2

  jR2   JR 2 

0 1 0 2
=  2r  – 2(r – ) 
  
(ii) r < R1 (on x-axis) towards left of centre Magnetic field due to big cylinder
 0 Jr 2
B1 =
2r
Magnetic field due to smaller cylinder
 0 (– J)R 22 r
B2 =
2(r  ) 

So net Magnetic field

0J  R22 
B = B1 + B2 = r – 
2  r   

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 Page # 20 MAGNETISM

(iii) When the point(p) is in cavity

+J

P
–J
r1 P
O 1 r2 P
P 2
= B1 + r2
 B2 r1
1 2
PR = r1 sin 1 = r2 sin2 ...(1) O R Q
and  = r1 cos1 + r2 cos2 ...(2) 
Horizontal component BH = B1 sin 1 – B2 sin 2
 0J
= [r1 sin 1 – r2 sin  2 ]
2
BH = 0 from eq. (1)
Vertical component Bv = B1 cos 1 + B2 cos 2
 0J  2 1
= [r1 cos 1  r2 cos  2 ]  0 Jr1
2  Jr B1 
 i B2  0 2 2
Bv = 0 . from eq. (2) 2
2

8. MAGNETIC FIELD INSIDE A LONG SOLENOID

The magnetic field inside a very tightly wound long solenoid is uniform everywhere along the
axis of the solenoid and is zero outside it.

i i

To calculate the magnetic field at a point P inside the solenoid, let us draw a rectangle PQRS
as shown in figure. The line PQ is parallel to the solenoid axis and hence parallel to the

magnetic field B inside the solenoid.
Q
 
 B .d l  Bl

P
l
S R

B
P Q

× × × × × × × ×
  
On the remaining three sides, B . d l is zero everywhere as B is either zero (outside the

solenoid) or perpendicular to d l (inside the solenoid).

 the circulation of B along PQRS is
 
B .d l  B l
If n is the number of turns per unit length along the length of solenoid, total nl turns cross
the rectangle PQRS. Each turn carries a current i.
 Net current crossing PQRS = nli
Using Ampere’s law,
 
 B . d l   0nil
 Bl = 0 nil  B = 0 ni ...(9)

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9. Toroid : It is on hollow circular tube have windings of conducting wire closely attached to
each other circullerly on it (as shown below)

R d

i
for ideal Toroid d << R
Magnetic field in Toroid ×
× ×
Let N = Total No. of turns
Now from Ampere’s circuital law ×
×
B
×
 B. d =  i 0 in
× R
B.2R = 0 iin = 0 Ni ×
×
 0N i ×
B= Ampere's
2R × B × loop
× ×
N
n= = No of turns per unit length
2R
so B = 0 n i

10. Infinite Current Carrying sheet
Now from Ampere’s loop
D × C
 B.d =  0  r ×
× B Ampere's
 loop
 B. d   B. d   B. d   B. d  
AB BC CD DA
0  B × r
×
A B
×
B d  B' d cos 90B d  B' d cos 90   0 
   
B + 0 + B + 0 = 0   
0
B=
2
Ex.14 Three identical long solenoids P, Q and R are connected to each other as shown in
figure. if the magnetic field at the cente of P is 2.0 T, what would be the field at the
centre of Q? Assume that the field due to any solenoid is confined within the volume of
that solenoid only.
Sol.

Q
P

R
As the solenoids are identical, the currents in Q and R will be the same and will be half the
current in P. The magnetic field within a solenoid is given by B = 0 ni. Hence the field in Q will
be equal to the field in R and will be half the field in P i.e., will be 1.0 T

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 Page # 22 MAGNETISM

11. MAGNETIC FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE

 
When a charge q moves with velocity v , in a magnetic field B , then the magnetic force
experienced by moving charge is given by following formula :
  
F  q( v  B) Put q with sign. ...(9)

v : Instantaneous velocity

B : Magnetic field at that point.

11.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAGNETIC FORCE AND ELECTRIC FORCE

(1) Magentic force is always perpendicular to the field while electric force is collinear with the
field.
(2) Magnetic force is velocity dependent, i.e., acts only when the charged particle is in
motion while electric force (qE) is independent of the state of rest or motion of the
charged particle.
(3) Magentic force does no work when the charged particle is displaced while the electric
force does work in displacing the charged particle.

NOTE :
   
• F  v and
also F  B
•  F  v  power due to magnetic force on a charged particle is zero. (use the
 
formula of power P = F . v for its proof))
• Since the F  B so work done by magnetic force is zero in every part of the motion. The
magnetic force cannot increase or decrease the speed (or kinetic energy) of a charged
particle. Its can only change the direction of velocity.
• Ona stationary
 charged particle, magnetic force is zero.
• If V || B , then also magnetic force on charged particle is zero. It moves along a straight
line if only magnetic field is acting.


Ex.15 A Charged particle of mass 5 mg and charge q = +2C has velocity v  2 î – 3 ĵ  4k̂ . Find
out the magetic force on the charged particle and its acceleration at this instant due to
 
magnetic field B  3 j – 2k . v and B are in m/s and Wb/m2 respectively.
  
Sol. F  qv  B = 2 × 10–6 ( 2 î – 3 ĵ  4k̂ )  ( 3 ĵ – 2k̂ )

= 2 × 10–6 [–6 i  4 j  6k ] N


 F 2  10 –6
By Newton’s Law a   (–6 i  4 j  6k )
m 5  10 –6

= 0.8 (–3 i  2 j  3k ) m/s2

  
 
Ex.16 A charged particle has acceleration a  2 î  xĵ in a magnetic field B  –3î  2 ĵ – 4 k̂ . Find the
value of x.
 
Sol.  FB
 
 a B
 
 a .B  0

 ( 2i  xj).(–3 i  2j – 4k ) = 0

 – 6 + 2x = 0  x = 3.

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12. MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD.

12.1 WHEN THE CHARGED PARTICLE IS GIVEN VELOCITY PERPENDICULAR TO THE FIELD
Let a particle of charged q and mass m is moving with a velocity v and enters at right angles

to a uniform magnetic field B as shown in figure.
The force on the particle is qvB and this force will always act in a direction perpendicular to
v. Hence, the particle will move on a circular path. If the radius of the path is r then
× × ×
×  v ×
v F F
× ×
× F ×
× ×
× × × × × v × ×

mv 2 mv
 Bqv or, r = ...(10)
r qB

Thus, radius of the path is proportional to the momentum mv of the particle and inversely
proportional to the magnitude of magnetic field.
Time period : The time period is the time taken by the charged particle to complete one
rotation of the circular path which is given by,
2r 2m
T= = ...(11)
v qB
The time period is independent of the speed v.
Frequency : The frquency is number of revolution of charged particle in one second, which is
given by,
1 qB
= = ..(12)
T 2m
and angular frequency =  = 2

Ex 17. A proton (p),  - particle and deuteron (D) are moving in circular paths with same
kinetic energies in the same magnetic field. Find the ratio of their radii and time periods.
(Neglect interaction between particles).
2mK
Sol. R=
qB
2mK 2.4 mK 2.2 mK
 Rp : R : RD = : :
qB qB qB

=1:1: 2
T = 2m/qB
2m 24m 22m
 Tp : T : TD = : :
qB 2qB qB
= 1 : 2 : 2 Ans.

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 Page # 24 MAGNETISM

Ex.18 A positive charge particle of charge q, mass

P
m enters into a uniform magnetic field with
velocity v as shown in the figure. There is no B
magnetic field to the left of PQ. A
Find v 
(i) time spent,
(ii) distance travelled in the magnetic field Q

(iii) impulse of magnetic force.

Sol. The particle will move in the field as shown. Angle subtended by the arc at the centre = 2

(i) Time spent by the charge in magnetic field

m Q
qB
t =   t  t =
m qB v  × × × ×
(ii) Distance travelled by the charge in magnetic field : D× × × ×
y r × × × ×
2 2r sin
mv C × × × ×
= r (2) = .2
qB r × × × ×
x A × × × ×
(iii) Impulse = change in momentum of the charge q.v 
=(–mv sin  i + mv cos  j )
P
– (mv sin  i + mv cos  j ) = –2mv sin i

Ex.19 Repeat above question if the charge is –ve and the angle made by the boundary with

the velocity is .
6 × × × × ×

  5 × × × × ×
Sol. (i) 2 – 2 = 2 – 2. = 2 – = \ 6
6 3 3 v   
× × × × ×
qBt 5m 
= t = t= × C× 2×– 2× ×
m 3qB 
5 r –q. v × × × × ×
(ii) Distance travelled s = r (2 – 2 ) =
3 × × × × ×
(iii) Impulse = charge in linear momentum
× × × × ×
= m (– v sin  i + v cos  j )
– m (v sin  i + v cos j )

= – 2 mv sin  i = – 2 mv sin i = – mv i
6

Ex.20 In the figure shown the magnetic field on the P

left on ‘PQ’ is zero and on the right of ‘PQ’ it is B
uniform.
Find the time spent in the magnetic field. u

Sol. The path will be semicircular

time spent C
= T/2 = m/qB Q
u

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 MAGNETISM Page # 25

Ex.21 A uniform magnetic field of strength ‘B’ exists in a

region of width ‘d’. A particle of charge ‘q’ and mass
‘m’ is shot perpendicularly (as shown in the figure) B=0 B B=0
into the magnetic field. Find the time spend by the
q,m
particle in the magnetic field if u

mu mu
(i) d  (ii) d <
qB qB d

Sol.
u

mu T m
(i) d > means d > R  t= =
qB 2 qB

d
(ii) sin  =
R C

 d
 = sin–1   
R C
t = 
u
m  d
 t= sin –1 
qB  R

Ex.22 What should be the speed of charged particle so that it can’t collide with the upper
wall? Also find the coordinate of the point where the particle strikes the lower plate in
the limiting case of velocity.
y
wall

× × ×
q,m v d
B
×(0,0) × ×

Sol. (i) The path of the particle will be circular larger the velocity,
larger will be the radius. For particle not to s strike R < d
mv R3
 d v
qB

C3 C2 C1
qBd
 v
m
qBd
(ii) for limiting case v 
m
R=d
2d
 coordinate = (–2d, 0, 0)

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 Page # 26 MAGNETISM

12.2 WHEN THE CHARGED PARTICLE IS MOVING AT AN ANGLE TO THE FIELD

In this case the charged particle having charge q and mass m is moving with velocity v and it
enter the magnetic field B at angle  as shown in figure. Velocity can be revsolved in two
components, one along magnetic field and the other perpendicular to it. Let these components
are v|| and v
v|| = v cos
and v = v sin 

The parallel component v|| of velocity remains unchanged as it is parallel to B . Due to the v
the particle will move on a circular path. So the resultant path will be combination of
straight-line motion and circular motion, which will be helical as shown in figure.

 B
v sin

v
A1 X
 A3 A4 A5
A2
q,m v cos 
Pitch
mv mvsin
The radius of path is (r) = = ...(13)
qB qB
2 r 2mv sin  2m
Time period (T) = v = vsin qB = ..(14)
 qB
Bq
Frquency (f) = ...(15)
2m
Pitch : Pitch of helix described by charged particle is defined as the distance moved by the
centre of circular path in the time in which particle completes one revolution.
Pitch = distance A1A2 = A3A4 = .............. = v cos. T
2m 2mv cos 
V||.T = v cos  = ...(16)
Bq qB
If the velocity of the charge is not perpendicular to the magnetic field, we can break the
velocity in two components – v| |, parallel to the field and v  , perpendicular to the field. The
 
components v| | remains unchanged as the force qv  B is perpendicular to it. In the plane
mv 
perpendicular to the field, the particle traces a circle of radius r = as given by equation.
qB
The resultant path is helix.
Complete analysis :
Let a particle have initial velocity in the plane of the paper and a constant and uniform
magnetic field also in the plane of the paper.
the particle starts from point A1.
It completes its one revolution at A2 and 2nd revolution at A3 and so on. X-axis is the tangent
to the helix points
A1, A2, A3,............. all are on the x-axis. y
distance A1A2 = A3A4 = .............. = v cos. T = pitch
v sin
where T = Time period v sin   t
Let the initial position of the particle be (0, 0, 0) 
and v sin in +y direction. Then +z c –z
in x : Fx = 0, ax = 0, vx = constant = v cos,
x = (v cos) t

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 MAGNETISM Page # 27

In y-z plane :
From figure it is clear that
y = R sin, here  = t
vy = v sin cos
z = – (R – R cos)
vz = v sin sin
acceleration towards centre
= (v sin)2/R = 2R
 ay = – 2R sin , az = – 2R cos
At any time : the position vector of the particle
(or its displacement w.r.t. initial position)

r  x i  yj  zk , x, y, z already found

velocity v  v x i  v y j  v zk , vx, vy, vz already found

a  a x i  a y j  a zk , ax, ay, az already found
Ex.23 A beam of protons with a velocity 4 × 105 m/s enters a uniform magnetic field of 0.3 T
at an angle 60° to the magnetic field. Find the radius of the helical path taken by the
proton beam. Also find the pich of the helix mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
Sol. Radius of the helical path taken by the proton beam
m( v sin )
r= = 1.2 cm
qB

2r
Time period T = = 2.175 × 10–7s
v sin 
 pitch of the helix p = v cos .T
1
 p = 4 × 105 × × 2.175 × 10–7 = 4.35 cm
2
,

13. MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN COMBINED ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD


When the moving charged particle is subjected simultaneously to both electric field E and
  
magnetic field B , the moving charged particle will experience electric force F  q E and
e
  
magnetic force F  q( v  B )
m
   
F  q[ E  V  B ] ..(17)
which is ‘Lorentz force equation’.
Now let us consider two special cases involving the application of above equation
Note
• Magnetic force is frame dependent, Electric force is frame dependent but lorentz force is
frame independent
  
CASE I : When v , E and B all the three are collinear
In this situation as the particle is moving parallel or anti-parallel to the field, the magnetic
force on it will be zero and only electric force will act, so
E

 v1
  v
 F qE q
a  
m m
B
Hence the particle will pass through the field following a straight-line path (parallel to the
field) with change in its speed. So in this situation speed, velocity, momentum and kinetic
energy all will change without change in direction of motion as shown in the figure.
  
v , E and B are collinear..

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 Page # 28 MAGNETISM

   
CASE II : - E||B and uniform   0, 180° ( E and B are constant and uniform)
y

V0
V0 sin

V0


 x, E, B x
+q E,B V0 cos

z
qE
along X axis : Fx = qE, ax = , vx = v0 cos + axt,
m
1 2
x = v0cos t + a x t
2
in y z plane : v 0 sin
qv0 sin  B = m(v0 sin)2/ R y
mv 0 sin
 R=
qB
 R
v 0 sin qB z
= = C
R m
2   t
= = 2f
T
 1 qE 2 
r  {( V0 cos ) t  t } i  R sin tj  (R – R cos t)(–k )
2 m
  qE  
t i +(V0 sin) cost j

V   v 0 cos  
 m 
+V0 sin  sint – k )
 qE 
a i + 2 R [– sin  j – cos k ]
m
  
CASE III : v , E and B are mutually perpendicular
E
  
v , E and B are mutually perpendicular. In Fe
 
case situation of E and B are such that 
q v
  
F  F e F m  0 
v

  F 
or, a     0 , then the particle will pass 
B Fm
 m
 
through the field with the same velocity.
In this situation,
Fe = Fm or, qE = qvB
E
or, v =
B
This principle is used in velocity-selector to get a charged beam having a specific velocity.

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 MAGNETISM Page # 29

12. If a charge particle (q) inters into the magnetic field at origin with velocity vi, then find
the maximum possible positive x co-ordinate of particle if magnetic field is given as
B=B x (– k ) x > 0
0
=0 x<0

Sol. Because F = qv0B0x at any time t at position x

Fvertical = qB 0 v 0 x cos  v0
y
dy qB 0 v 0 x cos 
so ay = = ...(i)
dt m
dv y  dx  qB 0 x qv0B0x=F v0
  ( v 0 cos  ) 
dx  dt  m 

dx
 v 0 cos 
dt at any time t x
v0 xmax
q{B 0 . x} 2
 dv y   dx  v = qB 0 . xmax
m 0
m 2
0 0

Ex.24 A long, straight wire carries a current i. A particle having a positive charge q and mass
m kept at a distance x0 from the wire is projected towards it with a speed v. Find the
minimum separation between the wire and the particle
Sol. Let the particle be initially at P(figure). Take the wire as the Y-axis and the foot of perpendicular
from P to the wire as the origin. Take the line OP as the X-axis. We have, OP = x0. The
magnetic field B at any point to the right of the particle is, therefore, in the X-Y plane. As
there is no initial velocity along the Z-axis, the motion will be in the X-Y plane. Also, its speed
remains unchanged. As the magnetic field is not uniform, the particle does not go along a
circle.
  
The force at time t is F  q v  B

    i    i   i
 q( v x i  v y j )    0 k   j qv x 0  i qv y 0
 2  x  2x 2x
Y
F  qi v y vy i
Thus a x  x   0   ...(i) x0
m 2m x x
O x
 0 qi P
where  
2 m
dv x dv x dx v x dv x
Also ax    ...(ii)
dt dx dt dx
As, v x 2 + v y 2 = v 2,
giving vx dvx = – vy dvy ...(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii),
v y dv y v y

dx x
dx dv y
or, 
x 
Initially x = x0 and vy = 0. At minimum separation from the wire, vx = 0 so that vy = –v.
x v
dx dv y x v
  
Thus x  or, In x   
x0 0 0
2 mv

 0 qi
or; x = x0 e –v / 
= x0 e

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 Page # 30 MAGNETISM

Ex.25 An electron is released from the origin at a place

where a uniform electric field E and a uniform
magnetic field B exist along the negative Y-axis and Y
u
the negative Z-axis respectively. Find the
displacement of the electron along the Y-axis when E F
its velocity becomes perpendicular to the electric
field for the B
first time. X
Sol. Let us take axes as shown in figure. According to the right-handed system, the Z-axis is
upward in the figure and hence the magnetic field is shown downwards. At any time, the
velocity of the electron may be written as
  
u  ux i  uy j
The electric and magnetic fields may be written as
   
E   E j and B   Bk
respectivley. The force on the electron is
      
F   e(E  u  B)  eE j  eB(u y i  u x j )
Thus, Fx = euy B and Fy = e(E – uxB).
The components of the acceleration are
du x eB
ax   uy ...(i)
dt m
du y e
and ay   (E  u xB) ...(ii)
dt m
We have,
d2u y eB du x eB eB
2
  . uy    2 uy
dt m dt m m
eB
where   ...(iii)
m
This equation is similar to that for a simple harmonic motion. Thus,
uy = A sin (t + ) ...(iv)
and hence,
du y
 A  cos(t   ) ...(v)
dt
du y Fy eE
At t = 0, uy = 0 and  
dt dt m
Putting in (iv) and (v)
eE E
 = 0 and A 
m B
E
Thus, u y  sint
B
The path of the electron will be perpendicular to the Y-axis when uy = 0. This will be the case
for the first time at t where
sin t = 0
 m
or, t =  or, t  
 eB
dy E
Also, u y   sint
dt B
y
E E
or,  dy  B sint dt
0
or,, y
B
(1  cos t)

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 MAGNETISM Page # 31


At t
,

E 2E
y (1  cos  )  x
B B
Thus, the displacement along the Y-axis is cycloid
2E 2Em 2Em qE0
 
B BeB eB 2 B0
q
ax = E sin t
m 0
vx t y
qE0 qE 0
 dv x   sintdt  vx = (1 – cos t)
m m
0 0
x t
qE0 qE0  sin t 
 dx   (1 – cos t). dt  x= t –  
m m  
0 0

14. MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYING WIRE :


Suppose a conducting wire, carrying a current i, is placed in a magnetic field B . Consider a
small element d of the wire (figure). The free electrons drift

i
d
vd
F
B
with a speed vd opposite to the direction of the current. The relation between the current i
and the drift speed vd is
i = jA = nevdA
Here A is the area of cross-section of the wire and n is the number of free electrons per unit
volume. Each electron experiences an average (why average ?) magnetic force
  
f  – ev d  B
The number of free electrons in the small element considered in nAd  . Thus, the magnetic
force on the wire of length d is
  
dF  (nAd)(– ev d  B)

If we denote the length d along the direction of the current by d , the above equation
becomes
  
dF  nAev dd  B
  
Using (i), dF  id   B

The quantity id is called a current element
    
Fres  dF  id  B  i d  B
  
(  i is same at all points of the wire)
  
If B is uniform then Fres  i  d  B

     
Fres  iL  B ...(18)
 
Here L  d = vector length of the wire = vector connecting the end points of the wire.

I

P  Q
L
P Q
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  
NOTE :- If a current loop of any shape is placed in a uniform B then  Fres 
 
on it = 0 ( L  0 )
 magnetic
Direction of force : The direction of force is always perpendicular to the plane containing i
     
d L and B and is same as that of cross-product of two vectors ( a  b ) with a = id L and
 
b B

 
id L
dF

B

 
id L  
B dF
 
The direction of force when current element id L and B are perpendicular to each other can
also be determined by applying either of the following rules.
(a) Fleming’s Left-hand Rule : Stretch the fore-finger, central finger and thumb of the left

hand mutually perpendicular. Then if the fore-finger points in the direction of the field ( B ) and
the central in the direction of current i, the thumb will point in the direction of force (or motion).
(b) Right-hand Palm rule : Stretch the fingers and thumb of the right-hand at right angles
to each other. If the fingers point in the direction of current i, and the palm in the direction of

the field B then thumb will point in the direction of force.
14.1 POINT OF APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC FORCE :
On a straight current carrying wire the magnetic force in a uniform magnetic field can be
assumed to be acting at its mid point.
I B

× B I, I
/2
This can be used for calculation of torque.
14.2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO LONG STRAIGHT PARALLEL CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTORS
Let us consider two very long parallel straight wires carrying currents i1 and i2.
Each wire is placed in the region of magnetic induction of other and hence will experience a
force. The net force on a current-carrying conductor due to its own field is zero. So if there
are two long parallel current-carrying wires 1 and 2 (as shown below), the wire-1 will be in
the field of wire-2 and vice versa.

i2
i1 i2 i1

dF1 dF2 dF1  dF2 

B2 d d

1 2 1 2

The force on dl2 length of wire-2 due to field of wire-1, dF2 = i2 dL2 B1

 0 2i1i2  0 2i1
dF2 = dL2 [  B1 = ]
4 d 4 d
dF2  2i i
or  0 12 ...(19)
dL 2 4 d

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It will be true for wire-1 in the field of wire-2. The direction of force in accordance with the
right-hand screw rule will be as shown above.
So the force per unit length in case of two parallel current-carrying wires separated by a
distance ‘d’ is
dF  0 2 i1i2

dL 4  d
If i1 and i2 are along the same direction, the forces between the wires is attractive in nature
and if i1 and i2 are oppositely directed the force is repulsive. The direction of forces is given
by Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Definition of ‘ampere’
dF  0 2 i1i2
We have 
dL 4  d
If i1 = i2 = 1 A ; d = 1 m; dL = 1 m ; then
dF = 2 × 10–7 N
Hence, ‘ampere’ is defined as the current which when passing through each of two parallel
infinitely long straight conductors placed in free space at a distance of 1m from each other
produces between them force of 2 × 10–7 N for one metre of their length.
Ex.26 A wire is bent in the form of an equilaterial triangle PQR of side 10 cm and carries a
current of 5.0 A. It is placed in magnetic field B of magnitude 2.0 T direction perpendicular
to the plane of the loop. Find the forces on the three sides of the triangle.

F3 B
F1 F2
P Q
i

Sol. Suppose the field and the current have directions as shown in figure. The force on PQ is
  
F1  i  B
or, F1 = 5.0 A × 10 cm × 2.0 T = 1.0 N
The rule of vector product shows that the force F1 is perpendicular to PQ and is directed
towards the inside of the triangle.
 
The forces F2 and F3 on QR and RP can also be obtained similarly. Both the forces are 1.0 N
directed perpendicularly to the respective sides and towards the inside of the triangle.
  
The three forces F1,F2 and F3 will have zero resultant, so that there is no net magnetic force
on the triangle. This result can be generalised. Any closed current loop, placed in a homogeneous
magnetic field, does not experience a net magnetic force.

Ex.27 Figure shown two long metal rails placed horizontally and parallel to each other at a
separation  . A uniform magnetic field B exists in the vertically downward direction. A
wire of mass m can slide on the rails. The rails are connected to a constant current
source which drives a current i in the circuit. The friction coefficient between the rails
and the wire is .
(a)What should the minimum value of  which can prevent the wire from sliding on the
rails ?
(b)Describe the motion of the wire if the value of  is half the
value found in the pervious part

× × × × × × × ×

i × × × × × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

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 Page # 34 MAGNETISM

Sol. (a) The force on the wire due to the magnetic field is
  
F  i  B
or, F = iB
It acts towards right in the given figure. If the wire does not slide on the rails, the force of
friction by the rails should be equal to F. If 0 be the minimum coefficient of friction which can
prevent sliding, this force is also equal to 0 mg. Thus,
0 mg = i  B
iB
or, 0 =
mg
0 iB
(b) If the friction coefficient is  = = , the wire will slide towards right. The frictional
2 2mg
force by the rails is
iB
f = mg = towards left.
2
iB iB i B
The resultant force is iB – = towards right. The acceleration will be a = . The
2 2 2m
wire will slide towards right with this acceleration.

Ex.28 In the figure shown a semicircular wire is placed in a uniform B directed toward right.
Find the resultant magnetic force and torque on it.
I
B

P Q

Sol. The wire is equivalent to B

 =0
I
 Fres = 0 Ans. 2R
forces on individual parts are marked in the figure
by × and . By symmetry their will be pair of
forces forming couples.
I y
/2 ××
=  i(Rd) B sin (90 – ). 2R cos ×
×
  Q
x
0 ×

i R 2
= B
2

 i R2
  B(– j ) Ans.
2
Ex.29 Find the resultant magnetic force and torque on the loop.
 I
Sol. Fres  0 , ( loop)
B
  i  R 2B(– j )

and
R
using the above method I

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 MAGNETISM Page # 35

Ex.30 In the figure shown find the resultant magnetic force and torque about ‘C’, and ‘P’.

 I
Sol. Fnett = I. 2R. B
×B
P
Q
 wire is equivalent to C R
dF
dF
P 2R Q 
P R
Force on each element is radially outward : c = 0
about point P

P=  [ i / (Rd)B sin 90 ]R sin 
0
= 2 I B R2 Ans.
Ex.31 Find the magnetic force on the loop ‘PQRS’ due to the straight wire.

 0 I1 I2  0I1 I2   I I
Sol. Fres = a ( – i ) + a( i ) = 0 1 2 (– i )
2 a 2( 2a) 4
a
y
Q
I2 a
x
I1
S
a

Ex.32 In the figure shown the wires AB and PQ carry constant currents I1 and I2 respectively.
PQ is of uniformly distributed mass ‘m’ and length ‘  ’ AB and PQ are both horizontal
and kept in the same vertical plane. The PQ is in equilibrium at height ‘h’. Find

I2
P Q
h
A
I1 B
(i) ‘h’ is terms of I1 I2 ,  , m, g and other standard constants.
(ii)If the wire PQ is displaced vertically by small distance prove that it performs SHM.
Find its time period in terms of h and g.
Sol. (i) Magnetic repulsive force balnaces the weight.
0I1I2  I I 
  mg  h  0 1 2
2h 2 mg
(ii) Let the wire be displaced downward by distance x (<< h).
Magnetic force on it will increase, so it goes back towards its equilibrium position. Hence it
performs oscillations.
 0 I1 I2
Fres   – mg
2 (h – x)
mgh mg(h – h  x)
= – mg =
h–x h–x
mg mg
= x x for x << h
h– x h
m h
 T = 2 = 2 Ans.
mg / h g

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 Page # 36 MAGNETISM

15. CURRENT LOOP IN A UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD

15.1 MAGNETIC MOMENT

According to magnetic effects of current, in case of current-carrying coil for axial point,
  2NiR2
B  0 2
4  (R  x2 ) 3 / 2
  2NiR2
when x >> R, B  0
4  x3
If we compare this result with the field due to a small bar magnet for a distant axial point, i.e.,

  2M
0
B 
4  x3
where M is magnetic moment of the bar magnet.
We find that a current-carrying coil for a distant point behaves as a magnetic dipole of
moment

M = NiR2 = NiA ...(20)
where A is area of the loop. So the magnetic moment of a current carrying coil is defined as
the product of current in the coil with the area of coil in the vector form.
Magnetic moment of a current loop is a vector quantity and 
direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Its dimensions M
are [L2A] and units are A-m2.
Magnetic moment is case of a charged particle having charge q
1
and moving in a circle of radius R with speed v is given by qvR
2
v
As we know, the equivalent current i = qf = q and |A| = R2
2R
 1
 M = i | A| = qvR
2
15.2 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP
Consider a rectangular coil CDEF of length L and width b
is placed vertically, while a uniform magnetic induction B
passes normally through it as shown. The coil is capable
F1
of rotation about an axis O1O2.
If the loop is oriented in the magnetic field such that the D
C L
normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle  with the

direction of B , then the torque experienced by the loop 

i
b b
= (iLB) sin   (iLB) sin  O1 i b O2
2 2

i.e.,  = iLbB sin  = iAB sin 

where A = Lb is the area of the loop. F E

The maximum torque experienced is  = iAB, when  = 90°

and for a coil of N turns F2

 = NiAB
Here NiA = M = Magnetic moment of the loop.
  
In vector notation   M B ...(21)

This result holds good for plane loops of all shapes rectangular, circular or otherwise.

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 MAGNETISM Page # 37

15.3 WORK DONE IN ROTATING A CURRENT LOOP

When a current loop is rotated in a uniform magnetic field through an angle  about an axis
then work done will be
w 

 dW   d   MBsind
0 0
W = – [MB cos ]0 = MB (1 – cos ) ...(22)

Ex.33 For a given length L of a wire carrying a current i, how many circular turns would
produce the maximum magnetic moment and of what value ?
Sol. For a cicular coil having N turns, magnetic moment
M = R2 iN ...(i)
Now, length of wire L = (2R) N
L
 R=
2N
Substituting the above value of R in equation (i), we get
L2 iL2
M = Ni × or, M =
4 2N2 4N
From equation (ii), it is clear that M will be maximum when N = minimum = 1, i.e., the coil has
only one turn and
1 2
(M)max = iL
4

Ex.34 A coil in the shape of an equilateral triangle of side 0.02 m is suspended from a vertex
such that it is hanging in a vertical in plane magnetic field of 5 × 10–2 T. Find the couple
acting on the coil when a current of 0.1 ampere is passed through it and the magnetic
field is parallel to its plane.
Sol. As the coil is in the form of an equilateral triangle, its area
1
A=  L  L sin 60 A
2

1 3 N
S
=  ( 0.02) 2  = –4
3 × 10 m
2
2 2
So its magnetic moment B C
–4
M = iA = 0.1 × 3 × 10
–5 2
3 × 10 A-m
=
Now, the couple on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field is given by  = MB sin 

Since the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field, the angle between M and B will
be 90° and hence  = MB sin 90° = MB

  = ( 3 × 10–5) × 5 × 10–2 = 5 3 × 10–7 N-m

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 Page # 38 MAGNETISM

Ex.35 The arrangement is as shown below i2

(a) Find the potential energy of the loop.
(b) Find the work done to increase the spacing i1
between the wire and the loop from a to 2a.

a b
Sol. (a) Magnetic moment of a small element of the loop.
dM = i2 Ldx
The direction of the magnetic moment is perpendicular to the plane of paper pointing inwards.

dU = –dMB = – dM B, where B is the magnetic field at the position of this element.

 0 2i1
i.e., B =
4 a  x

0  dx  i1 i2
 dU = – 2i1i2 l  
4 a+ x
b a 
dx b
0 0  a  b
 U = – 4  2i1i2 l a + x =
 2i1i 2 l loge   x dx
0
4  a 

0  a  b
(b) Ui = – 2i1i2 l loge  
4  a 

0  2a  b 
Uf = – 2 i1i2 l  loge 
4  2a 
0  2(a  b) 
 W = U = Uf – Ui = 2 i1i 2 l loge  
4  2a  b 
16. MAGNET

16.1 Pole strength, magnetic dipole and magnetic dipole moment :

A magnet always has two poles ‘N’ and ‘S’ and like poles of two magnets repel other and the
unlike poles of two magnets attract each other they form action reaction pair.
F F

N S N S

(i)
F F

S N N S

(i)
The poles of the same magnet do not comes to meet each other due to attraction. They are
maintained we cannot get two isolated poles by cutting the magnet from the middle. The
othe end becomes pole of opposite nature. SO, ‘N’ and ‘S’ always exist together.
 they are
A C B A C C B
N S  N S N S

Know as +ve and –ve poles. North pole is treated as positive pole (or positive magnetic
charge) and the south pole is treated as –ve pole (or –ve magnetic charge). They are
quantitatively represented by their “POLE STRENGTH” + m and – m respectively (just like we
have charge +q and –q in electrostatics). Pole strength is a scalar quantity and represents
the strength of the pole hence, of the magnet also).

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 MAGNETISM Page # 39

A magnet can be treated as a dipole since it always has two opposite poles (just like in
electric dipole we have two opposite charges –q and +q). It is called MAGNETIC DIPOLE and
it has a direction is from –m to +m that means from ‘S’ to ‘N’)
m

N S
+m g –m
M = m.lm here lm = magnetic length of the magnet. lm is slightly less than lg (it is geometrical
length of the magnet = end to end distance). The ‘N’ and ‘S’ are not located exactly at the
ends of the magnet. For calculation purposes we can assume  m   g [Actually  m /  g ~
–

0.84]
The units of m and M will be mentioned afterwards where you can remember and understand.

16.2 Magnetic field and strength of magnetic field.

The physical space around a magnetic pole has special influence due to which other pole
experience a force. That special influence is called MAGNETIC FIELD and that force is called
‘MAGNETIC FORCE’. This field is quanlitatively represented by ‘STRENGTH OF MAGNETIC FIELD’

or ‘MAGNETIC INDUCTION” or “MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY”. It is represented by B . It is a
vector quantity.

Definition of B : The magnetic force experienced by a north pole of unit pole strength at a
point due to some other poles (called source) is called the strength of magnetic field at that
point due to the source.

 F
Mathematically, B 
m

Here F = magnetic force on pole of pole strength m. m may be +ve or –ve and of any value.

S.I. unit of B is Tesla or Weber/m2 (abbreviated as T and Wb/m2).
 
We can also write F = mB . According to this direction of on +ve pole (North pole) will be in

the direction of field and on –ve pole (south pole) it will be opposite to the direction of B .
 
B B
 and
N F S
F
The field generated by sources does not depend on the test pole (for its any value and any
sign).

(A) B DUE TO VARIOUS SOURCE
(i) Due to a single pole :
(Similar to the case of a point charge in electrostatics)
r
m

 0  m
B =   2 ...(23)
4 r

This is magnitude
Direction of B due to north pole and due to south poles are as shown.

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 Page # 40 MAGNETISM


B

 
B B
N S


B

in vector from B    0  m r
 
...(24)
 4  r 3

here m is with sign and r = position vector of the test point with respect to the pole.

(ii) Due to a bar magnet :

(Same as the c ase of elec tric dipole in
Bres
electrostatics) independent case never found.
equitorial
B
Always ‘N’ and ‘S’ exist together as magnet. line r
 –m m A
 0  M Bres
at A (on the axis) = 2   3 for a << r ...(25) S
4 r N
axis
2a r

 0  M
at B (on the equatorial) = –   3 for a << r ...(26)
4 r
Bn Bres
At General point :
 Br
  0  M cos 
Br = 2  
4 r3

  0  M sin
Bn =   S N
 4  r 3

 0M
Bres =
4 r 3 1  3 cos 2  ...(27 (a))

Bn tan
tan = B = ...(28 (b))
r 2

Ex.36 Find the magnetic force on a short magnet of magnetic dipole moment M2 due to another
short magnet of magnetic dipole moment M1.
S N N S
M1 M2
r
Solution :
To find the magnetic force we will use the formula of ‘B’ due to a magnet. We will also assume
m and –m as pole strengths of ‘N’ and ‘S’ of M2. Also length of M2 as 2a. B1 and B2 are the
strengths of the magnetic field due to M1 at +m and –m respectively. They experience
magnetic forces F1 and F2 as shown.
+m –m

r–a 2a
r+a

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 MAGNETISM Page # 41

  0  M1    M1
F1 = 2  m and F2  2 0  m
4  (r – a) 3  4   (r  a) 3

 0   1   1 
 Fres = F1 – F2 = 2   M1m  3
 – 3

4  (r – a)   (r  a)  
–3 –3
  0  M1m  a  a 
2 
=  4  3   1   –  1   
r  r  r 

By using, Binomial expansion, and neglecting terms of high power we get
  0  M1m  3 a 3a 
Fres = 2  3 1  – 1
4 r  r r 

  0  M1m 6 a   0  M1 3M2   0  M1M2

= 2  3 = 2  4 = 6  4
4 r r 4 r 4 r
Direction of Fres is towards right.
Alternative Method :
 0 2M1 dB  6M
B= .   – 0  41
4 r 3 dr 4 r
dB   0  6M1M2
F = – M2 ×  F =  
dr 4 r4
Ex.37 Two short magnets A and B of magnetic dipole moments M1 and M2 respectively are
placed as shown. The axis of ‘A’ and the equatorial line of ‘B’ are the same. Find the
magnetic force on one magnet due to the other.
N
A M1 B
N S M2

S
r
  M M
Ans. F  3  0  24 1 upwards on M1
 4  r

down wards on M2

Ex 38. A magnet is 10 cm long and its pole strength is 120 CGS units (1 CGS unit of pole strength
= 0.1 A-m). Find the magnitude of the magnetic field B at a point on its axis at a distnace
20 cm from it.
Sol. The pole strength is m = 120 CGS units = 12 A-m
Magnetic length is 2l = 10 cm or l = 0.05 m
Distance from the magnet is d = 20 cm = 0.2 m. The field B at a point in end-on position is
0 2Md  0 4md
B = 4 2 = 4 2
(d –  2 ) 2 (d –  2 ) 2
 –7 T – m  4  (12 A – m)  ( 0.05m)  ( 0.2m)
=  10  = 3.4 × 10–5 T..
A  [( 0.2m)] 2 – ( 0.05m) 2 ] 2

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 Page # 42 MAGNETISM

Ex.39 Find the magnetic field due to a dipole of magnetic moment 1.2 A-m2 at a point 1 m
away from it in a direction making an angle of 60° with the dipole-axis.
Sol. The magnitude of the field is
 0M
B= 1  3 cos 2 
4 r 3

. A – m2
 –7 T – m  12
=  10 
A  1m 2 1  3 cos 2 60
The direction of the field makes an angle  with the radial line where

tan 3
tan  = =
2 2
Ex.40 Figure shows two identical magnetic dipoles a and b of magnetic moments M each,
placed at a separation d, with their axes perpendicular to each other. Find the magnetic
field at the point P midway between the dipoles.
d d
Bb
a S a S
S N b S N b
P N P Ba N
(a) (b)
Sol. The point p is in end-on position for the dipole a and in broadside-on position for the dipole b’.
 0 2M
The magnetic field at P due to a is Ba = 4  along the axis of a, and that due to b is Bb
(d / 2) 3
0 M
= 4 parallel to the axis of b as shown in figure. The resultant field at P is, therefore
( d / 2 )3
B= B 2a  B b2
 0M
= 12  2 2
4 (d / 2) 3
2 5  0M
=
d2
The direction of this field makes an angle  with Ba such that tan = Bb/Ba = 1/2.

16.3 MAGNET IN AN EXTERNAL UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD.

(same as case of electric dipole)
+m mB
Fres = 0 (for any angle) B
 = MB sin  
* here  is angle between mB –m
 
B and M

NOTE :
  
•  acts such that it tries to make M  B

•  is same about every point of the dipole it’s potential energy is
 
U = – MB cos = – M.B
 = 0° is stable equilibrium
 =  is unstable equilibrium
for small ‘’ the dipole perfoms SHM about  = 0° position
 = – MB sin  ;
I  = – M B sin 

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 MAGNETISM Page # 43

 MB 
 = –  
I 
for small , sin  ~ 
–
Angular frequency of SHM
MB 2 I
= =  T = 2
I T MB
here I = Icm if the dipole is free to rotate
= Ihinge if the dipole is hinged
Ex.41 A bar magnet having a magnetic moment of 1.0 × 10–4 J/T is free to rotate in a
horizontal plane. A horizontal magnetic field B = 4 × 10–5T exists in the space. Find the
work done in rotating the magnet slowly from a direction parallel to the field to a
direction 60° from the field.
Sol. The work done by the external agent = change in potential energy
= (–MB cos2) – (–MB cos1)
= – MB (cos60° – cos 0°)
1 1
= MB = × (1.0 × 104 J/T) (4 × 10–5 T) = 0.2 J
2 2

Ex.42 A magnt of magnetic dipole moment M is released in a uniform magnetic field of

induction B from the position shown in the figure.
120°
B

Find :
(i) Its kinetic energy at  = 90°
(ii) its maximum kinetic energy during the motion.
(iii) will it perform SHM? oscillation ? Periodic motion ? What is its amplitude ?
Sol.
(i) Apply energy conservation at  = 120° and  = 90°
– MB cos 120° + 0
= – MB cos 90° + (K.E)
MB
KE = Ans.
2
(ii) K.E. will be maximum where P.E. is minimum. P.E. is minimum at  = 0º. Now apply energy
conservation between  = 120º and  = 0º.
–mB cos 120º + 0
= – mB cos 0º + (KE)max
3
(KE)max  MB Ans.
2
The K.E. is max at  = 0° can also be proved by torque method. From  = 120° to  = 0° the
torque always acts on the dipole in the same direction (here it is clockwise) so its K.E. keeps
on increases till  = 0°. Beyond that  reverses its direction and then K.E. starts decreasing
  = 0° is the orientation of M to here the maximum K.E.
(iii) Since ‘’ is not small.
 the motion is not S.H.M. but it is oscillatory and periodic amplitude is 120°.

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 Page # 44 MAGNETISM

Ex.43 A bar magnet of mass 100 g, length 7.0 cm, width 1.0 cm and height 0.50 cm takes /
2 seconds to complete an oscillation in an oscillation magnetometer placed in a
horizontal magnetic field of 25T.
(a) Find the magnetic moment of the magnet.
(b) If the magnet is put in the magnetometer with its 0.50 cm edge horizontal,
what would be the time period?
Sol. (a) The moment of inertia of the magnet about the axis of rotation is
m' 2
I= (L  b 2 )
12
100  10 –3 25
= [(7 × 10–2)2 + (1 × 10–2)2] kg-m2 =  10 –5 kg – m 2
12 6
I
We have, T = 2
MB

4  2I 4  2  25  10 –5 kg / m 2
or, M= = = 27 A-m2
BT 2 –6 2 2
6  ( 25  10 T)  s
4
(b) In this case the moment of inertia becomes
m' 2
I’ = (L  b 2 ) where b’ = 0.5 cm.
12
The time period would be
I'
T’ = ...(ii)
MB
Dividing by equation (i),

m' 2
(L  b 2 ) (7cm) 2  ( 0.5 cm) 2
T' I' 12
 = =
T I m 2 (7 cm) 2  (10
. cm) 2
(L  b 2 )
12
= 0.992
0.992  
or, T’ = s = 0.496  s.
2

16.4 MAGNET IN AN EXTERNAL NONUNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD :

No special formula are applied is such problems. Instead see the force on individual poles and
calculate the resultant force torque on the dipole.

Note :
• Force due to Non-uniform Magnetic field
dB
F = –M
dr

• If a source of Magnetic Moment M have dimension very less than the distance of point of

application then we can replace it with magnet of magnetic moment equal to M .

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 MAGNETISM Page # 45

17. TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

Earth is a natural source of magnetic field.

17.1 Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field

The earth’s magnetic field at a point on its surface is usually characterised by three quantities
: (a) declination (b) inclination or dip and (c) horizontal component of the field. These are
known as the elements of the earth’s magnetic field.
(a) Declination
A plane passing through the geographical poles (that is, through the axis of rotation of the
earth) and a given point P on the earth’s surface is called the geographical meridian at the
point P. Similarly, the plane passing through the geomagnetic poles (that is, through the
dipole-axis of the earth) and the point P is called the magnetic meridian at the point P.
The angle made by the magnetic meridian at a point with the geographical meridian is called
the declination at that point.
(b) Inclination or dip
The angle made by the earth’s magnetic field with the horizontal direction in the magnetic
meridian, is called the inclination or dip at that point.
(c) Horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field
As the name indicates, the horizontal component is component of the earth’s magnetic field
in the horizontal direction in the magnetic meridian. This direction is towards the magnetic
north.
Figure shows the three elements. Starting from the geographical meridian we draw the
magnetic meridian at an angle  (declination). In the magnetic meridian we draw the horizontal
direction specifying magnetic north. The magnetic field is at an angle  (dip) from this direction.
The horizontal component BH and the total field B are related as
BH = B cos 
or, B = BH / cos .

Geographical Vertical
Declination
North P
Geographical Bh
Meridian Bv

Magnetic
North

Magnetic
Meridian
Thus, from the knowledge of the three elements, both the magnitude and direction of the
earth’s magnetic field can be obtained.

Ex.45 The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field is 3.6 × 10–5 T where the dip is
60º. Find the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field.
Sol. We have BH = B cos 

BH 3.6  10 5 T
or, B   7.2  10 5 T
cos  cos 60º

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 Page # 46 MAGNETISM

18. MOVING-COIL GALVANOMETER

T

North South

The main parts of a moving-coil galvanometer are shown in figure. A rectangular coil of
several turns is wound over a soft-iron core. The wire of the coil is coated with an insulating
material so that each turn is insulated from the other and from the iron core. The coil is
suspended between the two pole pieces of a strong permanent magnet.
The current to be measured is passed through the galvanometer. As the coil is in the magnetic
   
field B of the permanent magnet, a torque   niA  B acts on the coil. Here n = number of
 
turns, i = current in the coil A = area-vector of the coil and B = magnetic field at the site of
the coil. This torque deflects the coil from its equilibrium position.

N S

The pole pieces are made cylindrical. As a result, the magnetic field at the arms of the coil
remains parallel to the plane of the coil everywhere even as the coil rotates. The deflecting
torque is then   niAB . As the upper end of the suspension strip W is fixed, the strip gets
twisted when the coil rotates. This produces a restoring torque acting on the coil. If the
deflection of the coil is  and the torsional constant of the suspension strip is k, the restoring
torque is k. The coil will stay at a deflection  where
k
niAB = k or, i 
nAB
k
Hence, the current is proportional to the deflection. The constant is called the
nAB
galvanometer constant, and may be found by passing a known current, measuring the deflection
 and putting these values in equation.

Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a moving-coil galvanometer is defined as /i. From equation, the sensitivity
nAB
is . For large sensitivity, the field B should be large. The presence of soft-core increases
k
the magnetic field.

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