Layers of The Earth Crust-Mantle - A. B. Core - A. Outer Core - B. Inner Core

Geosphere-describes all of the rocks, minerals and ground that are found on and in Earth.
This includes all of the

mountains on the surface, as well as all of the liquid rock in the mantle below us and the minerals and metals of the outer
and inner cores.
Layers of the Earth –

1. Crust- is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished
from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished
based on its phase.
2. Mantle- is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made
of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are
characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density.
A. Upper Mantle- begins just beneath the crust about 35 km and ends at the top of the lower mantle at
670 km. Temperatures range from approximately 200 °C at the upper boundary with the crust to
approximately 900 °C at the boundary with the lower mantle.
B. Lower Mantle- represents approximately 56% of the Earth's total volume and is located 660–2900 km
below the Earth's surface in between the transition zone and the outer core. The Preliminary reference Earth
model separates the lower mantle into three sections, the uppermost, mid-lower mantle, and the D" layer.
3. Core- is the innermost part of the earth, comprised of a) the inner core, at the center of the earth, made of
iron; and b) the outer core, which surrounds the inner core, made of iron and magma.
A. Outer Core- is a fluid layer about 2,400 km thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above
Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km beneath Earth's surface.
B. Inner Core- is the very center of the Earth, and the hottest part of the planet. It is a mainly a solid ball with
a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), according to seismological studies.
Hydrosphere-is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet or
natural satellite. Although the Earth's hydrosphere has been around for longer than 4 billion years, it continues to change
in size.
About 1.8 percent of Earth’s water is frozen in glaciers. The glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth’s land surface today.
They cover much greater portions of the globe as recently as 18,000 years ago. The Earth’s total water exists on the
continents as liquid is about 0.64 percent. Although small proportion, freshwater is essential to life on Earth, Lakes, rivers,
and clear, sparkling streams are the most visible reservoirs of continental water. The ground water, compose the upper
few kilometers of the geosphere, is much more abundant. Only a minuscule amount, exist in the atmosphere, but this
water is so mobile. It profoundly affects both the weather and climate of our planet.
Biosphere- is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their
interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere also known as
the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed the zone of life on Earth, a closed system,
and largely self-regulating. The biosphere is the part that life inhabits. It produces the succession of life-forms needed to
keep the planet habitable/ Plants and animals also live on the Earth’s surface. Large populations bacteria live in rock to
depths of as mich as 4 kilometers. Some organisms live on te ocean floor. Plants and animals are clearly affected by
Earth’s environment. Organisms breath air, require water and thrive in a relatively narrow temperature range.
Terrestrial organism ultimately depends on soil, which is part of geosphere. Less obviously, plants and animals also alter
and form the environment they live live in. for example, living organism contribute to the evolution of the modern
atmosphere.
Atmosphere- is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by
the gravity of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the
temperature of the atmosphere is low.
Layers of the Atmosphere:

1. Exosphere- is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where
molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is too low for them to behave as a
gas by colliding with each other.
2. Thermosphere- is the layer in the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and
below the exosphere. Within this layer of the atmosphere, ultraviolet radiation causes
photoionization/photo dissociation of molecules, creating ions in the ionosphere.
3. Mesosphere- is the third major layer of the Earth's atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and
directly below the thermosphere. In the mesosphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases.
4.Stratosphere- is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and
below the mesosphere. The stratosphere is stratified (layered) in temperature, with warmer layers higher and
cooler layers closer to the Earth; this increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the
Sun's ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer. This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface,
where temperature decreases with altitude. The border between the troposphere and stratosphere,
the tropopause, marks where this temperature inversion begins. Near the equator, the stratosphere starts at
as high as 20 km (66,000 ft; 12 mi), around 10 km (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi) at midlatitudes, and at about 7 km
(23,000 ft; 4.3 mi) at the poles. Temperatures range from an average of −51 °C (−60 °F; 220 K) near the
tropopause to an average of −15 °C (5.0 °F; 260 K) near the mesosphere. Stratospheric temperatures also
vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar
night (winter). Winds in the stratosphere can far exceed those in the troposphere, reaching near 60 m/s
(220 km/h; 130 mph) in the Southern polar vortex.

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Geosphere-describes all of the rocks, minerals and ground that are found on and in Earth.

This includes all of the

Layers of the Earth –

Layers of the Atmosphere:

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