Seismic Resistance of Exterior Beam Column Joint With Diagonal Collar Stirrups

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 2, No 1, 2011
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Seismic Resistance of Exterior Beam Column Joint with Diagonal Collar

Stirrups
Bindhu K.R1, Sreekumar K.J2
1-Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
2-P. G. Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala, India
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The performance of beam-column joints have long been recognized as a significant factor
that affects the overall behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures subjected to
large lateral loads. The reversal of forces in beam-column joints during earthquakes may
cause distress and often failure, when not designed and detailed properly. In the present study,
four one third scaled exterior beam-column joint specimens were prepared with only one of
them conforming to the guide lines of IS 13920: 1993 for seismic resistant design. Second
one was detailed with additional diagonal collar stirrups at joints and beam reinforcements
and the third one is cast without collar stirrups but having additional beam reinforcements.
The fourth specimen was having same longitudinal reinforcements of the first specimen but
with increased spacing of ties in the joint region. All the specimens were subjected to similar
reverse cyclic loading to simulate earthquake loading in structures. The loading was applied
by displacement control mode. Based on the experimental findings and subsequent analysis,
it is found that, second specimen having additional beam reinforcements and diagonal collar
stirrups at joints exhibits a better performance than the others.
Keywords: Beam-column joint, ductility, energy dissipation, reinforcement details, ultimate

load
1. Introduction
The performance of beam-column joints have long been recognized as a significant factor
that affects the overall behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures subjected to
large lateral loads. The beam-column joints that are not detailed and built in accordance with
seismic codes present a serious hazard that can affect the overall ductility of a structure
subjected to severe earthquake shocks.
The failure of reinforced concrete structures in recent earthquakes in several countries has
caused concern about the performance of beam-column joints (Durrani and Wight 1985).
Since past three decades extensive research has been carried out on studying the behaviour of
joints under seismic conditions through experimental and analytical studies.
Various international codes have been going periodic revisions (Tsonos 2007). Among the
Indian codes IS 13920:1993 deals with ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures
subjected to seismic forces. However, despite the significance of the joints in sustaining large
deformations and forces during earthquakes, specific guidelines are not explicitly included in
Received on July, 2011 Published on September 2011 160

Seismic Resistance of Exterior Beam Column Joint with Diagonal Collar Stirrups
Bindhu K.R, Sreekumar K.J
Indian codes of practice (IS 456: 2000, IS 1893 : 2002, IS 13920: 1993, SP 34:1987). One of
the basic assumption of the frame analysis is that the joints are strong enough to sustain the
forces (moments, axial and shear forces) generated by the loading, and to transfer the forces
from one structural element to another (beams to column, in most of the cases). Confinement
of joint can be done to satisfy the above condition (Asha and Sundarrajan 2006, Bindhu et al.
2008, Bindhu et al. 2009a).
2. Present Study
The main objectives of the present study was to confine the R.C beam column joint by
providing diagonal collar stirrups at joint region and to investigate the strength, ductility and
energy dissipation capacity of beam-column joint specimens having various reinforcement
arrangements and thereby to compare the behaviour of the specimens made of non-
conventional confining reinforcement pattern with conventional reinforcement pattern as per
IS 13920: 1993.
An eight storey building was modelled and analyzed using STAAD Pro. A typical exterior
beam-column joint of the building was designed and detailed as per IS 13920:1993 and
scaled to the laboratory conditions (Tsonos et al. 1992, Tsonos 2000, Murty et al. 2001,
Murty et al. 2003, Jain and Murty 2005 a, Jain and Murty 2005 b, Ingle and Jain 2005,
Bindhu et al. 2009b).
2.1 Details of Beam-Column Joint
The experimental program included four 1/3 scaled specimens (C1, C2, C3 & C4). The
specimen C1 was conforming to IS 13920, C2 with additional beam reinforcements and
diagonal collar stirrups over C1, C3 with additional beam reinforcements over C1 and C4
similar to C1 but with increased spacing of ties at joint. The size of the beam was 800 mm x
100 mm x 150 mm and column 1000 mm x 100 mm x 150 mm. The dimensions and
reinforcement details of test assemblages are shown in Fig.1 and Fig.2.
3. Casting of Specimens
The cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade conforming to IS 8112:1989. River
sand passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve and having a fineness modulus of 3.16 was used as
fine aggregate. Crushed granite stone of maximum size not exceeding 12.5 mm was used as
coarse aggregate.
The mix was designed in proportion of 1:1.33:2.47 by weight respectively and the water-
cement ratio was kept as 0.45. The 28 day average compressive strength from 150 mm cube
test was 34.55 N/mm2. The reinforcement cages used for different specimens are shown in
Fig.3. The specimens were cast in horizontal position inside wooden moulds and were de-
moulded after 24 hours and then cured in water tank.
161
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011
6 Nos. 8mm TOR.
3mm TOR TIES.
3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.
3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS

@ 35 mm C/C. @ 50 mm C/C. 2 Nos. 8mm TOR.(TOP.)
2 Nos. 8mm TOR.(BOTTOM.)
REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR SPECIMEN C1.
6 Nos. 8mm TOR.
3mm TOR TIES.
3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS

@ 35 mm C/C. @ 100 mm C/C. @ 50 mm C/C. 3mm STIRRUPS. ( 100mm c/c/.)
2 Nos. 6mm TOR.(TOP.)

2 Nos. 8mm TOR.(TOP.)
3mm STIRRUPS. ( 50mm c/c.)
3mm TOR TIES (2 Nos.)
Figure 1: Reinforcement details for Specimens C1 and C2
162
6 Nos. 8m m TOR.
3mm TOR TIES.
3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3m m TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS

@ 35 mm C/C. @ 100 m m C/C. @ 50 mm C/C.
3mm S TIRRUPS. ( 100 m m c/c.)
2 Nos. 6m m TOR.(TOP.)
2 Nos. 8m m TOR.(TOP.)
3mm S TIRRUPS. ( 50m m c/c/.)
2 Nos. 8m m TOR.(BOTTOM.)
6 Nos. 8m m TOR.
3mm TOR TIES.
3mm TOR S TIRRUPS

@ 50 mm C/C. 2 Nos. 8m m TOR.(TOP.)
Figure 2: Reinforcement Details for Specimens C3 and C4
163
Figure 3: Reinforcement Cages Prepared for Different Specimens
164
3.1 Experimental Setup
The test set up in the laboratory is shown in Fig. 4. The specimens were tested in an up right
position and static reverse cyclic loading was applied. Both ends of the column were hinged
properly within the self straining test frame. A deflection control test was conducted in which
the specimen was subjected to an increasing deflection with increments not exceeding 2.5
mm up to the failure. The specimens were instrumented with hydraulic jacks, LVDTs, dial
gauges and strain gauges to monitor the behavior during testing. Lateral loading, at deflection
increments of 2.5 mm was applied in a cyclic manner by means of hydraulic jacks having a
capacity of 100 kN and 200 kN for downward and upward loading respectively. It was
applied at a distance of 100 mm from the free end of the beam until failure of the specimens.
One dial gauge was placed at the loading point of beam to control deflection at the point of
application of load. Electrical resistance strain gauges were pasted on the reinforcement in
order to measure strains. The specimens were evaluated in terms of ultimate load carrying
capacity, load displacement relationship, and energy dissipation characteristics.
Figure 4: Test Setup in the Laboratory

3.2 Crack Pattern and Failure Mode
The crack patterns in different specimens are shown in Fig. 5. For specimen C1 and C2, the
initial diagonal and column beam interface hairline cracks occurred in the third cycle of
loading in positive direction and fifth cycle of loading in negative direction. For specimen C2,
further cracks were developed at the column beam interface only after sixth cycle in both
positive and negative direction. However, in specimen C3, the cracks in the joint at diagonal
direction started after third cycle of loading in positive direction and fifth cycle of loading in
negative direction. The specimen C2 failed due to the advancement of crack width at the
interface between column and beam. Among the specimens, C2 specimen which was
additionally detailed with collar stirrups and beam reinforcements exhibited the best
performance. For this specimen, no major cracks were noticed at the joint and the joint
165
remained intact through out the test. Hence the failure was dominated by tensile failure than
the joint failure. The improvement of performance by developing further cracks away from
the joint face to the beam region can be noticed for the specimen with collar stirrups. The
crack width is also less for this specimen compared to other specimens. The specimen C3 and
C4 without collar stirrups have diagonal cracks at the beam-column joint region. This may be
due to the higher flexural capacity of beam compared to the column.
Figure 5: Crack Patterns of Different Specimens
3.3 Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Specimens
The ultimate load carrying capacities of all the specimens were observed and Fig.6 shows the
comparison of the same. For the specimen C1 detailed as per IS 13920: 1993, the ultimate
load is 38 kN. But for the specimen C2 detailed as per IS 13920: 1993 with collar stirrups and
additional beam reinforcements, the ultimate load is 72 kN. Incase of the specimen C3
166
detailed without collar stirrups at joint but with additional beam reinforcements, the ultimate
load reached is 65 kN.
80
70
60
50
L o a d in K N
40
30
20
10
0
C1 C2 C3 C4
Specimens
Figure 6: Comparison of Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Different Specimens
Similarly for the specimen C4 which is similar to C1 but with increased spacing of ties in
joints, ultimate load reached is 35 kN. These results show the effectiveness of the diagonal
collar stirrups with additional beam reinforcement in the enhancement of ultimate load
carrying capacity.
3.4 Hysteretic Loops
The hysteretic loops of the load displacement relationship for the four specimens tested in
the laboratory are shown in Fig. 7 through Fig.10. It is observed that the specimen C2 with
167
100.00
80.00
Load in kN
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-20.00
Deflection in mm
Figure 7: Load-Displacement Hysterisis Loop for Specimen C1
100.00
80.00
60.00
Load in kN
40.00
20.00
0.00
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-20.00
Deflection in mm
168
100.00
80.00
60.00
Load in kN
40.00
20.00
0.00
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-20.00
Deflection in mm
100.00
80.00
Load in kN
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
-20.00
Deflection in mm
additional beam reinforcement and diagonal collar stirrups developed better hysteretic loops
with higher curve area compared with other specimens. The performance of the specimen C2
over the specimen C3 shows the enhanced strength and behaviour of joints with diagonal
collar stirrups.
3.5 Ductility
The displacement ductility factor is the ratio of the maximum deformation that an element
can undergo without significant loss of initial yield resistance to the initial yield deformation
(Park and Paulay 1975). Fig. 11 through Fig.14 shows the lateral load displacement envelope
169
curves of all the specimens. Table 1 gives the experimental results of ductility factor. It can
be seen that the specimen C2 detailed with diagonal collar stirrups at joint and additional
beam reinforcements had more ductility than that detailed without collar stirrups.
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
Load in kN
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
-25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
-10.00
-20.00
Defflection in mm
Figure 11: Load Displacement Envelope for C1
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
Load in kN
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
-25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
-10.00
-20.00
Deflection in mm
Figure 12: Load-Displacement Envelope for C2
170
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
L o a d in kN
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
-25.00 -20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
-10.00
-20.00
Deflection in mm
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
load in kN
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
-25.000 -20.000 -15.000 -10.000 -5.000 0.000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000
-10.00
-20.00
Deflection in mm
171
Table 1: Displacement Ductility of Test Specimens
Displacement in mm Displacement Average

Specime Yield Ultimate ductility displace
n + - + - + - ment
direction direction directio directio directio directio ductility
n n n n
C1 7.50 5.00 17.50 17.50 2.33 3.50 2.92
C2 5.00 5.00 22.5 22.50 4.50 4.50 4.50

C3 7.50 7.50 22.50 17.50 3.00 3.50 3.25
C4 5.00 5.00 15.00 17.50 3.00 3.50 3.25
4. Energy Dissipation Capacity
Structures with high energy dissipation characteristics are able to withstand stronger shaking
and better seismic response. The amount of energy dissipated during a particular loading
cycle is calculated as the area enclosed by the corresponding load versus displacement
hysteretic loop (Paulay et al. 1978). The cumulative energy dissipated is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Cumulative Energy Dissipation for Various Specimens
Sl Energy dissipation
Specimen designation
No. (kN-mm)
1 C1 922.16
2 C2 1187.73
3 C3 974.43
4 C4 864.25
Fig. 15 shows the energy dissipation capacity versus number of cycles. It can be seen that, in
the first four cycles, the specimens do not have greater energy dissipation. However, in the
final cycles, the specimens have greater dissipated energy. The reason is that higher lateral
load produces greater area (dissipated energy) bounded by the load displacement curve. It is
clearly observed that the specimen detailed with diagonal collar stirrups and additional beam
reinforcements had more energy dissipation capacity than the others.
172
250
Energy dissipation capacity in kN-mm 200
C1 C2 C3 C4
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
No.of cycles
Figure 15: Comparison of Energy Dissipation in Each Cycle of All Specimens
5. Conclusions
Seismic performance of reinforced concrete moment resisting framed structures mainly
depends upon the inelastic behaviour of joints. Based on the experimental investigation
conducted on exterior beam-column joint under static reverse cyclic loading, the following
conclusions are drawn.
• The load carrying capacity of the specimen additionally reinforced with beam and
diagonal collar stirrups (C2) is nearly 98 % higher than the specimen detailed as per IS
13920(C1) and 10 % more than the specimen with additional beam reinforcements (C3).
Also the specimen detailed with increased spacing of ties at joints gave unfavorable
results; i.e., a reduction of 10 % with regard to load carrying capacity (C4).
• Ductility of the specimen additionally detailed with diagonal collar stirrups and beam
reinforcements is compared and found that it is 54 % higher than that of the specimen
detailed as per IS 13920: 1993 without collar stirrups, and 5 % higher than specimen
detailed as per IS 13920, but having additional beam reinforcement.
• Energy dissipation capacity of the specimen detailed additionally with diagonal collar
stirrups and beam reinforcements is observed to be 22.36 % higher than that of the
specimen detailed as per IS: 13920: 1993.
Acknowledgements
The research presented in this paper has been supported through a project entitled “A study of
strengthening of joints in multistory RC structures subjected to seismic loading” awarded to
173
College of Engineering, Trivandrum by All India Council for Technical Education through
research promotion scheme. The authors gratefully acknowledge the AICTE for the same.
6. References
1. Asha, P and Sundararajan, R., (2006), “Evaluation of seismic resistance of exterior

beam-column joints with detailing as per IS 13920: 1993”, Indian Concrete Journal,
33(1), pp. 29-34.
2. Bindhu, K.R., Jaya, K.P. and Manicka Selvam, V.K., (2008), “Seismic resistance of
Exterior beam-column joints with non-conventional confinement reinforcement
detailing”, Journal of Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An International Journal,
30(6), pp.733-761.
3. Bindhu, K.R., Jaya, K.P. and Manicka Selvam, V.K., (2009a), “Behaviour and
strength of exterior joint sub assemblage subjected to reversal loadings”, Indian
Concrete Journal, 83 (11), pp.9-20.
4. Bindhu, K.R., Sukumar, P.M and Jaya, K.P., (2009b), “Performance of Exterior
Beam-Column Joints under Seismic Type Loading”, ISET Journal of Earthquake
Technology, 46(2), pp.47-64.
5. Durrani, A.J. and Wight, J.K., (1985), “Behavior of Interior Beam-to-Column
Connections Under Earthquake-Type Loading”, ACI Structural Journal, 82(3),
pp.343-349.
6. Ingle, R.K. and Jain, S.K., (2005), “Explanatory examples for ductile detailing of R.C
buildings”, Report IITK – GSDMA-EQ22-V3.0, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur.
7. IS 13920:1993, “Indian Standard Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
subjected to Seismic forces”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
8. IS 1893 (Part 1):2002, “Indian Standard Criteria for earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
9. IS 456:2000, “Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
10. Jain, S.K. and Murty, C.V.R. (2005a), “Proposed Draft Provisions and Commentary
on Indian Seismic code IS 1893(Part 1)”, Report IITK-GSDMA-EQ 05-V4.0/ IITK-
GSDMA-EQ 15-V3.0, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur.
11. Jain, S.K. and Murty, C.V.R. (2005b), “Proposed Draft Provisions and Commentary
on Ductile Detailing of RC Structures Subjected to Seismic forces”, Report IITK-
GSDMA-EQ 11-V4.0/IITK-GSDMA EQ16-V3.0, IIT, Kanpur, Kanpur.
12. Murty, C.V.R., Durgesh, C.R., Bajpai, K.K. and Sudhir, K.J., (2001), “Anchorage
details and joint design in seismic R.C frames”, The Indian Concrete Journal, 75(4),
pp.274-280.
13. Murty, C.V.R., Durgesh, C.R., Bajpai, K.K. and Sudhir, K.J., (2003), “Effectiveness
of Reinforcement Details in Exterior Rreinforced Concrete Beam- Column Joints for
Earthquake Resistance”, ACI structural journal, 100 (2), pp.149-155.
14. Park, R. and Paulay, T., (1975), “Reinforced Concrete Structures”, John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
174
15. Paulay, T., Park, R. and Priestley, M.J.N., (1978), “Reinforced Concrete Beam-
Column Joints under Seismic Actions”, ACI structural journal, 75(11), pp.585-593.
16. SP 34:1987, “Indian Standard Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
17. Tsonos, A.G., Tegos, I.G and Penelis, G.Gr., (1992), “Seismic Resistance of Type 2
Exterior Beam-Column Joints Reinforced with Inclined Bars”, ACI Structural Journal,
89(1), pp.3-12.
18. Tsonos, A.G., (2000), “Effect of vertical hoops on the behavior of reinforced concrete
beam-column connections”, European Earthquake Engineering, 2, pp.13-26.
19. Tsonos, A.G., (2007), “Cyclic Load Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column
Subassemblages of Modern structures”, ACI Structural Journal, 104 (4), pp.468-478.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Seismic Resistance of Exterior Beam Column Joint with Diagonal Collar

Keywords: Beam-column joint, ductility, energy dissipation, reinforcement details, ultimate

Received on July, 2011 Published on September 2011 160

2.1 Details of Beam-Column Joint

6 Nos. 8mm TOR.

3mm TOR TIES.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

3mm TOR TIES @ 25 mm C/C.

3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS

2 Nos. 8mm TOR.(BOTTOM.)

3mm TOR TIES @ 25 mm C/C.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR SPECIMEN C1.

6 Nos. 8mm TOR.

3mm TOR TIES.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

3mm TOR TIES @ 25 mm C/C.

3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS

2 Nos. 6mm TOR.(TOP.)

3mm TOR TIES (2 Nos.)

3mm TOR TIES @ 25 mm C/C.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR SPECIMEN C2.

Figure 1: Reinforcement details for Specimens C1 and C2

3mm TOR TIES.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

3mm TOR TIES @ 25 mm C/C.

3mm TOR STIRRUPS 3m m TOR STIRRUPS 3mm TOR STIRRUPS

3mm TOR TIES @ 25 mm C/C.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR SPECIMEN C3.

3mm TOR TIES.

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

3mm TOR S TIRRUPS

3mm TOR TIES @ 50 mm C/C.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR SPECIMEN C4.

Figure 2: Reinforcement Details for Specimens C3 and C4

Figure 3: Reinforcement Cages Prepared for Different Specimens

3.1 Experimental Setup

Figure 4: Test Setup in the Laboratory

Figure 5: Crack Patterns of Different Specimens

3.3 Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Specimens

Figure 6: Comparison of Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Different Specimens

3.4 Hysteretic Loops

Figure 7: Load-Displacement Hysterisis Loop for Specimen C1

Figure 8: Load-Displacement Hysterisis Loop for Specimen C2

Figure 9: Load-Displacement Hysterisis Loop for Specimen C3

Figure 10: Load-Displacement Hysterisis Loop for Specimen C4

Figure 11: Load Displacement Envelope for C1

Figure 12: Load-Displacement Envelope for C2

Figure 13: Load-Displacement Envelope for C3

Figure 14: Load-Displacement Envelope for C4

Table 1: Displacement Ductility of Test Specimens

Displacement in mm Displacement Average

C1 7.50 5.00 17.50 17.50 2.33 3.50 2.92

C2 5.00 5.00 22.5 22.50 4.50 4.50 4.50

4. Energy Dissipation Capacity

Table 2: Cumulative Energy Dissipation for Various Specimens