MiCOM P441, P442 & P444

Test with Omicron CMCTM

TEST METHOD

P44X/EN TM/A11
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CONTENT

1. TESTING USING DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE CMC SOFTWARE 3

2. SAMPLE TESTS WITH RECORDED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

WAVEFORMS OF CMC 3

3. HOW TO USE THE CMC TEST EQUIPMENT WITH P44x RELAYS 5

3.1 Transients during fault establishment 5
3.2 Phase shifting between voltage memory and fault current 5
3.3 What should the Omicron testing box do for tests in 2nd and 4th quadrants 5

4. SETTING OF P44x RELAYS FOR SIMULATION WITH CMC OMICRON

TEST EQUIPMENT 5

5. P44x FAULT MODEL 11

5.1 Phase-to-ground fault 11
5.1.1 Network model 11
5.1.2 CMC OMICRON setting 13
5.1.3 Fault simulation 14
5.2 Two phase fault : Phase-to-phase fault 17
5.2.1 Network model 17
5.2.2 CMC OMICRON setting 18
5.2.3 Fault simulation 19
5.3 Three phase fault 22
5.3.1 Network model 22
5.3.2 CMC OMICRON setting 23
5.3.3 Fault simulation 23
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BLANK PAGE
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1. TESTING USING DIFFERENT MODELS OF THE CMC SOFTWARE

Within the distance protection element of the CMC-software there are different
choices of models for the test.
The two most commonly used are:
Constant test current:
The test current is preset (e.g. at twice the nominal current) and the fault voltage is
calculated accordingly to represent the fault impedance.
For this model no phase jumps between the prefault and fault voltages will occur (for
a phase-phase fault this is true only for the ph-ph voltage and not the ph-n voltage).
Constant source impedance:
This model uses a model with a definable complex source impedance. The fault
currents and voltages are determined by the nominal voltage, the source and fault
impedances.
For all cases, where source impedance and fault impedance have different angles, a
phase jump between prefault and fault voltages will occur .
The fault inception angle can be set to be random or fixed at a specified angle. To
perform an even more realistic simulation a superposition of the decaying dc-
component to the steady state fault signal can be activated. In this case there will be
no jumps in the current signals. All these parameters can be set on the manual test
page.

2. SAMPLE TESTS WITH RECORDED VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

WAVEFORMS OF CMC
All the tests shown are performed with an A-B-C fault in the impedance plane.
The waveforms are captured at the CMC outputs IA (trace A) and VA (trace B) using a
Fluke 97 scopemeter and a LEM current sensor.
Shot with model constant test current, fault location at 6 Ohm, 0°, no dc-offset
fault inception at 0 deg: fault inception at 90 deg:
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As you can see, there are no transients created by CMC, but a step change from the
steady state prefault signals to the steady state fault signals. To force currents starting
at 0 deg (possible for single phase and phase-phase faults, for three-phase faults
only in one phase), the fault inception angle has to be set accordingly.
Shot with model constant source impedance, source impedance 9.105 Ohms
64.62°, fault at 6 Ohm, 0°
without dc offset with dc-offset

There is a phase jump between the prefault and fault voltage according to the
network model used.
If dc-offset is selected, the current starts at 0 independently from the fault inception
angle.
If the test is made with identical phase angles for source and fault impedance , no
phase jump in the voltage signals occur:
Fault at 6 Ohm, 64.62°
without dc-offset with dc-offset
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3. HOW TO USE THE CMC TEST EQUIPMENT WITH P44x RELAYS

3.1 Transients during fault establishment
The CMC doesn‘t create transients during fault establishment but a step change from
prefault to fault steady state signals. The recorded waveforms seem to be influenced
by the input circuitry of the relay (as compared with to recorded waveforms shown
above).
To avoid a jump in the current signal, two possibilities are given:
- select the proper fault inception angle,
- activate the superposition of the dc-offset.
3.2 Phase shifting between voltage memory and fault current
A phase shift only occurs if testing with the model ‚constant source impedance‘ and is
caused by the physics of the model. The same behaviour will be observed in the real
system for a close-in fault with pure resistive fault impedance.
Use the constant test current model to avoid phase jumps.
3.3 What should the Omicron testing box do for tests in 2nd and 4th quadrants
The fault current(s) have, if possible, to start with a zero phase shifting.
This is possible with the right selection of the fault inception angle. The preferred
solution is to use the dc-offset component forcing the currents to start at 0 magnitude
(not 0 phase angle). This reflects the reality better, where the fault inception angle can
be any.

4. SETTING OF P44x RELAYS FOR SIMULATION WITH CMC OMICRON

TEST EQUIPMENT
Rating voltage UN
UN Phase-Ground : rating voltage in menu “Line“/P44x setting
VN Phase-Phase : √3 x UN Phase-Ground
Maximum voltage
P44x technical data:
Permitted continuous maximum voltage: 2.2 × VN
Maximum current
P44x technical data:
Permitted continuous overload current: 4 × IN
Overload current 30 × IN during 5 seconds
100 × IN during 1 second.
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Permissive tolerance
Tolerance of impedances in % and absolute:
The accuracy for the first zone is 5% and 10% for the other zones.
You can set:
Z in % = 10%
Z in Ω = 5% of X3 if X3 ≥ X4
5% of X4 if X3 ≤ X4
with X3: reactance Zone 3 in the P44x menu
X4: reactance Zone 4 in the P44x menu
Tolerance of tripping times in % and absolute:
You can set:
t in % = 10%
t in sec = 30% of (t2 - t1) with a minimum value of 100 ms.
with t1: tripping time of Zone 1 in the P44x menu
t2: tripping time of Zone 2 in the P44x menu
Time reference fault inception
If you do not connect the starting output contact of the protection relay, you must
select “fault inception” as the time reference. So the CMC will display the time
between the fault inception and the protection trip.
Maximum permissible instantaneous tripping time in s
P44x technical data (at 50 Hz):
The maximum tripping time with a Source Impedance Ratio of 30 is ≤ 30 ms.
The maximum tripping time with a Source Impedance Ratio of 40 is ≤ 40 ms.
You must set:
Maximal Tripping Time = 40 ms + T1 (if T1 ≠ 0 ms)
Test current
I test current = 2 x IN
with IN: rating current in the P44x menu
If the overcurrent back-up protection is enabled in the P44x menu, you can set:
Itest current = 1.2 × I>2
with I>2: threshold overcurrent back-up protection
Test line angle
Phi Test = Phi Line
With Phi Line : line angle in the P44x menu
Connection of the voltage transformer
You must choose between „line“ and „busbar“.
If you select ”busbar“, the voltages will be not switched off after the fault simulation.
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Network model
The relay has four negative sequence impedance coefficients kZ1, kZ2, ZP, kZ3-4. The
measurement of impedance for phase-to-ground faults is based on kZ1 for a fault in
zone 1, on kZ2 for a fault in zone 2, etc. You can use them if you have an application
with cable/line between two sub-stations.
During the simulation with the CMC test equipment, you must set the same value for
all negative sequence impedances (kZ1 = kZ2 = Zp = kZ3-4).
Distance Protection Functions
P44x are full scheme protection relays. All digital distance relays work on numerical
measuring principles with simultaneous measurement in all zones and phases. They
are equipped with simultaneous measuring principles consisting of :
⇒ a superimposed measuring technique,
⇒ a conventional measuring technique.
Both techniques are used individually and simultaneously for starting, phase
selection, directional detection and impedance measurement. A parallelogram
characteristic is used for phase and earth fault measuring elements enabling high
fault resistance coverage and proper settings to avoid load encroachment even under
the most adverse conditions.
Measurement of distance to fault and apparent resistance
The P44x distance relays calculate the value of both these parameters of the fault.
To calculate these parameters the following equation is used :
U = XV + RW, where
X = distance to fault from relay equation,
R = apparent resistance,
U = voltage at relay location,
W = fault current image,
V = voltage drop on line per unit of length.
Directional characteristic (angle in the 2nd and angle in the 4th quadrant)
CONVENTIONAL ALGORITHMS :
Simultaneously and in parallel to superimposed algorithms, conventional algorithms
are used for starting, direction detection, phase selection and distance measurement.
Starting and distance measurement are based on the result of fault resistance and
fault distance calculations carried out simultaneously on all six loops. Unfiltered
quantities are used for U (voltage at relay location), V (voltage drop on line per unit
of length) and W (fault current image) for the first few samples after fault detection,
subsequently filtered quantities are used. The fault direction is defined on the basis of
the calculation of the phase shift between the stored voltage and the derivative of a
current. The current and the voltage used are those of the measuring loop(s) defined
by the phase selection. The directional characteristic for the “conventional algorithms”
is fixed by -30° and +150°.
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+150° FORWARD

REVERSE -30°

P0259ENa

FIGURE 1: DIRECTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE “CONVENTIONAL ALGORITHM”

HIGH SPEED SUPERIMPOSED ALGORITHMS :
Considering that the network in steady state, i.e., pre-fault stable operating
conditions, the occurrence of a fault creates a new operating state, i.e., a faulted
network. If no other modifications have occurred in the network meanwhile, the
difference between the two states (prior to and during the fault) must have been
caused by the fault itself including the two states in the same linear domain. A
superimposition principle can be used, which states that the quantities under fault are
equal to the sum of pre-fault quantities and the fault generated quantities. For the
latter the fault behaves as a voltage source at the fault point with a value equal to the
negative of the pre-fault voltage at that point with source voltages replaced by short
circuits.
Series capacitors are used in power systems for following purposes:
⇒ by reducing the effective reactance of the line, they ensure higher power
transfer capability,
⇒ series capacitors improve the VAR balance in a line and hence reduce its
voltage regulations,
⇒ by reducing the effective reactance capacitors they may be used to balance
the loading in parallel circuits.
The effects of series compensation on line protection is to introduce into the circuit a
new element of negative capacitive reactance where the distance relay has to perform
its protection tasks.
Negative impedances may be measured for forward faults (fourth quadrant) and
positive impedance for reverse faults (second quadrant), contrary to conventional
algorithms, depending on the location of the fault. All the distance relays are based
on impedance measurement principles, but the P44x relays, using the high-speed
algorithms, are able to operate with series compensated lines. The forward or reverse
fault decision must be taken correctly by the directional element which is also exposed
to new and difficult conditions. Directional decision in conventional relays is based on
comparison of current direction. In P44x relays a new philosophy of
directional detection is used based on the sign of the transition energy
for the superimposed algorithms and, full-memory pre-fault voltage
synchronised to faulted network frequency is employed for the conventional
algorithm, which helps the relay take a correct directional decision for all system,
fault and compensation conditions.
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The directional characteristic for the “ high-speed algorithms ” is fixed by +90°± 2.5°
and +270°±2.5° (dead zones between +87.5° and +92.5° AND between +267.5° and
+272.5°).
Fault direction is detected according to the sign of the transition energy characterising
the fault. Transition energy is the energy created by the fault and is given by:
S = S U . I . dt
The sign of the energy is used for detection of fault direction as follows: Considering
the transition network for both forward and reverse faults, as all sources are replaced
by short circuits in the transition network, behind the relay location the network
consists of only passive impedances (resistive inductive or capacitive the total
reactance however cannot be capacitive as no line is compensated over 100%
in series capacitor applications). There, Zs (source impedance) is always positive
and so is:
∆ U = ∆ I . Zs
For forward faults ∆ I is in reverse direction to relay current polarisation.
The power taken through the relay is: P = - ∆ I ². Zs
The energy is: S = - S ∆ I ². Zs. dt, which is always negative.
Similarly, for reverse fault:
∆ U = ∆ I. Zs is positive while ∆ I is in same direction as the relay current polarisation,
hence
P = ∆ I ². Zs and the energy (S = + S ∆ I ². Zs. dt,) is always positive for reverse fault.
Transient energy S is always imported on the relay side and its sign does not depend
on the inductive, capacitive or resistive nature of the network impedance’s, therefore
the directional detection is correctly applicable to all lines’ series compensated or not.
For a three phase network transition, energy is expressed as :
S = S (∆UA . ∆IA + ∆UB . ∆IB + ∆UC . ∆IC ). dt
Which is computed digitally as :
ni

S = Σ (∆UAi. ∆IAi + ∆UBi . ∆IBi + ∆UCi . ∆ICi )

no
where “ no ” represents the moment when the fault is detected.
S < 0 for forward faults.
S > 0 for reverse faults.
The directional decision is authorised if :
∆ Ui = (max. of ∆UA, ∆UB, ∆UC) > 0.1 Un / √3
∆ Ii = (max. of ∆IA, ∆IB, ∆IC) > 0.2 In, and
S ≥ 5 . ( 0.1 Vn . 0.2 In . cos 85°)
This sum is calculated on five successive samples. If these conditions are not fulfilled,
directional decision is based on the conventional algorithm.
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REVERSE FORWARD
R

REVERSE FORWARD

P0260ENa

FIGURE 2: DIRECTIONAL CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE “HIGH-SPEED ALGORITHM”

Testing in the 2nd and 4th quadrants :
The fault current(s) have, if possible, to start with a zero phase shifting.
This is possible with the right selection of the fault inception angle. The preferred
solution is to use the dc-offset component forcing the currents to start at 0 magnitude
(not 0 phase angle). This reflects more the reality, where the fault inception angle can
be any.

Z3

Z1

Z4
Tripping at T1

P0261ENa

For the P44X relays:

If you want to simulate an automatic fault cycle (also in 2nd and 4th quadrant), you
must deactivate the high-speed algorithms. To do this, you must set a tripping time
for the first zone at least equal to 50 ms (the “high speed algorithms“ operate only
during the first 40 ms after the fault appearance).
Starting zone
The relay provides an overcurrent back-up protection. This function is used to deal
with faults detected outside the start-up characteristic. It initiates a three-phase trip if
the current threshold is exceeded for a settable length of time. It constitutes a back-up
protection against forward and/or reverse current faults.
That function is associated with two settable current thresholds, a high threshold I>1
and a very high threshold I>2. A direction can be associated with each of these
thresholds so that only the threshold overreaches detected on one side or the other
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of the protection relay are taken into account. Each current threshold has a settable
time delay associated with it.
A typical P44x overcurrent back-up protection setting for the CMC OMICRON test is
following:
Threshold I>2 : threshold I>
Direction of I>2 : forward
Direction of I>1 : without direction

I>1, tl>1
t Tripping time
Without direction I>2, tI>2
Z4 Direction Forward
tZ4 Z3
tZ3
Zp
tZp

Z2
tZ2

Z1
tZ1
Z Impedance

P0262ENa

The overcurrent back-up protection will trip if the conventional algorithms are not
active (none of the six measuring loops converges within the distance characteristic)
or if a fuse failure has been detected but is yet unconfirmed. Therefore the time
selectivity can be respected.
For the simulation with CMC OMICRON, you must set:
Starting zone: yes
Direction back-up time:
Direction: Forward (direction of I>2)
Time t: tI>2
Time limit: Time t: tI>1 without direction (direction of I>)

5. P44x FAULT MODEL

5.1 Phase-to-ground fault
5.1.1 Network model
The network model used by the relay is as follows:

ZB I3 ZL

ZB I2 ZL

ZB I1 ZL

V 3N V 2N V 1N V1 V2 V3 R Fault

k B ZB k L ZL

Location
of DR

P0263ENa

FIGURE 3: SIMULATION OF THE PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULT

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For a phase-to-ground fault, we have:

Zd
R Fault

Z0 J

V N
Zi

P0264ENa

V1 = V0 + Vd + Vi + RFault J = Z0 I0+ Zd Id + Zi Ii + RFault J

I1 = I0 + Id + Ii with Id + Ii = I1 – I0
For a line, we have Zi = Zd
V1 = Z0 I0+ Zd ( Id + Ii ) + RFault J
V1 = Z0 I0+ Zd ( I1 - I0 ) + RFault J
IR = 3 x I0 with IR residual current
IR Z0 IR
V1 = Zd [ I1 - 3 + 3 Z ] + Rfault J
d

With k0 = (Z0 - Zd)/3 Zd

V1 = Zd [ I1 + IR (Z0 - Zd)/3 Zd ] + RFault J

V1 = Zd ( I1 +k0 IR ) + RFault J

For the tests, we have: IR = I1 = J

V1 = I1 [ Zd (1+k0 ) + RFault ]

V1
= Zd (1+k0 ) + RFault
I1

with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
The P44x measure :

V1 RFault
I1 (1+k0) = Zd +
1+k0
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5.1.2 CMC OMICRON setting

The CMC OMICRON test equipment can simulate the k0.

Xph-grd

RFault/(1+k 0)

Zd

ZFault

Rph-grd

P0265ENa

The CMC OMICRON test equipment cannot simulate the fault resistance and add it
to the line resistance. This means that you must set the following values in the CMC
OMICRON test equipment:
RP44x
ROMICRON = 1+f
R

XOMICRON = ZP44x x sin Phi

R0-Rd X0-Xd
With fR = and fX =
3×Rd 3×Xd
Examples :
R01: negative sequence resistance for the first zone
X01: negative sequence reactance for the first zone
Rd: positive sequence resistance of the line
X d: positive sequence reactance of the line
Phi: line angle
RP44x: fault resistance setting in P44x relay
ZP44x: zone setting in P44x relay
With :
R01 = R02 = R0P = R03-4 = 31.45 Ω
X01 = X02 = X0P = X03-4 = 126.138 Ω
Rd = 8.975 Ω
Xd = 35.998 Ω
Phid = 76°
Z1 P44x = 29.68 Ω (impedance for zone 1)
Z2 P44x = 44.52 Ω (impedance for zone 2)
ZP P44x = 55.65 Ω (impedance for zone P)
Z3 P44x = 74.19 Ω (impedance for zone 3)
Z4 P44x = 18.54 Ω (impedance for zone 4)
R1 Ph-Grd = 15 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1)
R2 Ph-Grd = 20 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 2)
RP Ph-Grd = 25 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone P)
RLim Ph-Grd = 30 Ω (resistance phase-to-ground fault for zones 3 and 4
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R01-Rd
fR = = 0.835
3×Rd
X01-Xd
fX = = 0.835
3×Xd
CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone 1
R1 Ph-Grd P44x
R1 OMICRON = = 8.17 Ω
1+fR

X1 OMICRON = Z1 P44x × sin Phi = 28.80 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone 2
R2 P44x
1+fR = 10.90 Ω
R2 OMICRON =

X2 OMICRON = Z2 P44x x sin Phi = 43.19 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone P
R3 P44x
1+fR = 13.62 Ω
R3 OMICRON =

X3 OMICRON = Z3 P44x x sin Phi = 53.99 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone 3
RLim P44x
R4 OMICRON = 1+f = 16.35 Ω
R

X4 OMICRON = Z4 P44x x sin Phi = 71.98 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-ground fault characteristic setting for Zone 4
RLim P44x
1+fR = 16.35 Ω
R5 OMICRON =

X5 OMICRON = Z1 P44x x sin Phi = 18.02 Ω

5.1.3 Fault simulation

V1
I1 = Zd (1 + k0 ) + RFault

with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
Test of the resistance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1 :
I1 = 1 A
Phi1 = 0°
V1
I1 = Zd (1 + k0 ) + RFault
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Xph-grd

ZFault=R Fault=R 1ph-grd

Rph-grd

P0266ENa

with Zd = 0
V1
I1 = ZFault = RFault = R1 Ph-Grd

V1 = I1 x R1 Ph-Grd = 1 x 15 = 15 Volts
Test of the reactance phase-to-ground fault for zone 1 :
I1 = 1 A
Phi1 = 90°
V1
I1
= ZFault (1 + k0 ) + RFault

Xph-grd

RFault /(1+k 0)

ZFault
Z1

Rph-grd

P0267ENa

RFault = - Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) = - 29.68 x cos 76 x (1 + 0.835) = - 13.17 Ω

Zd = Z1 = 29.68 Ω
X1 = Z1 .sin Phid = 29.68 x sin 76 = 28.80 Ω
V1
= ZFault = Z1 . (1 + k0 ) + RFault
I1
V1
I1 = X1 . (1 + k0) + Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) + RFault = X1 . (1 + k0)

V1 = I1 . X1 . (1 + k0) = 1 x 28.80 x (1+0 .835) = 52.84 Volts

Test of the impedance for zone 1 :
I1 = 1 A
Phi1 = Line angle = 76°
V1
= ZFault = Zd (1 + k0 ) + RFault
I1
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Xph-grd

ZFault= Z1

Rph-grd

P0268ENa

With RFault = 0 Ω and Zd = Z1

V1
I1 = ZFault = Z1 . (1 + k0)

V1 = I1 . Z1 . (1 + k0) = 1 x 29.68 x (1+0 .835) = 54.46 Volts

Test of the impedance Z1 with a fault resistance equal to R1 Ph-Grd :
I1 = 1 A
Phi1 = Fault angle
V1
I1 = ZFault = Zd (1 + k0) + RFault

Xph-grd

RFault /(1+k 0)

Z1

ZFault

Rph-grd
R1h-grd /(1+k 0)

P0269ENa

Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan Z .cos Phi + R / (1+k )
1 d Fault 0

Zd = Z1 and RFault = R1 Ph-Grd

29.68 x sin 76
Phi1 = Arctan
29.68 x cos 76+15 / (1+0.835)
Phi1 = Arctan (1.87)
Phi1 = 61.93°
V1
= ZFault = Z1 (1 + k0 ) + R1 Ph-Grd
I1
V1
I1 = √ (Z1 . cos Phid . (1 + k0) + R1 Ph-Grd)² + (Z1 . sin Phid . (1 + k0))²)
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V1
= √ (29.68 x cos 76 x (1 + 0.835) + 15 )² + (29.68 x sin 76 x (1 + 0.835))²)
I1
V1
I1 = 59.89 Ω
V1 = 1 x 59.89 = 59.89 Volts
5.2 Two phase fault : Phase-to-phase fault
5.2.1 Network model
The network model used by the P44X relay is following:

ZB I3 ZL

ZB I2 ZL

R Fault
ZB I1 ZL

V 3N V 2N V 1N V1 V2 V3

Location
of DR

P0270ENa

FIGURE 4: SIMULATION OF THE PHASE-TO-PHASE FAULT

For a phase-to-phase fault, we have I0 = 0, V0 = 0 and Z0 = 0.
For a line, we have Zi = Zd
I1 = - I2
U12 = Zd . I12 + RFault /2 . I12
U12 = Zd . ( 2 . I1 ) + RFault /2 . ( 2 . I1 )

U12 = I1 . [ 2 . Zd + RFault ]

U12
I1 = 2 . Zd + RFault

with:
U12 : fault voltage phase-to-phase
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
The P44x measure :

U12 RFault
2.I1 = Zd + 2
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5.2.2 CMC OMICRON setting

Xph-ph

RFault /2

Zd

ZFault

Rph-ph

P0271ENa

The CMC OMICRON test equipment cannot simulate the fault resistance and add it
to the line resistance. That means, you must set the following values in the CMC
OMICRON test equipment:
RP44x
R OMICRON =
2
X OMICRON = ZP44X x sin Phi
Examples :
Rd : positive sequence resistance of the line
Xd : positive sequence reactance of the line
Phi : line angle
RP44X : fault resistance setting in the P44x relay
ZP44X : zone setting in the P44x relay
With :
Rd = 8.975 Ω
Xd = 35.998 Ω
Phid = 76°
Z1 P44X = 29.68 Ω (impedance for zone 1)
Z2 P44X = 44.52 Ω (impedance for zone 2)
ZP P44X = 55.65 Ω (impedance for zone 3)
Z3 P44X = 74.19 Ω (impedance for zone 4)
Z4 P44X = 18.54 Ω (impedance for zone 5)
R1 Ph-Ph = 10 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1)
R2 Ph-ph = 20 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase fault for zone 2)
RP Ph-ph = 25 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase fault for zone P)
Test Method P44x/EN TM/A11

MiCOM P441, P442 & P444 Page 19/26

RLim Ph-ph = 30 Ω (resistance phase-to-phase and phase-to-phase fault for zones 3

and 4)
CMC OMICRON phase-to-phase fault characteristic setting for Zone 1
R1 Ph-Ph P44X
R1 OMICRON= =5Ω
2

X1 OMICRON= Z1 P44X x sin Phi = 28.80 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-phase fault characteristic setting for Zone 2
R2 Ph-ph P44X
R2 OMICRON= = 10 Ω
2

X2 OMICRON= Z2 P44X x sin Phi = 43.19 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-phase fault characteristic setting for Zone 3
RP Ph-ph P44X
R3 OMICRON = = 12.5 Ω
2

X3 OMICRON= ZP P44X x sin Phi = 53.99 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-phase fault characteristic setting for Zone 4
RLim Ph-ph P44X
R4 OMICRON= = 15 Ω
(1+fR)

X4 OMICRON= Z3 P44X x sin Phi = 71.98 Ω

CMC OMICRON phase-to-phase fault characteristic setting for Zone 5
RLim P44X
R5 OMICRON= = 15 Ω
(1+fR)

X5 OMICRON= Z4 P44X x sin Phi = 18.02 Ω

5.2.3 Fault simulation

U12
I1
= 2 . Zd + RFault

with:
U12 : fault voltage phase-to-phase
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
Test of the resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 = 1 A
Phi1 = 0°
U12
= 2 . Zd + RFault
I1
P44x/EN TM/A11 Test Method

Page 20/26 MiCOM P441, P442 & P444

Xph-ph

ZFault =R Fault =R 1ph-ph

Rph-ph

P0272ENa

with Zd = 0
U12
I1 = ZFault = RFault = R1 Ph-Ph
U12 = I1 x R1 Ph-Ph = 1 x 10 = 10 Volts
Test of the reactance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 = 1 A
Phi1 = 90°
U12
I1 = 2 . Zd + RFault

Xph-ph

RFault /2
X1

ZFault
Z1

Rph-ph

P0273ENa

RFault = - 2 . Z1 . cos Phid = - 2 x 29.68 x cos 76 = - 14.36 Ω

Zd = Z1 = 29.68 Ω
X1 = Z1 .sin Phid = 29.68 x sin 76 = 28.80 Ω
U12
= ZFault = 2 . Z1 + RFault
I1
U12
=2. + 2 . Z1 . cos Phid + RFault = 2 . X1
I1 X1

U12 = I1 . 2 . X1 = 1 x 2 x 28.80 = 57.6 Volts

Test Method P44x/EN TM/A11

MiCOM P441, P442 & P444 Page 21/26

Test of the impedance for zone 1 :

I1 = I2 = 1 A
Phi1 = Line angle = 76°
U12
I1 = 2 . Zd + RFault

Xph-ph

X1

ZFault= Z1

Rph-ph

P0274ENa

With RFault = 0 Ω and Zd = Z1

U12
= 2 . Z1
I1
U12 = I1 . 2 .Z1 = 1 x 2 x 29.68 = 59.36 Volts
Test of the impedance Z1 with a fault resistance equal to R1 Ph-Ph :
I1 = I2 = 1 A
Phi1 = Fault angle
U12
= ZFault = 2 . Zd + RFault
I1

Xph-ph

RFault /2
X1
Z1

ZFault

Rph-ph
R1Ph-ph /2

P0275ENa

With Phi1 = Arctan Z1.sin Phid/(Z1.cos Phid + RFault / 2)

P44x/EN TM/A11 Test Method

Page 22/26 MiCOM P441, P442 & P444

Zd = Z1 and RFault = R1 Ph-Ph

Phi1 = Arctan 29.68 x sin 76/(29.68 x cos 76 + 10 / 2)
Phi1 = Arctan (2.36)
Phi1 = 67.07°
U12
= ZFault = 2 . Z1 + R1 Ph-Grd
I1

U12
I1 = √ (2 . Z1 . cos Phid + R1 Ph-Ph )² + (2 . Z1 . sin Phid )²)
U12
I1 = √ (2 x 29.68 x cos 76 + 10 )² + (2 x 29.68 x sin 76)²)
U12
= 62.53 Ω
I1
U12 = 1 x 62.53 = 62.53 Volts
5.3 Three phase fault
5.3.1 Network model
The network model used by the relay is as follows:

ZB I3 ZL

R Fault
ZB I2 ZL

R Fault
ZB I1 ZL

V 3N V 2N V 1N V1 V2 V3

Location
of DR

P0276ENa

FIGURE 5: SIMULATION OF THE THREE PHASE FAULT

For a phase-to-phase fault, we have I0 = 0, V0 = 0 and Z0 = 0.
For a line, we have Zi = Zd
I1 - I2 = I12 = √3 . I1 = √3 . I2
V1 - V2 = U12 = √3 . V1 = √3 . V2
U12 = Zd . I12 + RFault /2 . I12
U12 = Zd . √3 . I1 + RFault /2 . √3 . I1
√3. V1 = Zd . √3 . I1 + RFault /2 . √3 . I1
Test Method P44x/EN TM/A11

MiCOM P441, P442 & P444 Page 23/26

RFault
V1 = I1 . [Zd +
2 ]

V1 RFault
= Zd +
I1 2

with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
The P44x measure :

V1 RFault
= Zd+
I1 2

5.3.2 CMC OMICRON setting

(same as 5.2.2).
5.3.3 Fault simulation

V1 RFault
I1 = Zd + 2

with:
V1 : fault voltage
I1 : fault current
Phi1 : fault angle
Test of the resistance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = 0°
V1 RFault
I1 = Zd+
2
P44x/EN TM/A11 Test Method

Page 24/26 MiCOM P441, P442 & P444

Xph-ph

ZFault =R Fault =R 1ph-ph /2

Rph-ph

P0277ENa

with Zd = 0
V1 R1 Ph-Ph
I1 = ZFault = RFault = 2
R1 Ph-Ph
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 x
2 = 1 x 10/2 = 5 Volts

Test of the reactance phase-to-phase fault for zone 1 :

I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = 90°
V1 RFault
= Zd +
I1 2

Xph-ph

RFault /2
X1

ZFault
Z1

Rph-ph

P0278ENa

RFault = - 2 . Z1 . cos Phid = - 2 x 29.68 x cos 76 = - 14.36 Ω

Zd = Z1 = 29.68 Ω
X1 = Z1 .sin Phid = 29.68 x sin 76 = 28.80 Ω
V1 RFault
I1 = Zd + 2
Test Method P44x/EN TM/A11

MiCOM P441, P442 & P444 Page 25/26

V1 RFault
= X1 . sin Phid + R1 . cos Phid + = X1 . sin Phid
I1 2
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 . X1 = 1 x 28.80 = 28.20 Volts
Test of the impedance for zone 1 :
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = Line angle = 76°
V1 RFault
I1 = Zd + 2

Xph-ph

X1

ZFault= Z1

Rph-ph

P0279ENa

With RFault = 0 Ω and Zd = Z1

V1
= Z1
I1
V1 = V2 = V3 = I1 . Z1 = 1 x 29.68 = 29.68 Volts
Test of the impedance Z1 with a fault resistance equal to R1 Ph-Ph:
I1 = I2 = I3 = 1 A
Phi1 = Fault angle
V1 RFault
I1 = Zd + 2
P44x/EN TM/A11 Test Method

Page 26/26 MiCOM P441, P442 & P444

Xph-ph

RFault /2
X1
Z1

ZFault

Rph-ph
R1Ph-ph /2

P0280ENa

Z1.sin Phid
With Phi1 = Arctan
(Z1.cos Phid = RFault/2)
Zd = Z1 and RFault = R1 Ph-Ph
29.68 x sin 76
Phi1 = Arctan (29.68 x cos 76 + 10/2)

Phi1 = Arctan (2.36)

Phi1 = 67.07°
V1 RFault
I1 = Z1+
2
V1 R1 Ph-Ph
= √(Z1 . cos Phid + )² + (Z1 . sin Phid )²)
I1 2
V1
I1 = √(29.68 x cos 76 + 10/2 )² + (29.68 x sin 76)²)
V1
= 31.26 Ω
I1
V1 = V2 = V3 = 1 x 31.26 = 31.26 Volts.
Publication : P44X/EN TM/A11

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