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Training Course SEP-602A EXERCISE 1

Power Automation & Substation
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REL670 A32 : Distance protection function.

Characteristic, radial feeder tests.
Task
REL 670 IED (firmware version 1.1 or higher) will be downloaded with CAP531
configuration of REL670 A32 (Single Circuit Breaker, 1 Phase Trip).
Distance protection settings will be calculated in order to protect the following line:

With the following requirements for the zones:

ZM01: ZM03:
80% of line, forward, 0 ms trip time 300% of line, forward, 800 ms trip time
ZM02: ZM04:
120% of line, forward, 400 ms trip time 150% of line, reverse, 1000 ms trip time

Fault resistance data, to be covered at 50% of

the line, for Zone1:
LN: 24 primary ohms
LL: 15 primary ohms,

according to circuit: on the left.

Fault resistance data for ZM2: 50% more than

data for ZM01.

Fault resistance data for ZM3:

200 Ω LN, 180 Ω LL (primary)

Fault resistance data for ZM04: 50% more than

ZM02.

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LOAD TRANSFER CONSIDERATIONS:

Distance protection must NOT trip for any

exported load higher than:

S = 400 MVA
P = 350 MW
Q = 193 Mvar
Cosphi = 0.875, phi = 29 deg.

CTs and VTs data will be set into the IED

according to given single line diagram.

Settings will be downloaded into the IED

for impedance protection (ZM zones and
PHS) and all relevant functions (CTs,
VTs etc)

With SMT correct input/output signals will be configured.

Characteristic of ZM zones will be tested for LN, LL and L1L2L3 faults.

Procedure

1. Create a PCM600 project and insert one REL670 v. 1.1. Set IP address for the IED.
2. Verify that you PC and your IED have compatible IP addresses. If not set your PC to
be compatible with the IED.
3. Open CAP531 for your IED and insert the template configuration called “REL670 A32”.
4. From CAP531 do “upload options” and “function selector” / “load uploaded data” to get
in your PC the correct function library and correct I/O cards installed in your IED into
PCM600 (synchronization of PCM600 libraries with IED ).
5. Compile the configuration and download it into the IED. After this Exit CAP531.
6. With Signal Matrix associate Current Transformers and Voltage Transformers to the
pre-processing blocks. Associate also binary inputs and binary outputs. Write SMT
configuration into the protection device.
7. Calculate the settings to satisfy the requirements given. Write settings into the IED
with PST. Pay attention to Phase Selector function, which should cover overreaching
zone ZM021 and also should take care of load encroachment area.
8. Open the software to drive your test set. Define IED settings in the test set (XRIO)
9. Verify that the characteristic is OK, verify the trip times.
10. Start by doing a small system test: Verify that the distance protection will not trip if
supplied by the given3-phase load (export of 400 MVA, 350 MW). Verify that it will also
not trip when the given load is still supplied but one phase current and voltage are
missing (dead phase because of single phase A/R dead time).

1
ZM01 and ZM02 are the two protection zones connected to STCNDZ signal of PHS, in A32 configuration.
Since ZM01 is smaller than ZM02, it is enough to cover ZM02 and automatically also ZM01 will be covered.
Other zones (ZM03, ZM04) are connected to STCNDI signal and do not need to be covered by PHS. You
can use the EXCEL worksheet to verify that your PHS settings are correct.
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Procedure (Detailed)

1. Create a PCM600 project and insert one REL670 1.1 device. Set IP address of the
device directly under the PCM Wizard or later under properties window.

In this example the project is called

“SEP602-EXERCISE1”, but you can give
any name to it. Just remember to avoid
“spaces” in your names, because of an
eventual IEC61850 engineering based on
your PCM 600 project.

The project structure is created:

All items have been RENAMED to avoid to

have SPACES2.

The device REL670 is created:

2
PCM 600 and IEDs work “well” with spaces, but THEY ARE NOT allowed in IEC61850 SCL files. Even if
we are not going to do any GOOSE engineering, we must have respect for the “IEC61850 engineers” that
will export the SCL files out of our PCM 600 project. SO, from the REAL BEGINNING: DO NOT USE
SPACES in your names!
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and the Wizard starts:

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Rename the items, in order to avoid spaces:

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2. Verify that you PC and your IED have compatible IP addresses. If not set your PC
to be compatible with the IED.

From the HMI of the device you can read the IP addresss of the device (supposing
connection via front port):

HMI MENU:

Considering the default address of the front Ethernet port, the IED Address is:

IP Address 10.1.150.3
IP Mask 255.255.255.0

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A compatible IP address3 for the PC Ethernet port is, for instance:

IP Address 10.1.150.99
IP Mask 255.255.255.0

Set the PC to the above Address:

3
“Compatible” IP address: same mask, same subnetwork. Just different device address”. In this case, with a
255.255.255.0 mask, the subnetwork is 10.1.150. The IED address is “3”.
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Verify that the PC has really taken the given IP address4:

4
Sometimes, especially if you disconnect or reconnect the network cable, the PC shows ”0.0.0.0” at the IP
Address and Mask, even if you have correctly set the addresses. It is always worth to know how to verify the
actual IP Address of your PC , to double-check.
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Open CAP 531 for your REL 670 and insert the template configuration called
“REL670 v 1.1 A32” (L_A32R0):

Open Application Configuration Tool (CAP 531):

Insert the template:

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with this result:

From CAP 531 do “upload options” and “function selector” / “load uploaded data” to get
correct function blocks and I/O cards installed in your IED into PCM 600 library.

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Do “upload options” once again, you will see this message:

WHY?

We need to synchronize the “hardware library” (“Function Selector):

Function selector will show this window or a similar one:

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Where you will probably see different cards compared to the first time you opened
Function Selector. It is very important that you “SAVE”, and then you do “File” / “Exit”:

3. Compile the configuration and download it into the IED.

Compiling:

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Download (write) the configuration into the IED:

Exit from CAP 531:

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By using SMT connect the following signals to following binary output contacts
on the I/O card (IOM) :
- General Trip 3-phase to Binary Output 1 and to LED1 of HMI
- General trip to phase L1 to Binary Output 2 and to LED 2 of HMI
- General trip to phase L2 to Binary Output 3 and to LED 3 of HMI
- General trip to phase L3 to Binary Output 4 and to LED 4 ofHMI

Connect the following analog signals to following CTs and VTs:

- Current in phase L1 to CT1
- Current in phase L2 to CT2
- Current in phase L3 to CT35

- Voltage in phase L1 to VT10

- Voltage in phase L2 to VT11
- Voltage in phase L3 to VT12

Open SMT:

5
We have chosen in this exercise not to physically measure the line residual current (3Io) but to calculated
it. This does NOT mean that distance protection does not use it! It will use the calculated value from the pre-
processing block! In case you physically measure the residual current, you need of course to use an
additional current transformer in the IED, and you MUST connect it in Signal Matrix!
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Connect the analog signals:

Connect the Binary Outputs and the HMI LEDs:

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Write SMT parameters in the IED:

Exit from SMT.

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4. Distance Protection Setting Calculation.

We are simply considering a radial feeder system, without superimposed load and
without fault current from the other line end. It is not necessary to adjust the settings for
the fault resistances, for underreaching zone1 (reactive reach) and also for the
overreaching zone2 (reactive reach) because of load exporting.
Moreover, the back-up protection zones do not need any compensation (larger settings)
for external infeed from the remote busbar, in case of faults on remote lines.
Settings are also given in primary values to the IED.
Because of that, distance protection settings in REL 670 are quite straight away:

ZM01 (instantaneous underreaching zone, 80% of line):

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ZM02 (overreaching zone, 120% of line, 400 ms):

ZM03 (forward back-up zone, 3 times the line, 800 ms)

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ZM04 (reverse back-up zone, 150% of line):

ZM05 is set OFF6:

6
It is good practice, in order to avoid misunderstandings, to set al items to their MAX value, when a function
is intentionally OFF. REMEMBER that in A32 configuration for REL670, ZM05 is connected to PHS-STCNDZ
signal, as it is supposed to be used for special logic in communication schemes (weak-end infeed and/or
current reversal logic). Its direction is supposed to be REVERSE. If ZM05 is not used by you for any for
these application (i.e. you use ZM05 as time delayed back-up zone, no matter if directed in forward or
reverse, you MUST CHANGE THE CONNECTION TO PHS-STCNDI signal by using CAP531!
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Settings for distance protection zones are done. We need to consider phase selector
function.

Set PHS to cover overreaching zone ZM02

The EXCEL graphic tool here is of good help.” REL670 == PHS covering ZM”:

Enter some “dummy” settings for ZM05 (reverse), as you do not have to cover it (it is
switched OFF).
In ZM02 you enter the settings of your ZM02:

You will easily find correct settings for PHS to cover the three characteristics:

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This brings to following settings for PHS7 (no trip is requested to PHS):

Load encroachment area.

Calculation of the Minimum Load Resistance in exporting and importing direction
corresponding to the load data given in the single line diagram. Consider minimum
operating voltage = 90% of nominal voltage. Set in PHS RLdFw and RLdRv.
Calculate the maximum angle of the load impedance (ArgLd) and set it in PHS. Use
angle corresponding to cos (phi) given in the single line diagram (cos(phi) = 0.91).

Circle in the impedance plane (primary ohms) corresponding to MAX apparent power
(we consider now the apparent power for the exporting situation, 400 MVA ) has a
radius of:

Z radius =
(U LL min )
2
=
(0.9 ⋅ 220 kV )
2
= 98.01 Ω
S MAX 400 MVA

7
Do not worry about RLdFw, RLdRv and ArgLd settings right now. They will be done later, when the load
transfer will be taken into consideration. We are just concentrating on “covering” ZM02.
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−1 193 ⋅ 10
6
−1 Q
Load Angle = tan = tan = 28.87°
P 350 ⋅ 10 6

the value of 32 degrees is used, to have some margin from the theoretical 28.87
degrees:

ArgLd = 32 deg

and the correspondent RLdFw (with 20% margin from theoretical resistive value):

RLdFw = 0.8 ⋅ Z radius ⋅ cos(Load Angle ) = 0.8 ⋅ 98.01 ⋅ cos (28.87° ) = 78.4 Ω

RLdFw = 78 ohm.

For reverse direction we consider the same load data for forward:

RLdRv = 78 Ω

Final settings for PHS, considering also the load encroachment area are here:

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Set the directional lines:

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To have a graphic view of your zone settings you can use the EXCEL sheet “REL670
== ZM zones”:

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Set the switch onto fault function:

Download your impedance protection settings into the IED:

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5. Set CTs and VTs data according to single line diagram.

Set the voltage base values to the pre-processing blocks measuring voltage quantities.
This is the only setting you need to care about, as we are NOT implementing any
frequency tracking algorithm. The pre-processing blocks are running with their own
“fixed” (internal) frequency reference, set in the IED (50 Hz or 60 Hz).

Actually you don’t even have to set the base values for the pre-processing blocks, as
you are using fixed frequency reference. We are JUST doing BECAUSE we want to be
consequents. If you do not enter any value (let it be 400 kV as default, nothing
happens).

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Set the CTs and VTs data:

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Write (download) your transformer settings into the IED.

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6. Verify that Trip Function (TRP1) is set to perform single phase and/or three-phase
trip.

You just need to read (upload) settings for this function and verify it:

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7. Set disturbance recorder to ON, pre-fault time = 300 ms, post-fault time = 1 s.
MAX Fault time = 3 s, post-retrigger = OFF.

To set the ZeroAngleRef you need to consider the A32 CAP 531 configuration for the
disturbance recorder, and search for the channel that is connected to UL1 (if you wish
to use voltage in phase L1 as reference, which is a quite common practice):

This signal is signal number 5, this explains the setting of above.

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8. Set disturbance recorder to record the IL1, IL2, IL3, 3I0, UL1, UL2, UL3, 3U0 (3Io
and 3U0 are calculated signal by the pre-processing block) signals.

Read first the settings that already are in the IED8:

8
This shows that it is always better, if possible of course, to first download CAP 531 configuration in the IED
and then write settings
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Set now according to the instructions here below (you are just “saying” which analog
signals you want to record; you are also saying that you DO NOT want to trigger the
disturbance recorder by ANY analog signal):

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9. Set following signals in Disturbance Recorder to TRIGGER disturbance recorder:

General Trip L1, General Trip L2, General Trip L3.

It is suggested to read the settings for the binary signals of disturbance recorder, so you
get the names that have been entered in CAP5319

Set signals “TRIP L1”, “TRIP L2”, “TRIP L3” (signal 01, 02 and 03) to TRIGGER the
disturbance reorder and to turn the RED LED ON.

THIS LED:

Set all other signals (from 7 to 16) just to “Show” them to HMI (do not trigger and do not
turn RED LED on. You are just triggering by general trip L1, L2 and L3):

9
This shows again that it is always better, if possible of course, to first download CAP 531 configuration in
the IED and then write settings. This because when you download the configuration you also download the
names that you gave to your signals (comments for disturbance recorder, name of analog signals etc).
These names are uploaded from the IED when you read the settings for those functions.
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Download your settings into the IED:

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10.Open Omicron test software for REL 670 A3210

10
The file available from Omicron has been designed for REL 670 firmware version 10 or 1B. Version 1.1
behaves in a different way for LL faults (load encroachment area), so you have to be careful where to put
your testing points!

Soon the file for 1.1 IEDs will be released and the documentation will be updated.
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Start to enter relay settings into the XRIO part (ZM01, 02, 03, 04, 05, ZDIR, PHS,
SOTF), if they are not already there:

Enter setting for all the zones.

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And for Phase Selector:

and for directional function:

Put all other protection functions to OFF in the XRIO file. We are not going to test them.

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Inform Omicron test set about the CT and VT data driving distance protection. In order
to be able to enter this information, you must know how Signal Matrix has been defined!

Press Ok and exit from XRIO converter:

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Only TRIP TIMES tests will be used in this exercise. With such tests we can test the
border and the trip times as well.

Double click on “Distance Triptime A-N for instance:

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and start testing. Manually you can delete or add test points.

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11. Test of the characteristic with ISA DRTS6 test set:

With ISA DRTS6 it also possible a similar approach to “XRIO”, by using the application
“REL670.exe11”:

11
Also for ISA test set, the application is designed for REL 670 firmware version 1.0/1.B. Soon the new
version for firmware 1.1 will be released and the documentation will be updated. With particular care to
where you apply the faults for LL faults, this application can be temporary used:

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12. Load encroachment area with 1-phase A/R dead time.

During 1-phase A/R dead time, two phases are still carrying the load flow, while one
phase is dead because we assume both CBs have opened it. This “2-phase load”
generates unbalance in the line, and a zero sequence current is generated. It is
common practice, in distance protection relays, to detect a possible earth-fault with
presence (not only) of zero sequence current.
If the “2-phase load” is high, the generated zero sequence current can also be high.
Hence the relay will activate the phase-ground measuring loops (PE), and if the load
encroachment area (or resistive reach settings, RFPE) for PE loops does not consider
that the load can be seen by the single phase loops, the relay will issue a three-phase
trip during the 1-phase dead time because of “fault” detected in the two loaded phases.
When the load is three-phase, this problem does not happen because the zero
sequence current is very low and usually the PE loops are not activated. The problem is
moved to the phase-phase loops (PP) (load encroachment or, if missing, fault
resistance setting RFPP).
A three-phase trip during 1ph A/R dead time can jeopardize the reclosing strategy if the
A/R is set not to trip for three-phase opening.

This simple system test, allows to verify that the settings are correct (and also that the
relay behaves correctly) for this case. It is recommended toseriously consider this
type of test, maybe also during commissioning, because if it had been done, a lot
of errors had been discovered!

1) Inject a three-phase load which is equivalent to 330 MW (MAX exported load for the
line is 350 MW).

This means injection of primary quantities:

UL1 = 127 kV 0 deg

UL2 = 127 kV -120 deg
UL3 = 127 kV 120 deg

IL1 = 866 A 0 deg

IL2 = 866 A -120 deg
IL3 = 866 A 120 deg

And injection of secondary: (CT = 1200 A / 1 A and VT = 220 kV / 100 V)

UL1 = 57.7 V 0 deg

UL2 = 57.7 V -120 deg
UL3 = 57.7 V 120 deg

IL1 = 0.72 A 0 deg

IL2 = 0.72 A -120 deg
IL3 = 0.72 A 120 deg

This means that the ohm/loop impedance (PE domain) for this injection is:

ZPE = 127 kV 0 deg / 866 A 0 deg = 146.65 ohm 0 deg

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and the ohm/phase impedance (PP domain) for this injection is:

ZPP = (UL1 – UL)2 / (IL1 – IL2) =

= (SQRT(3) * 127 kV 30 deg) / (SQRT(3) * 866 A 30 deg) = 146.5 0 deg ohm12

So, we go in the three-phase Omicron plane and inject a 3-phase fault with primary
impedance of 146.5. ohm and 0 degrees. Verify no trip (obvious as the fault is outside
the resistive reach of ZM03!, and also in the load encroachment area!

We can now inject the same fault, but disconnecting voltage L1 and also
”disconnecting” (which means shorting) current L1 from the IED:
The fault is always three phase (for Omicron), but for the distance protection no! It
opens the PE loops, so the relay is prepared to trip with THIS characteristic:

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ZPE = ZPP …. surprised? A balanced load is like a three-phase balanced fault, just with “higher” fault
resistance. We saw in the theoretical presentation that the 3-phase fault is mapped in the same way in PE
ohm/loop domain and in PP (ohm/phase domain)! Here you can see it once more.
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Västerås - Sweden

Where we can immediately see that the RFPE setting for ZM03 is too large for this
application, but it does not matter because it is correctly cut by the load encroachment
area13.

The relay of course does not trip.

Just increase the setting of load encroachment area in PHS to 200 ohms (just to go “far
away” with it) and you will see that in case of three-phase load the relay does not trip,
but in the case of “2-phase” load the relay trips because of RFPE is large enough.

13
This answers the question: WHY do you need to cut the PE characteristic, if the load is a three phase
phenomenon? Only PP should be cut!
Substation Automation & Protection Training
SA.T. Training SEP-602A 2007-09-13 Page 47 of 48
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Training Course SEP-602A EXERCISE 1
Power Automation & Substation
Västerås - Sweden

Remember to put back the correct settings in PHS! (68 ohms for RldFw and
RLdRv to 68 primary ohms).

Substation Automation & Protection Training

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