Term paper

On

Design and analysis of monopole circularly polarised

microstrip patch antenna using HFSS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Masters of Technology

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs. Priyanka Singh Jitender (04716412813)

University School of Information and Communication Technology

GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi-78

(2017-2019)
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that this Report entitled “Design and analysis of multiband monopole
microstrip patch antenna”which is submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for award of degree M.Tech in Electronics & Communication Engineering to
USICT,GGSIPU, New Delhi comprises only my original work and due acknowledgement has
been made in text to all other material used.

Date:
Jitender(04716412813)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Report entitled “Design and analysis of multiband monopole
microstrip patch antenna”” which is submitted by Jitender (04716412813) in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for award of degree M.Tech in Electronics & Communication
Engineering to USICT,GGSIPU, New Delhi is a record of candidate’s own work carried out by
him under my supervision. The matter embodied in this is original and has not been submitted
for the award of any other degree.

Date:
(Signature)

Mrs. Priyanka Singh

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks to those who have contributed significantly to this
report. It is a pleasure to extend the deep gratitude to my guide Mrs. Priyanka Singh for her
valuable guidance and support to continuously promote me for the progress of the report. I
hereby present my sincere thanks to her for valuable suggestions towards my report, which
helped me in making this report more efficient and user friendly.
I thanks each and every ones efforts who helped us in some or the other way for small and
significant things.

Jitender(04716412813)
 ABSTRACT

Recently, there has been a huge development in the field of Wireless Networks . There has been
an increase in the demand of smaller devices with antenna embedded inside. The requirement of
every device is to be mobile. But this mobility has various complications like smaller size,
higher battery life and range. Antenna is the fundamental unit of all transmitting and receiving
devices, therefore, enhancing its performance and other aspects will have a positive effect on the
overall performance of the device itself. Antenna performance can be enhanced by using it at its
most efficient point, this can be done by changing its shape and size and selecting the best
dimension. The future aim of wireless communication is to provide data with high speed and
great range even in harsh geographical conditions and remote areas.
Introduction:

An antenna is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric
currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver. In transmission, a radio
transmitter supplies an electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the
energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna
intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce an electric current
at its terminals , that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas are essential components
of all radio equipment, and are used in radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two-way
radio, communications receivers, radar, cell phones, satellite communications and other devices.

An antenna is an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to the receiver or

transmitter. During transmission, the oscillating current applied to the antenna by a transmitter
creates an oscillating electric field and magnetic field around the antenna elements. These time-
varying fields radiate energy away from the antenna into space as a
moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating
electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna
elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

Antennas can be classified as omnidirectional, radiating energy approximately equally in all

directions, or Directional, where energy radiates more along one direction than others. (Antennas
are reciprocal, so the same effect occurs for reception of radio waves.) A completely uniform
omnidirectional antenna is not physically possible. Many important antenna types have a
uniform radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, but send little energy upward or downward. A
"directional" antenna usually is intended to maximize its coupling to the electromagnetic field in
the direction of the other station.

Fundamental Specifications of Antennas

Lobes

Any given antenna pattern has portions of the pattern that are called lobes. A lobe can be a main
lobe, a side lobe or a back lobe and these descriptions refer to that portion of the antenna pattern
in which the lobe appears. In general, a lobe is any part of the pattern that is surrounded by
regions of weaker radiation. So a lobe is any part of the pattern that sticks out.

Radiation Pattern

Radiation pattern is graphical representation of the relative field strength transmitted from or
received by the antenna. It is measurement of radiation around the antenna. Antenna radiation
patterns are taken at one frequency, one polarization and one plane cut. The patterns are usually
presented in polar or rectilinear form with a dB strength scale. It is important to state that an
antenna radiates energy in all directions, at least to some extent, so the antenna pattern is actually
three-dimensional. It is common, however, to describe this 3D pattern with two planar patterns,
called the principal plane patterns. These principal plane patterns can be obtained by making
two slices through the 3D pattern through the maximum value of the pattern or by direct
measurement. It is these principal plane patterns that are commonly referred to as the antenna
patterns.

Return Loss

Return loss is a measure of the reflected energy from a transmitted signal. It is a logarithmic ratio
measured in dB (decibel) that compares the power reflected by the antenna to the power that is
fed into the antenna from the transmission line. The larger the value of return loss the less is the
energy reflected. For good impedance matching resonant frequency must lie below −10 𝑑𝐵.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is defined as the range between upper cut-off frequency (𝑓𝑈 ) at -10 dB and lower cut-
off (𝑓𝐿 ) frequency at -10 dB. Bandwidth indicates range of frequency for which an antenna
provides satisfactory operation.

3-dB Beamwidth

Also known as the Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is typically defined for each of the principle
planes. The 3-dB beamwidth in each plane is defined as the angle between the points in the main
lobe that are down from the maximum gain by 3dB. This is the point where the magnitude of the
radiation pattern decreases by 50% (or -3 dB) from the peak of the main beam.
VSWR

VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. The parameter VSWR is a measure that
numerically describes how well the antenna is impedance matched to the radio or transmission
line it is connected to. The smaller the VSWR the better the antenna matched to the transmission
line and the more the power delivered to the antenna. For the perfect matching VSWR = 1, there
is no reflection and return loss. In the real system it is very hard to achieve a perfect match, so it
is defined that having VSWR < 2 is still good matching system.

Directivity

Directivity of an antenna is a measure of the concentration of the radiated power in a particular

direction. If the antenna had 100% radiation efficiency, all directivity would be converted to
gain. Typical half wave patches have efficiencies well above 90%.

Antenna Gain

Gain is a measure of the ability of the antenna to direct the input power into radiation in a
particular direction and is measured at the peak radiation intensity.It is standard practice to use
an isotropic radiator as the reference antenna in this definition. An isotropic radiator is a
hypothetical lossless antenna that radiates its energy equally in all directions. This means that the
gain of an isotropic radiator is G=1 (or 0 dB). It is customary to use the unit dBi (decibels
relative to an isotropic radiator) for gain with respect to an isotropic radiator.

Polarization

The Polarization of an antenna is the polarization of the wave radiated by the antenna in the far
field. Polarization is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one direction .The
plane in which the electric field varies is also known as the polarization plane. For optimum
system performance, transmit and receive antennas must have the same polarization .

Circular polarization:

Circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point,

the electric field of the wave has a constant magnitude but its direction rotates with time at a
steady rate in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Circular polarization can be
obtained if two orthogonal modes are excited with a 90° time-phase difference between them.
This can be accomplished by adjusting the physical dimensions of the patch.

Circular polarisation

Antenna types:

Isotropic: An isotropic antenna (isotropic radiator) is a hypothetical antenna that radiates equal
signal power in all directions. It is a mathematical model that is used as the base of comparison
to calculate the gain of real antennas. No real antenna can have an isotropic radiation pattern.
However approximately isotropic antennas, constructed with multiple elements, are used in
antenna testing

Dipole:

The dipole is the prototypical antenna on which a large class of antennas are based. A basic
dipole antenna consists of two conductors (usually metal rods or wires) arranged symmetrically,
with one side of the balanced feedline from the transmitter or receiver attached to each. The most
common type, the half-wave dipole, consists of two resonant elements just under a quarter
wavelength long. This antenna radiates maximally in directions perpendicular to the antenna's
axis, giving it a small directive gain of 2.15 dBi.
Monopole

A monopole antenna consists of a single conductor such as a metal rod, usually mounted over the
ground or an artificial conducting surface (a so-called ground plane). One side of
the feedline from the receiver or transmitter is connected to the conductor, and the other side to
ground or the artificial ground plane. The radio waves reflected from the ground plane seem to
come from an image antenna below the ground, with the monopole and its image forming a
dipole, so the monopole antenna has a radiation pattern identical to the top half of the pattern of a
similar dipole antenna. Since all of the equivalent dipole's radiation is concentrated in a half-
space, the antenna has twice (3 dB increase of) the gain of a similar dipole, not considering
losses in the ground plane.

Array

Array antennas consist of multiple antennas working as a single antenna. Typically they consist
of arrays of identical driven elements, usually dipoles fed in phase, giving increased gain over
that of a single dipole.

Traveling wave

Unlike the above antennas, traveling wave antennas are nonresonant so they have inherently
broad bandwidth. They are typically wire antennas multiple wavelengths long, through which the
voltage and current waves travel in one direction, instead of bouncing back and forth to
form standing waves as in resonant antennas. They have linear polarization (except for the
helical antenna). Unidirectional traveling wave antennas are terminated by a resistor at one end
equal to the antenna's characteristic resistance, to absorb the waves from one direction. This
makes them inefficient as transmitting antennas

Microstrip patch antenna:

A microstrip antenna (also known as a printed antenna) usually means an antenna fabricated
using microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board (PCB)..They are mostly used
at microwave frequencies. An individual microstrip antenna consists of a patch of metal foil of
various shapes (a patch antenna) on the surface of a PCB (printed circuit board), with a metal
foil ground plane on the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple
patches in a two-dimensional array. The antenna is usually connected to
the transmitter or receiver through foil microstrip transmission lines. The radio frequency current
is applied (or in receiving antennas the received signal is produced) between the antenna and
ground plane.

Microstrip patch antenna

The most common type of microstrip antenna is the patch antenna. Antennas using patches as
constitutive elements in an array are also possible. A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-
beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an
insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with a continuous metal layer
bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. Common microstrip
antenna shapes are square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape is
possible

Advantages and disadvantages:

Microstrip patch antennas are increasing in popularity for use in wireless applications due to
their low-profile structure. Some of their principal advantages are:
1. Light weight and low volume, low fabrication cost, hence it can be manufactured in large
quantities.
2. It supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
 3. It can be easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs)
4. It is capable of dual and triple frequency operations.

Microstrip patch antennas suffer from a number of disadvantages as compared to conventional

antennas. Some of their major disadvantages are:
1. It has narrow bandwidth, low efficiency and low gain.
2. It has low power handling capacity and surface wave excitation.
3. It has practical limitation on gain (around 30 dB).

Applications:
It is used in:
 Pagers and mobile phones
 Doppler and other radars
 Satellite communication
 Command guidance and telemetry in missiles
 Biomedical radiator.

Literature survey:

S no. size substrate Multiband Circular diodes

technology/ polarisation
bands/resonant
frequency

1. Circularly Polarized 39mm x FR4 epoxy with the antenna the cross-polar
Monopole L-Shaped 39mm a thickness of patterns at three radiation
Slot 0.508 mm, different is below the
Antenna With relative dielectric frequencies ranging copolar radiation
Enhanced Axial-Ratio constant of 4.4, from the lower for the elevation
Bandwidth and loss tangent edge (2.6 GHz), angles of up to
of 0.02 middle (3.4 GHz), Fig. 7. Antenna
and upper edge (4 gain patterns at
GHz) of the band. (a) lower band
2.6 GHz, (b)
midband 3.4
GHz,
 and (c) upper
band 4 GHz.
about 50 off
broadside.

2. Polarization 90mm x partially 1. 5.07-5.86 LP PIN diode

Reconfigurable 160mm grounded Ghz switch
Broadband Rectenna R04003C 2. 5.76-6.04 RHCP (SMP1345-
With Tunable substrate (εr = 3. 5.71-5.98 LHCP SC79) is
Matching Network for 3.38, tanδ = installed on
Microwave 0.0027) each
Power Transmission feedline
3. Wideband and Low- circular dielectric
Profile substrate with a
Omnidirectional height of 3.5mm
Circularly Polarized , a radius of
Antenna With Slits 47mm , and a
and Shorting-Vias permittivity of
2.2.
4. Compact, Wideband 45.7 mm × Rogers 3003 (εr frequency range
Antennas Enabled by 39.3 mm, = 3 and tan δ = from 3.9 to 4.3 RHCP
Interdigitated 0.0013). GHz
Capacitor-Loaded
Metasurfaces

5. Wideband Arlon880 (_r = simulated at 4.60, cross-

Monopole-Like 2.2) circular 4.90, 5.30, and 5.80 polarization
Radiation Pattern substrate of GHz. levels are below
Circular Patch thickness t = central frequency −30 dB in both
AntennaWith High 0.508 mm with of xzplane
Gain its radius 45.5 the band is f = 5.20 and xy-plane
and Low Cross- mm GHz.
Polarization
6. CPW-Fed Dual- 63 × 75 × 1.6 FR4 substrate (2.2–
Band Dual-Sense mm3. (thickness = 1.6 the center 2.9 GHz, RHCP)
Circularly mm, εr = 4.4, and frequency of
Polarized Monopole loss tangent = 3.5 GHz, (3.40–3.65
Antenna 0.024) GHz,LHCP)

7. A Miniature 32 × 32 × 25 Arlon AD255A the central circular

Circularly Polarized mm3 substrates, with a frequency of the polarization can
Air-Borne Antenna dielectric proposed antenna be achieved only
With Wide Angle constant ε = 2.55 is 1580 MHz, when the
Coverage and a thickness magnitudes of
of 1 mm the two
orthogonal field
 components are
similar and their
time-phase
difference is an
odd multiple of
90°.
That is, circular
polarization can
be achieved
when (assuming
the
electromagnetic
wave propagates
along the + Z
direction)
|Ex | = |Ey |
∠Ex − ∠Ey =
_
+90◦ , for RHCP
−90◦ , for LHCP
.
8. A Novel Broadband 49 × 55 × 1.5 FR4 dielectric good
Circularly Polarized mm3 substrate performance of
Monopole with a dielectric left-hand
Antenna Based on C- constant of 4.4 circularly
Shaped Radiator and a loss polarized
tangent of 0.02. (LHCP)
radiation in the
+z-direction and
righthand
circularly
polarized
(RHCP)
radiation in –z-
direction.
9. Low-Cost Circularly 270 × 270 FR4 substrate 10-dB left-hand circular
Polarized Origami mm2 and (thickness h = 1.6 impedance polarization
Antenna thickness of mm and bandwidth of (LHCP) gain in
0.25 mm εr = 4.4) 70.2% covering the the range of 5.2–
frequency range of 5.7 dBi within
2.4–5 GHz, a 3-dB the 3-dB circular
axial-ratio (AR) AR bandwidth
bandwidth of 8%
(3.415–
3.7 GHz)
 central frequency
of
3.5 GHz

10. Wideband 190mm x 160 Arlon AD 255 center frequency electrical

Circularly Polarized mm substrate (190 380 MHz, symmetry with
UHF Crossed mm × 90◦ phase
Monopole Antenna 160 mm), with shift can
With Unequal Power thickness h = guarantee the CP
Feed for 0.762 mm and antenna
Handheld Terminals relative performance
permittivity
εr = 2.55
11. A Broadband 50mm x FR4 substrate 10-dB impedance fundamental CP
Circularly Polarized 55mm bandwidth is 88% mode at 2.2 GHz
Printed Monopole (2.75 GHz, and a higher
Antenna With Parasitic 1.75–4.5 GHz) and order CP mode
Strips the measured 3-dB at 4.7 GHz
AR BW is 64.7%
(2.2 GHz, 2.3–4.5
GHz).
12. A Novel 32 mm × 32 1-mm-thick FR4 the 3-dB AR Circular
Broadband Dual mm substrate bandwidth of the polarization is
Circularly Polarized with 32 mm × 32 proposed antenna is achieved with a
Microstrip-Fed mm lateral 80.7% (3.74–8.8 modified
Monopole Antenna dimension GHz). The gain, ground-plane
return loss, and structure and the
port isolation are isolation
higher between the
than 1, 10, and 20 ports is
dB, respectively, improved by
within the CP band. extending a
protruded strip
between the feed
lines. L-shaped
strips (LSSs) and
inverted LSSs
are
designed along
the radiating
edges of the
monopole
13. A Wideband RO4003 center frequency at Over the band
Circularly Polarized substrate with 1.565 GHz. 1.11–2.17 GHz
Omnidirectional dielectric bandwidth), the
Antenna Based on and copper measured and
Excitation of Two thicknesses of 32 simulated RHCP
Orthogonal Circular mil and 18 μm, realized gains
TE21 Modes respectively vary within the
range of −2.9 to
0.52 dBi
and −1.55 to
0.57 dBi,
respectively. The
difference
between
the measured
and simulated
gains is due to
the fact that
in simulations,
loss of the feed
network is not
accounted
for. Over the
band 1.11–2.17
GHz, the
measured
averaged
polarization
isolation over the
horizontal plane
is greater than
18 dB.
14. Wideband Dual- 1160mm x FR4 substrates wideband dual-
Polarized Antenna For 1160mm with relative polarized antenna
Spectrum permittivity is proposed
Monitoring Systems of 4.4, loss for the 80–800
tangent of tanδ = MHz
0.02, and
thickness of 1
mm.
References:

[1] Kwame Oteng Gyasi , Guangjun Wen, Senior Member, IEEE, Daniele Inserra , Member,
IEEE, Yongjun Huang , Member, IEEE, Jian Li , Member, IEEE, Affum Emmanuel Ampoma ,
and Haobin Zhang , “A Compact Broadband Cross-Shaped Circularly Polarized Planar
Monopole Antenna with a Ground Plane Extension” , IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS
PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2018.

[2] Pozar, M. David, “Microstrip Antenna”, IEEE Invited Paper.

[3] Reza Pazoki, Ali Kiaee, Student Member, IEEE, Parinaz Naseri, Student Member, IEEE,
Hamid Moghadas, Member, IEEE, Homayoon Oraizi, Life Member, IEEE, and
Pedram Mousavi, Senior Member, IEEE, “Circularly Polarized Monopole L-Shaped Slot
Antenna With Enhanced Axial-Ratio Bandwidth” , IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS
PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 15, 2016.

[4] Kang Ding, Cheng Gao, Member, IEEE, YanjieWu, Dexin Qu, and Bing Zhang, Senior
Member, IEEE,” A Broadband Circularly Polarized Printed Monopole
Antenna With Parasitic Strips” IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION
LETTERS, VOL. 16, 2017.