ENT 316 PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

TUTORIAL 2 – ANSWER SCHEME

CHAPTER 4

Date: 23.12.2011 Time: 8.00 AM – 10.00 AM

1. A 1.4-MHz carrier is modulated by a music signal that has frequency components

from 20 Hz to 10 kHz. Determine the range of frequencies generated for the upper
and lower sidebands.

Solution
The upper sideband is equal to the sum of carrier and intelligence frequencies.
Therefore the upper sideband (USB) will include the frequencies from

1400000 Hz + 20 Hz = 1400020 Hz [fc+fm1]

to
1400000 Hz + 10000 Hz = 1410000 Hz [fc+fm2]

The lower sideband (LSB) will include the frequencies from

1400000 Hz - 10000 Hz = 1390000 Hz [f c-fm1]

to
1400000 Hz - 20 Hz = 1399980 Hz [fc-fm2]

2. Determine the %m for the following conditions for an unmodulated carrier of 80 V

peak – to – peak (p-p)

Maximum p-p carrier (V) Minimum p-p carrier (V)

(a) 100 60
(b) 125 35
(c) 160 0
(d) 180 0

Solution

a) %m = X 100 %

= X 100 % = 25 %
 b) %m = X 100 % = 56.25 %

c) %m = X 100 % = 100 %

d) This is a case of over modulation since the modulated carrier reaches a value
more than twice its unmodulated value

3. Determine the maximum sideband power if the carrier output is 1 kW and

calculate the total maximum transmitted power.

Solution

Ptotal  Pc  Pusb  Plsb

Since

ESF =

It is obvious that the maximum sideband power occurs when m = 1 or 100%. At that
percentage modulation, each side frequency is ½ the carrier amplitude.

Pc
Pusb  Plsb 
4
Since power is proportional to the square voltage, each sideband has ¼ of the carrier
power or ¼ X 1 kW, or 250 W.

Therefore, the total sideband power is 250 W X 2 = 500 W and the total transmitted
power is 1 kW + 500 W, or 1.5 kW.

4. A 500 W carrier is to be modulated to a 90% level. Determine the total transmitted

power.

Solution

Pt = P c

Pt = 500 W = 702.5 W
5. An AM broadcast station operates at its maximum allowed total output of 50 kW
and at 95% modulation. How much of its transmitted power is intelligence
(sidebands)?

Solution

Pt = P c

50 kW = Pc

Pc = = 34.5 kW

Therefore, the total intelligence signal is

Pi = Pt - Pc = 50 kW – 34.5 kW = 15.5 kW

6. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 12 A when unmodulated but increases

to 13 A when modulated. Calculate %m

Solution
m2
1
It = I c 2
13 A = 12 A

1+ =

=2 = 0.34

m = 0.59
%m = 0.59 X 100% = 59%

7. A transmitter with a 10-kW carrier transmits 11.2 kW when modulated with a

single sine wave. Calculate the modulation index. If the carrier is simultaneously
modulated with another sine wave at 50% modulation, calculate the total
transmitted power.

Solution

Pt = P c

11.2 kW = 10 kW

m = 0.49
 meff =

= 0.7

Pt = P c

= 10kW

= 12.45 kW

8. A TRF receiver is to be designed with a single tuned circuit using a 10-µH indicator.
(a) Calculate the capacitance range of the variable capacitor required to tune from
550 to 1550 kHz.
(b) The ideal 10-kHz BW is to occur at 1100 kHz. Determine the required Q.
(c) Calculate the BW of this receiver at 550 kHz and 1550 kHz.

Solution:
(a) At 550 kHz, calculate C.

fr =

550 kHz =

C = 8.37 nF
At 1550 kHz

1550 kHz =

C = 1.06 nF

Therefore, the required range of capacitance is from

1.06 to 8.37 nF

(b) Q=

=
 = 110

(c) At 1550 kHz,

BW =

1550kHz
=
110

= 14.1 kHz
At 550 kHz,
550kHz
BW =
110
= 5 kHz

9. For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency f c=100 kHz and a maximum
modulating signal frequency fm(max)=5kHz, determine
a. Frequency limits for upper and lower sidebands
b. Bandwidth
c. Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the modulating signal is a
single frequency 3-kHz tone
d. Draw the output frequency spectrum

Solution
a. The lower sideband extends from the lowest possible lower side frequency to the
carrier frequency or

= (100 – 5) kHz to 100 kHz = 95 kHz to 100 kHz

The upper sideband extends from the carrier frequency to the highest possible upper
sideband frequency or

= 100 kHz to (100+5) kHz = 100 kHz to 105 kHz

b. The band width is equal to the difference between the maximum upper side
frequency and the minimum lower side frequency or
B = 2fm(max)
=2(5 kHz) = 10 kHz
c. The upper side frequency is the sum of the carrier and modulating frequency or
fusf = fc + fm = 100 kHz + 3 kHz = 103 kHz

The lower side frequency is the difference between the carrier and modulating
frequency or
flsf = fc - fm = 100 kHz - 3 kHz = 97 kHz
 d. The output frequency spectrum is :
LSB USB

fc-fm fc-fm fc=100 kHz fc+fm fc-fm

95 kHz 97 kHz 103 kHz 105 kHz
10. For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage V c=10 Vp, a load
resistance RL= 10 Ω, and a modulation coefficient m=1, determine
a. Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands
b. Total sideband power
c. Total power of the modulated wave
d. Repeat steps (a) through (c) for modulation index m=0.5

Solution

a. The carrier power is :

Ec2
2
10
Pc 
= =5W
2 R 2(10)
b. The upper and lower sideband power is :
m 2 Pc (1) 2 5
PUSB  PLSB    1.25 W
4 4
c. The total sideband power is

d. The total power in the modulated wave is :

Pt = P c

e. The carrier power is :

The upper and lower sideband power is found by substituting in equation 4-21

The total sideband power is

The total power in the modulated wave is found by substituting into Equation 4-25
11. For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power Pc = 100 W that is
modulated simultaneously by three modulating signals with coefficients of
modulation m1 =0.2, m2 = 0.4 and m3= 0.5, determine
a. Total coefficient of modulation
b. Upper and lower sideband power
c. Total transmitted power

Solution

a. The total coefficient of modulation is found by substituting into Equation 4-30

b. The total sideband power is found by substituting the results of step (a) into
equation 4-32

c. The total transmitted power is found by substituting into equation 4-33

12. For an AM commercial broadcast-band receiver (540 kHz to 1600 kHz) with an input
filter Q-factor of 54, determine the bandwidth at the low and high ends of the RF
spectrum

Solution:

The bandwidth at the low-frequency end of the AM spectrum is centered around a

carrier frequency of 540 kHz and is

The bandwidth at the high frequency end of the AM spectrum is centered around a

carrier frequency of 1600 kHz and is