College of Criminology Research Journal, Vol.

7, 2016

Effectiveness of CCTV Cameras Installation In

Crime Prevention
Queen Denise P. Cuevas, John Carlo P. Corachea,
Ederlina B. Escabel, Merwina Lou A. Bautista

College of Criminal Justice, Lyceum of the Philippines

University, Batangas City, Philippines

Abstract - This thesis, entitled, ―Effectiveness of CCTV

Cameras Installation in Crime Prevention‖ aimed to determine the
effectiveness of closed circuit television cameras in Batangas
City, usefulness in crime prevention with respect to traffic
violations, crimes against property and crimes against person and
to propose an action plan based on the results of the study.
Descriptive type of research was utilized; data were gathered
through a self-made questionnaire for 150 randomly selected
participants composed of administrative personnel and CCTV
operators from different sectors in Batangas City and police
officers. Study revealed that CCTV camera is highly effective in
crime prevention specifically crime against person and property
by recording the scenes that can help in solving the reported theft
or robbery incidents. Locating suspicious character in the streets
and monitoring the incoming and outgoing individuals from
establishments.
Keywords: Closed circuit television camera, effectiveness of
CCTV camera

INTRODUCTION
As nations develop and their economies grow bigger, social
problems also intensify. One great concern deals with peace and
order as well as safety and security of the people. Various
psychologists would render different explanations to the cases of
crimes but what is apparent even to the most innocent individual
is that crimes are everywhere. Anyone can be a victim of crime;
which fosters fear to a lot of people. Knowing its responsibility,
the government of different nations have launched various
innovations on how to prevent crimes. One of these innovations is
the use of CCTV.

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A common goal of most CCTV systems has been the

prevention of crime and disorder through deterrence. Claims are
also made that CCTV provides public reassurance and therefore
reduces fear of crime, which may, in turn, increase the use of
public spaces (Bennett & Gelsthorpe, 2010). CCTV has popularly
been used worldwide. It can be found in large buildings, wide
establishments or areas such as malls or park. It is also need on
streets for monitoring and supervising traffic flow. Its
effectiveness to provide useful information has been attested by
many agencies and establishments. In California and neighboring
states, CCTV‘s were used of security measure such as
identification of people specially before entering a highly security
facility such as pent house and executive offices.
In the Philippines, CCTV has been popular on stores, gasoline
stations, streets, elevators, laboratory, banks, condominiums,
hallways and privately owned area. One of the most popular use
of CCTV was the case of It‘s Showtime Host, Vhong Navarro,
against Cedric Lee and Deniece Cornejo where it proved several
points such as identification of people involved and time lapsed
when incident happened. Also, the case wherein Magaspac‘s
identity was revealed; PO3 Magaspac a traffic police at Pasay
who was caught asking extra money to truck drivers passing the
expressway.
Batangas City, like many other cities in the country leaps to
progress by its growing number of facilities, establishments, and
roadways. It has also embraced the installation and use of CCTV
in malls, educational institutions, banks, and intersections and
diversion roads to provide coverage on their area of responsibility.
The resident however, is not anymore surprised to its presence
because of its popularity, its functional use and capability as
security tool. LPU-B for instance, encoded time of employees’
attendance, student behavior inside laboratory and classrooms that
evidence a query through CCTV footage supervised and
monitored by MIS Department in cases of property destruction or
stealing. Police officers in Batangas City, Philippines use them to
prevent crime and catch lawbreakers in the act. The residents
downtown of the same cities help the police officers to minimize
various criminal activities.

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The popularity and use of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)

camera has grown rapidly since the technology was first
introduced. As students under the BS Criminology Program and
with motivation from two professional courses, the researchers
became highly interested in exploring all means on how crime can
be minimized.
The researchers chose to conduct the study on CCTV cameras
due to the increasing number of violations done by the community
members, the irregularities made by the people around the area,
the different person in contact with the premises and various
incidents during events that can be solved through the aid of
CCTV footages. This study could be used as basis for the
improvement of the future generation technology. In addition, this
study was anchored on the concept of how effective are CCTV
cameras as tool for community properties’ safety and security.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study generally aimed to determine the effectiveness of
closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV). Specifically, it sought
to assess the effectiveness of CCTV cameras; to determine the
usefulness of CCTV Cameras in crime prevention with respect to
traffic violations, crimes against property and crimes against
person; and to propose action plan based on the results of the
study.

METHOD

Research Design
The main objective of this study is to determine the
Effectiveness of CCTV in Crime Prevention. With this objective
in mind, the researchers used the descriptive type of research. The
descriptive method is a fact finding method with adequate
interpretation dealing with the questions based on the present and
current phenomenon (Good, 2011). The researches believed that
this design is the most appropriate since the study involves the
collection of data concerning the current status of the subjects
under study. As its name connotes, this method simply describes
what exists.

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Participants of the Study

The study utilized 150 respondents from different sectors in
Batangas City composed of 16 (10%) administrative personnel ‘s,
35 (23.30%) Police Officers and 15 (10%) CCTV Operators. The
participants were randomly selected from the three groups of
respondents with mixed gender, varying age, different year levels
and different level of educational attainment and position in the
institution.

Instrument
The researchers used a self-made questionnaire to gather the
needed information. The researchers presented a questionnaire to
people with expertise in the field for validation. The respondents
were asked to answer the questionnaires that the researchers
provided, given the assurance that their identifications were kept
confidential and the information gathered were just use for
educational attributes.

Procedure
The researchers were given instructions to conduct and
perform several interviews to gather details and information to
seemingly be the subject of the study due to some circumstances
and security issues of different individuals to be interviewed the
researches were not able to gather the data and consulted the
adviser and panels for better technique to do. Due to state of
affairs, the researchers proceeded to develop and present one set
of questionnaire to their research adviser for approval. The
individual concerns with the study were briefly oriented about the
purpose of the research before they were asked to answer the
questionnaire to gather valid and reliable data. The researchers
disseminated the questionnaires individually to each concern and
they were requested to answer the questions truthfully for this was
a big help to the development of the said research.

Data Analysis
The needed data were tallied, encoded and interpreted using
different statistical tools. These include frequency distribution,
weighted mean and Analysis Variance (ANOVA) which were
used based on the objectives of the study. The data were also

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treated using 0.05 alpha levels to test the hypothesis of the study.
In addition, all data were computed using statistical software,
PASW version 18 to further analyse the results. The given scale
was used to interpret the result of the data gathered: 3.50 – 4.00 =
Highly Effective; 2.50 – 3.49 = Effective; 1.50 – 2.49 = Less
Effective; 1.00 – 1.49 = Not Effective

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of the Groups of

Respondents (n=150)
Group Frequency Percentage (%)
Security Personnel & IT Expert 16 10.70
CCTV Operators 15 10.00
Police Officer 35 23.30

The largest percentage of respondents were from the police

officers with the percentage of 23.30%with the total no. of 35
police officers, the second largest percentage is from Security
personnel and IT Specialist with the total no. of 16 (10.70%), third
one and the lowest percentage of respondents were the CCTV
operators with the total no. of 15 (10%).
CCTV operators were of the lowest rank because nowadays,
only few establishments require CCTV function to be monitored
24/7. An establishment owner thinks that CCTV is more valuable
in aiding severity officers and deter violators, in turn CCTV
installation in their premise there was no person employed to
monitor such. Due to the increasing demands of the use of CCTV
cameras and the innovations made by man and technology.
It is shown on the effectiveness of CCTV in Table 2 that the
composite mean of 3.53 indicates that the respondents assessed it
as highly effective. Among the items cited, CCTV being able to
record the scenes that can help in solving the reported theft or
robbery incident got the highest mean score of 3.72 and rated
highly effective. The same concept is expressed by Marcus (2010)
the use of CCTV cameras have helped in capturing thieves, traffic
violators, employees involved in red tape, and even suspects for
killings. Its presence in a place such as streets, residential areas
and commercial establishments serves as deterrence to crime.

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Moreover, people with the knowledge that a CCTV camera was

installed, refrained themselves from committing such act for the
fear of being caught and punished. Also, it helps the police officers
in the detection and apprehension of suspected person.
(uplb.edu.ph).

Table 2. Effectiveness of CCTV (N= 66)

Indicators WM VI Rank
1. It deters crime and help reducing 3.34 Effective 10
violations that can be committed.
2. Records the scenes that can help in 3.71 Highly 1
solving the reported theft or robbery Effective
incident.
3. It helps in monitoring the 3.55 Highly 3
employees and administrative Effective
personnel to avoid dishonesty with
their tasks.
4. It eliminates the opportunity of the 3.69 Highly 2
violators to do violations. Effective
5. It saves man power to the security 3.53 Highly 5
guards on duty for patrolling the Effective
school premises.
6. CCTV saved footages that can help 3.51 Highly 7
solve the incidence of Effective
misbehaviors.
7. It can also lessen the opportunity of 3.41 Effective 9
the couples on scandalous acts.
8. It helps to solve vandalism and 3.53 Highly 5
malicious mischief within the Effective
institution or establishments.
9. In can also capture the individuals 3.53 Highly 5
that will leave the vicinity earlier Effective
than indicated time of leave.
10. The installation of CCTV cameras 3.45 Effective 8
is considered as a low cost method
of keeping the administrators eye
on security of its people and
establishments.
Composite Mean 3.53 Highly
Effective

Welsh and Farrington (2010) stressed that CCTV is an

environmental crime prevention tool which provide a surveillance
function that worked to deter people from committing crime in the
area in which it issued. Research suggests that the CCTV is most

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successful in reducing or solving crime when there is an active

police interest providing surveillance information to inform the
setting up of CCTV. They also emphasized that there is active
police interest in providing surveillance information, involving in
monitoring of CCTV and providing evidence on such were the
sounds for most success in reducing and solving crime.
Second was its ability to eliminate the opportunity of the
individuals to commit violations with weighted mean of 3.69 and
the item stating its ability to help in monitoring, employees and
administrative personnel with weighted mean of 3.55. Three other
items obtained assessment of highly effective with weighted mean
of 3.53; number 5, number 8 and number 9 stated the contents of
items 5, 8, and 9 respectively CCTV has the ability to eliminate
opportunity for, due to adaption of theory of psychology of
omnipresence in a slightly different and technical manner. With
CCTV camera, scenes are recorded with specific time, duration
and location. It has advantage of being always on watch thereby
ensuring that every situation that may take place under CCTV
camera, evidence is available and proper action can be executed.
Other items were assessed as effective only and installation of
CCTV cameras is considered as a low cost method of keeping the
administrators eye on security of its people and establishments
(3.45), can also lessen the opportunity of the couples to possess
Public Display of Affection (PDA) (3.41) and deters crime and
help reducing violations that can be committed by the students and
employees (3.34) ranked the least.
Table 3 presents the effectiveness of CCTV Cameras in
preventing traffic violation. The composite mean of 3.32 indicates
that the respondents assessed it as effective.
Among the items cited, CCTV cameras serves as an
evidence for an offense committed got the highest mean score of
3.47 and rated effective. This perception of the respondents can be
attributed to the most commonly seen from TV programs and
news where incidence of robbery and theft were reported and
evidenced by CCTV footage.
It was followed by capability of the CCTV records the
exact nature of violation or accidents with the mean score of 3.45
and rated effective. Third on the rank was its capability to help the
police investigators in solving vehicular accidents with a mean

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score of 3.44 rated to be effective. Perceptions of residents, the

table from the point of the respondents, they perceived that the
CCTV camera is often useful in preventing traffic violation.

Table 3. Usefulness of CCTV Cameras in Preventing Traffic

Violation
Indicators WM VI Rank
1. Prevent traffic violation in a certain
3.01 Useful 10
area where CCTV‘s are installed.
2. CCTV cameras identifies violators on
3.35 Useful 5.5
traffic rules
3. CCTV camera monitors traffic
3.37 Useful 4
violation
4. CCTV helps the police investigators in
3.44 Useful 3
solving vehicular accidents.
5. Proves one‘s offense against traffic
3.28 Useful 8
rules
6. Documents the everyday routine of
3.34 Useful 7
traffic
7. CCTV cameras act as monitoring
3.35 Useful 5.5
device in major roads.
8. CCTV prevents crimes on streets. 3.13 Useful 9
9. CCTV records the exact nature of
3.45 Useful 2
violation or accidents
10. CCTV cameras serves as an evidence
3.47 Useful 1
for an offense committed.
Composite Mean 3.32 Useful
Legend: 3.50 – 4.00 = Very Useful; 2.50 – 3.49 =Useful; 1.50 – 2.49 = Less Useful 1.00 –
1.49 = Not Use
On the other end, the mean of 3.47, which stated that CCTV
serves as an evidence for an offense committed while the lowest
mean of 3.01 was obtained by item no. 1, which states that prevent
traffic violation in a certain area where CCTV ‘s are installed.
This finding is supported by the literature that the enforcement
of the bus lanes, moving traffic and parking contraventions using
CCTV camera is being implemented in different cities to help
reduce traffic congestion, improve journey times for transport
users, penalize inconsiderate motorists, improve road safety, and
reduce carbon dioxide emissions (Ratcliffe, 2009).
Other item was assessed as effective also and proves one ‘s
offense against traffic rules (3.28), CCTV prevents crimes on
streets (3.13) and prevent traffic violation in a certain area where

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CCTV‘s are installed (3.01) ranked the least. This finding is

supported by the study of Canberra (2004), which stated that it had
been found out that CCTV has the ability to prevent property
crime, particularly vehicle crime violations is indeed one of the
reasons why the government is installing CCTV on road streets.

Table 4. Usefulness of CCTV Cameras in Crimes Against

Persons (N=150)
Indicators WM VI Rank
1. The use of CCTV camera helps locate
3.47 Useful 1
suspicious character in the streets.
2. The use of CCTV camera reduces crimes and
3.36 Useful 5
criminals.
3. The CCTV camera is used to apprehend the
3.45 Useful 2
criminals.
4. Thru CCTV camera the officers can monitor
3.44 Useful 3
the action of the perpetrators.
5. CCTV camera helps the police investigator
3.32 Useful 6
in solving crime by providing lead.
6. The presence of CCTV camera mitigates
2.99 Useful 13.5
riding in tandem incident.
7. The CCTV serves as a tool to identify the
strategies used by the perpetrator in 3.25 Useful 9
committing the act.
8. The CCTV camera helps to distinguish other
persons who may have serve as accomplice 3.31 Useful 7
to the crime.
9. There is a feeling of safety among
individuals who stay in areas where there is 3.15 Useful 10
CCTV.
10. The CCTV camera reduces tendency of a
criminal to personally attack a stranger on 3.13 Useful 11
the streets.
11. Monitoring of remote entrances into site/
2.99 Useful 13.5
schools buildings.
12. Record and surveillance of toilet entrances to
record time of entry for management
2.92 Useful 15
purposes and to show who was present at
time any damage has taken place.
13. Protection of staff and student. 3.01 Useful 12
14. For visitor monitoring. 3.27 Useful 8
15. Protection of the institutional employees
3.42 Useful 4
from outsiders.
Composite Mean 3.23 Useful
Legend: 3.50 – 4.00 = Highly Useful; 2.50 – 3.49 = Useful; 1.50 – 2.49 = Less Useful;
1.00 – 1.49 = Not Useful

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Based on Table 4, all items listed above relating to the

usefulness of CCTV in preventing crimes against persons were
considered as effective by the respondents. The use of CCTV
camera helps locate suspicious character in the streets obtained a
weighted mean of 3.47 and ranked 1. It was followed by the
CCTV camera is used to apprehend the criminals (3.45) as rank 2,
thru CCTV camera the officers can monitor the action of the
perpetrators (3.44) ranked 3 and protection of the institutional
employees from outsiders (3.42) as rank 4.
Shepherd and Matthews (2010) noted that CCTV may deter
potential offenders who perceive an increased risk of detection
and it may direct security personnel to locations where precursors
to offending have been detected, which may head off their
translation into crime and reduce the severity of harm.
Sivarajasingam et al. (2015) emphasized that the presence of
CCTV may induce people to take elementary precautions for fear
that they will be shared by being shown on CCTV.
The lowest four items were protection of staff and student
(3.01), the presence of CCTV camera mitigates riding in tandem
incident (2.99), monitoring of remote entrances into site/ schools
buildings(2.99) and the lowest weighted mean of 2.92 and with a
verbal interpretation of ―effective‖ was obtained by item number
12, which states that it can record the surveillance from the toilet
entrances to record time of entry for management purposes and to
show who was present at time any violation has taken place.
Visible or hidden CCTV cameras may alert a watchman or
employee to the commission of a crime (Coupe and Kaur, 2005).
This finding is justified by the literature of Clarke and Cornish
(2010) which state that CCTV aims to increase the perceived risk
of capture; a factor which, assuming the offender is behaving in a
rational manner, will demotivate the potential offender.
Table 5 showed the effectiveness of CCTV cameras in crimes
against property. It was identified that the use of CCTV cameras
in crimes against property was useful with a composite mean of
3.40. Its functions on monitoring the incoming and outgoing
individuals from the establishment through the CCTV ranked first
with the weighted mean of 3.71, verbally interpreted as ―highly
useful‖. Second was the installation of CCTV that can serve as a
barrier for the possible offenders with the weighted mean of 3.63

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and third was its ability to lessen the incidences of pulling the fire
alarms of the lobbies with weighted mean of 3.57, both interpreted
as ―highly useful‖ respectively.

Table 5. Usefulness of CCTV Cameras in Crimes Against

Property
Indicators WM VI Rank
1. The CCTV aids in monitoring banks, malls
3.40 Useful 9
or Other establishment.
2. The CCTV guards and secure properties
3.18 Useful 13
against criminal tendencies
3. The presence of CCTV reduces property
3.05 Useful 15
related crime
4. Reduce theft of motor vehicles and some
other forms of acquisitive crimes in areas 3.25 Useful 12
where there are CCTV cameras.
5. Secures the properties where the CCTV is
3.12 Useful 14
Located
6. The CCTV distinguishes the items taken
3.44 Useful 8
by the criminals or thieves
7. The CCTV records the position of the
property and where and how they were 3.35 Useful 10
stolen
8. The installation of CCTV serves as a Highly
3.63 2
barrier for the possible offenders. Useful
9. Monitors the incoming and outgoing
Highly
individuals from the establishment through 3.71 1
Useful
the CCTV.
10. The CCTV prevents theft in board
3.34 Useful 11
daylight.
11. Records the scenes that can help in solving
3.45 Useful 6.5
the reported theft or robbery incident.
12. Protection of the staff, students and
3.47 Useful 5
employee vehicles.
13. Protection of the institutional equipment
from robbery or theft by students or 3.45 Useful 6.5
outsiders.
14. It is the eye for the premises or the places Highly
3.55 4
that cannot be supervise by man. Useful
15. It lessens the incidences of pulling the fire Highly
3.57 3
alarms of the lobbies. Useful
Composite Mean 3.40 Useful
Legend: 3.50 – 4.00 = Highly Useful; 2.50 – 3.49 = Useful; 1.50 – 2.49 = Less Useful;
1.00 – 1.49 = Not Useful

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The last two items ranked the least were its capability to
secure the properties where the CCTV is located; and its presence
reduce property related crime with weighted mean value of 3.12
and 3.05, both verbally interpreted as ―useful‖ respectively.
Commercial establishments had large number of transactions
everyday such as communications and selling. Through the use of
CCTV cameras, they were able to monitor the transaction done
inside their establishments throughout the day. Also, they were
able to monitor any unnecessary incidences inside the
establishments.
There are 70 times more privately owned surveillance
cameras as a new study revealed. It claims that some 2.7 million
CCTV cameras are owned by private businesses and individuals.
The research found out that the reason surrounding the use of
private cameras include the protection of property, crime
detection, and safety.
The presence of CCTV cameras in a place such as streets,
residential areas and commercial establishments serves as
deterrence to crime. People, with the knowledge that a CCTV
camera was installed, refrained themselves from committing such
act for the fear of being caught and punished. Also, it helps the
police officers in the detection and apprehension of suspected
person. CCTV cameras may also encourage people to be more
security conscious. These cameras drive offenders away from
committing offenses that take time, as they run a greater risk of
capture.
The items obtaining last mean score were its usefulness in
guarding and securing properties against criminal tendencies
(3.18), its function to secure properties near CCTV location (3.12)
and its ability to reduce property related crime (3.05) were
interpreted as ―useful‖ respectively. CCTV may record all that it
sees but also limits i8ts views to what is included in its frame.
There may be several types of CCTV but its positioning and type
shall be a primary consideration otherwise the greatness promised
by CCTV may be limited and the user may be left at disadvantage
CCTV system.

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Table 6. Difference of Responses on the Effectiveness of

CCTV Cameras
Effectiveness F-value p-value Interpretation
Effectiveness 0.647 0.586 Not Significant
Preventing Traffic Violation 0.289 0.834 Not Significant
Crimes Against Persons 0.742 0.529 Not Significant
Crimes Against Property 0.234 0.873 Not Significant
Legend: Significant at p-value < 0.05

Based from the result, all computed p-values were all greater
than 0.05 alpha levels, thus the null hypothesis of no significant
difference on the effectiveness of using CCTV is accepted. This
means that there is no significant difference observed and implies
that all groups of respondents have the same view on its
effectiveness.

CONCLUSIONS
CCTV cameras are a highly effective tool in crime prevention.
CCTV is useful in traffic violation, crime against property and
crime against persons. Types of respondent do not affect the
effectiveness of CCTV camera in crime prevention.

RECOMMENDATION
Schools may install CCTV cameras in the entrance and exit
areas for the monitoring of student and employee behaviour and
attendance. The city government specifically the engineering
office may assess a geometrical placement of CCTV on streets
considering its visual clarity or pixel value and amount of
resolution to ensure valuable recorded information for
identification of persons and vehicle involved. The city
government may consider appointing or hiring a qualified
individual to monitor CCTV operation to ensure prompt response
in case of crime or violation detection, file retrieval and minor
trouble shooting. For those interested, especially of private and
commercial establishments, they may seek assistance of
professional people engaged in CCTV operation for appropriate
CCTV types and areas of replacement to ensure effective and
efficient function. Similar studies may be conducted using
different variables. Researchers may consider presenting the paper

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to public, sending copies to several establishments for

dissemination and utilization of results of the study.

REFERENCES

Bennett and Geld Thorpe, 2010, Retrieved May 23, 2015

CCTV, school surveillance and social control by Andrew Hope,
December 6, 2009
Clarke and Cornish 2010, Retrieved September 10, 2015
Coupe, T. and Kaur, S. (2005) 'The Role of Alarms and CCTV in
Detecting Non-residential Burglary', Security Journal, 18 (2):
53-72.
Phillips, G. (2010) A Review of CCTV Evaluation: Crime
Reduction Effects and Attitude towards its Use. Crime
Prevention Studies. Vol.10
Ratcliffe, J. H., Taniguchi, T., & Taylor, R. B. (2009). The crime
reduction effects of public CCTV cameras: a multi‐method
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Sivarajasingam, V., Shepherd, J.P. and Matthews, K. (2003)
'Effect of urban closed circuit television on assault injury and
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Farrington, July 2,
2010,journals.com/cpcs/journal/v6/n2/abs/8140184a.html
Welsh & Farrington, 2009 A Review of CCTV
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evaluations---center-for-problem-oriented, , Retrieved
November 22, 2014

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