Topic 7. Graphs.

Level 3.
Problem GRA3_01.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graphs of: a) y = x 1 / 3 ; b) y = x 1 / 3 + 2 .

Solution:

4 y = x1/3+2

2 y = x1/3

0
-10 -6 -2 2 6 x
-2

-4

a) y = x1 / 3 b) y = x 1 / 3 + 2
dy 1 − 2 / 3 dy 1 − 2 / 3
= x . = x .
dx 3 dx 3
dy dy
is not defined at x = 0 is not defined at x = 0
dx dx
⇒ (0, 0) is a critical point. ⇒ (0,2) is a critical point .
dy dy
→ ∞ as x → 0 → ∞ as x → 0
dx dx
⇒ the tangent line at (0, 0) is vertical. ⇒ the tangent line at (0, 2) is vertical.

Problem GRA3_02.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graphs of: a) y = x (3 + x ) ; b) y = x (3 + x ).

Solution:

y y = x(3+√ x)
20
16 y = 3x
12
8
y = x(3-√ x)
4
0
-4 0 4 8 x
-4
-8
a) y = 3x + x 3 / 2
dy 3
Domain {x : x ≥ 0} = 3 + x1 / 2 , x > 0.
dx 2
dy
→ 3 as x → 0 + ⇒ y = 3x is the tangent
dx
line at the critical point (0, 0).

b) y = 3x − x 3 / 2
dy 3
Domain {x : x ≥ 0} = 3 − x 1 / 2 , x > 0.
dx 2
dy
→ 3 as x → 0 + ⇒ y = 3x is the tangent
dx
line at the critical point (0, 0).

Problem GRA3_03.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graph of y = x 2 − x .

Solution:

2
y = x2-|x|

y = -x 1 y=x

0
-2 -1 0 1 2 x

-1

y = x2 − x
 x 2 − x , x ≥ 0 dy  2 x − 1, x ≥ 0
y= 2 =
 x + x , x < 0 dx  2 x + 1, x < 0
dy dy
→ − 1 as x → 0 + → 1 as x → 0 −
dx dx
dy
⇒ is not defined at x = 0, and (0, 0) is a critical point.
dx

Problem GRA3_04.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graph of y = x + x − 2 .

Solution:
 y
6
y = |x|+|x-2|
4

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x
-2

-4

y = x + x−2
 x, x ≥ 0  x − 2, x ≥ 2
x = , x−2 = 
− x, x < 0  − x + 2, x < 2
Note that,
if x ≥ 2, y = x + x − 2 = 2 x − 2
if 2 > x ≥ 0, y = x − x + 2 = 2
if x < 0, y = − x − x + 2 = − 2 x + 2
 2 x − 2, x ≥ 2  2, x > 2
 dy 
⇒ y =  2, 2 > x ≥ 0 = 0, 0 < x < 2
dx 
 − 2 x + 2, x < 0  − 2, x < 0
dy dy
→ 2 as x → 2 + → 0 as x → 2 −
dx dx
dy
⇒ is not defined at x = 2, and ( 2, 2 ) is a critical point.
dx
dy dy
→ 0 as x → 0 + → − 2 as x → 0 −
dx dx
dy
⇒ is not defined at x = 0, and (0, 2) is a critical point.
dx

Problem GRA3_05.
Use the graph of y = ln x to sketch the graphs of: a) y = ln( − x ) , b) y = − ln x .

Solution:
 y

2 y = -ln(x)
y = ln(-x)

-1 0 1 x

y = ln(x)
-2

a) y = ln x , domain {x : x > 0}.

y = ln( − x ) , domain {x : x < 0}.
The graph of y = ln( − x ) is a reflection of y = ln x in the y-axis.
b) The graph of y = − ln x is a reflection of y = ln x in the x-axis.

Problem GRA3_06.
Use the graph of y = ln x to sketch the graph of y = ln x .

Solution:

y = |ln(x)|
2

0 1 2 3 4 x

y = ln(x)
-2

y = ln x , domain {x : x > 0}.

 ln x, ln x ≥ 0  ln x, x ≥ 1
y = ln x =  ⇒ y = ln x = 
 − ln x, ln x < 0 − ln x, 0 < x < 1
Hence the section of y = ln x which lies below the x-axis is reflected in the x-axis.

Problem GRA3_07.
Use the graph of f ( x) = x 3 − 3 x (an odd function) to sketch (showing critical points) the graph
of y = f (x) . Is this the graph of an even function?

Solution:
 y
y = | f (x)|
6

-√ 3 -1 0 1 √3 x
-2

y = x3-3x -6

Let g ( x ) = x 3 − 3 x ⇒ g (− x ) = (− x ) 3 − 3(− x ) = − ( x 3 − 3 x) = ( x 3 − 3 x) ⇒ g (− x) = g ( x) ⇒ the

graph of y = g (x ) is symmetric in the y-axis.
Those sections of y = x 3 − 3 x which lie below the x-axis are reflected in the x-axis.
 3x − x 3 , x < − 3  3 − 3x 2 , x < − 3
 3 
 x − 3 x, − 3 ≤ x < 0 dy 3x 2 − 3, − 3 < x < 0
y = x − 3x =
3
=
 3x − x 3 , 0 ≤ x < 3 dx  3 − 3 x 2 , 0 < x < 3
 
 x − 3 x, x ≥ 3  3x − 3, x > 3
3 2

dy dy dy
→ 3 as x → 0 + , → −3 as x → 0 − ⇒ is not defined at x = 0 , and (0; 0) is a
dx dx dx
critical point.
dy + dy − dy
→ 6 as x → − 3 , → −6 as x → − 3 ⇒ is not defined at x = − 3 , and
dx dx dx
(− 3; 0) is a critical point.
Hence the symmetric about the y-axis point ( )
3, 0 is also a critical point.

Problem GRA3_08.
Sketch the graph of x − y = 1 .

Solution:
 y

1 |x| − |y| = 1

0
-1 1 x

-1

x − y = 1 ⇒ x = 1+ y
Clearly y ≥ 0 ⇒ domain {x : x ≥ 1} .
dy dy
If x ≥ 1 , then y = x − 1 or y = 1 − x . Hence = 1, x > 1 , or = −1, x > −1 .
dx dx
dy dy
As y → 0 + , x → 1+ ⇒ → 1 , and as y → 0 − , x → 1+ ⇒ → −1 .
dx dx
dy
Hence is not defined at x = 1 , and (1, 0) is a critical point.
dx
The curve is symmetric about x = 0 , since the transformation x → − x leaves the Cartesian
equation of the curve unchanged. Hence, if x ≤ −1 , then y = − x − 1 or y = 1 + x . And hence the
symmetric point (-1, 0) is also critical.

Problem GRA3_09.
Use the graph of y = sin −1 x to sketch the graphs of:
π
a) y = sin −1 x + b) y = sin −1 ( x + 1) .
2

Solution:

y
π y = sin-1x + π/2
π/2
y = sin-1x

-2 -1 0 1 x
-π/2
y = sin-1(x+1)

π π
a) The graph y = sin −1 x + is obtained by translating the graph y = sin −1 x through units
2 2
up.
b) The graph y = sin −1 ( x + 1) is obtained by translating the graph y = sin −1 x through one unit
to the left.

Problem GRA3_10.
Use the graphs of y = x and y = sin x (both odd functions) to sketch the graph of
y = x + sin x . Is this the graph of an odd function?

Solution:

8 y
6
4
y = x+sin(x)
2
-2π -π 0 π 2π
-2 x
y = sin(x)
-4
y = x -6
-8

Let f ( x) = x + sin x ⇒ f (− x ) = − x + sin( − x) = − x − sin x ⇒ f (− x ) = − f ( x ) , i.e., the function

x + sin x is an odd function. The ordinates of the graph y = x + sin x are obtained by summing
the ordinates of the graphs y = x and y = sin x .

Problem GRA3_11.
1 1
Sketch the graph of y = + .
x x2

Solution:

y
5

3 y = 1x + 1
x2
y = 12
x 1
-4 x
-1 0 1 2 3
-1
y = 1x

-3
 1 1
The ordinates of the graph y = + are obtained by summing the ordinates of the graphs
x x2
1 1
y= and y = 2 .
x x

Problem GRA3_12.
1 1
Sketch the graph of y = − .
x x2

Solution:

y
5
y = 1x
3
y = 12
x
1
-4 -3 -2 x
-1 0 1 2 3
-1
y = 1x − 12
x -3

-5
1 1
The ordinates of the graph y =− are obtained by applying the procedure of subtraction of
x x2
1 1
ordinates of the graphs y = and y = 2 .
x x

Problem GRA3_13.
1 −1
Use the graph of y = sin −1 x to sketch the graph of: y = sin x .
2

Solution:

y
π/2 y = sin-1x

y = 1sin-1x
2

-1 0 1 x

-π/2
 1 −1 −1 1
The graph y = sin x is obtained by enlarging the graph y = sin x by a factor in the
2 2
direction parallel to the y-axis.

Problem GRA3_14.
Use the graphs of y = x and y = e − x to sketch the graph of y = xe − x .

Solution:

y
y=x
2
y = exp(-x)

-1 0 1 2 x

y = x.exp(-x)
-2

The graph of y = xe − x is obtained by multiplication of ordinates of y = x and y = e − x .

Features of y = xe − x :
• y = 0 when x = 0 .
• y = xe − x lies below y = x for all real x as xe − x < x for x > 0 and xe − x < x for x < 0 .
• y = xe − x lies below y = e − x for 0 < x < 1 .
1
• As x → +∞, e − x → 0 more quickly than any power of and hence xe − x → 0 .
x
−x
• As x → −∞, xe → −∞ more quickly than e − x .

Problem GRA3_15.
Use the graphs of y = x and y = sin x (both odd functions) to sketch the graph of y = x sin x .
Is this the graph of an even function?

Solution:
 y
y = -x y=x

4 y = x.sin(x)
y = sin(x)

-π 0
-2π π 2π x

-4

The graph of y = x sin x is obtained by multiplication of ordinates of y = x and y = sin x .

Let f ( x ) = x sin x ⇒ f ( − x ) = ( − x ) sin( − x ) = x sin x ⇒ y = x sin x is an even function and hence
its graph has axis symmetry about the y-axis.
For x ≥ 0 , − x ≤ x sin x ≤ x and hence the graph y = x sin x lies between the lines y = ± x ,
touching these lines when sin x = ±1 .

Problem GRA3_16.
ln x
Sketch the graph of y = 2
.
x

Solution:

y 1
y= 2 y = ln(x)
1 x

0 1 2 3 4 5 x
ln(x)
y= 2
x

-1

ln x 1
The graph y = 2
is obtained by multiplication of ordinates y = ln x and y = 2
.
x x
Features:
• Domain { x : x > 0}
• y = 0 when x = 1
ln x 1
• y= 2
lies above y = 2
only for x > e (where ln x > 1 ).
x x
ln x
• As x → +∞, x 2 → +∞ more quickly than ln x and hence 2
→ 0+.
x
Problem GRA3_17.
Use the graph of f ( x ) = x 3 − 3 x (an odd function) to sketch the graph of
1
y = . Is this the graph of an odd function?
f (x)

Solution:

y x = √3
4
x = -√3 y = x3-3x
2
y=1

0
y = -1 -3 -1 1 3 x

-2
y = 1/(x3-3x)

-4

1 1 −1 −1 1
= = = ⇒y= 3 is an odd function.
f (−x ) ( − x ) − 3( − x )
3
x − 3x
3
f (x) x − 3x
Features:
1
• f ( x ), have the same sign.
f ( x)
• f ( x ) = 0 when x = ± 3 or x = 0 ⇒ the lines x = − 3 , x = + 3 and x = 0 are the vertical
1
asymptotes of y = .
f (x)
1
• As x → ∞, f ( x ) → ∞ ⇒ → 0.
f ( x)
• ( −1, 2 ) and (1, − 2 ) are maximum and minimum turning points of y = f ( x ) respectively
1 1 1
⇒ ( −1, ) and (1, − ) are minimum and maximum turning points of y = respectively.
2 2 f (x)

Problem GRA3_18.
x −2 x −2
2 2
1
Show that 2 =1− 2 . Hence sketch the graph of y = 2 .
x −1 x −1 x −1

Solution:
 y
6
x = -1 x=1
4 2
y = x -2
y=1 2 x2-1

-3 -1 0 1 x

-2
2
y = 1-x -4

x −2 ( x − 1) − 1
2 2
1
= =1−
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 2 2

1
The graph y = − has been translated one unit upward. y = 1 is an asymptote of
x −1
2

x −2
2
1 1
y = as x → ∞ . The graph y = − is a reflection in the x-axis of y = .
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 2 2

1
The graph y = is a reciprocal of y = x 2 − 1 .
x −1
2

1
Consider the graphs y = f ( x ) and y = , where f ( x ) = x 2 − 1 .
f ( x)
Features:
1
• f ( x ), have the same sign.
f ( x)
1
• f ( x ) = 0 when x = ±1 ⇒ the lines x = −1 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes of y = .
f (x)
1
• As x → ∞, f ( x ) → +∞ ⇒ → 0+ .
f (x)
• Minimum turning point of y = f ( x ) is ( 0 , − 1) ⇒ maximum turning point of
1
y = is ( 0 , − 1) .
f (x)

Problem GRA3_19.
2
x x
Sketch the graphs of a) y = , b) y = .
x −1 x −1
2 2

Solution:
x 1
a) The graph y = is obtained by multiplication of ordinates y = and y = x .
x −1 x −1
2 2
 y y
5 y= 1 5 y= x
y = x2-1 x2-1 x2-1

2 2

-4 0 2 x -4 0 2 x
-2 4 -2 4
-2 y=x -2

x = -1 -5 x=1 x = -1 -5 x=1

1
Features of the graph y =
x −1
2

1
The graph y = is a reciprocal of y = x 2 − 1 :
x −1
2

1
• y = x 2 − 1 and y = have the same sign
x −1
2

• x − 1 = 0 when x = ±1 ⇒ the lines x = −1 and x = 1 correspond to vertical asymptotes of

2

1
y = 2
x −1
1
• As x → ∞, x 2 − 1 → +∞ ⇒ 2 → 0+ .
x −1
• Minimum turning point of y = x 2 − 1 (0, -1) ⇒ maximum turning point
1
of y = is (0, -1).
x −1
2

x
Features of the graph y = :
x −1
2

• y = 0 when x = 0
x
• As x → ∞ , y = → 0 ⇒ the line x = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
x −1
2

1 1
b) Hence the graph y = 1 + is obtained from the graph y = by translating one unite
x −1 x −1
2 2

upward.

Problem GRA3_20.
−x
e −e
x

Sketch the graph of y = −x

.
e +e
x

Solution:
 y

y = exp(x) + exp(-x) 6
4
2 y = [exp(x) − exp(-x)]
[exp(x) + exp(-x)]
0
-3 -1 1 3 x
-2
-4
y = exp(x) − exp(-x) -6
-8

The graph of y = e x − e − x is obtained by subtraction of ordinates of the graphs y = e x and

−x
y =e .
The graph of y = e x + e − x is obtained by summing the ordinates of the graphs y = e x and
−x
y =e .
−x
e −e
x

The graph of y = −x
is obtained by division of ordinates of the graphs y = e x − e − x and
e +e
x

−x
y =e +e
x
.
−x
e −e
x

Features of y = −x
:
e +e
x

• y = 0 when x = 0
−x −x
e −e
x
− e +x e
• Let f ( x ) = −x
, then f ( − x ) =
−x +x
= − f ( x ) ⇒ the graph y = f ( x ) is the graph of
e +e e +e
x

an odd function and hence it is symmetric about origin.

−x −2 x
e −e 1−e
x

• As x → +∞ , y = x −x
= −2 x
→ 1 ⇒ the line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote of
e +e 1+e
−x
e −e
x

y = x −x
.
e +e

Problem GRA3_21.
cos x − sin x
Sketch the graph of y = .
cos x + sin x

Solution:
π  ππ  π
cos cos x − sin  sin x cos  x +
cos  x + 
cos x − sin x 4 4  4  4
y = = = ⇒y= ..
cos x + sin x π π  π  π
cos cos x + sin sin x cos  x −  cos  x − 
4 4  4  4
 π π
The graph y = cos  x +  is obtained by translating the graph y = cos x through units to the
 4 4
left.
  π π
The graph y = cos  x −  is obtained by translating the graph y = cos x through units to the
 4 4
right.
 π
cos  x + 
 4  π
The graph y = is obtained by division of ordinates of the graphs y = cos  x + 
 π  4
cos  x − 
 4
 π
and y = cos  x −  .
 4

y
√2
1
y = cos(x +π/4) y = cos(x)
-3π π
2 0 2 x
-5π -π 3π 5π
2 2 2 2
-1
-√2

y
√2
1
y = cos(x −π/4)
-5π -π 3π y = cos(x)
2 2 2 x
0
-3π π 5π
2 2 2
-1
-√2
 y

y = cos(x)−sin(x)
cos(x)+sin(x)

x
-7π -3π π 5π
4 4 4 4

 π
cos  x +

Features of the graph y =  4
:
 π
cos  x − 
 4
 π π
• y = 0 when cos  x +  = 0 , i.e., x = + πn , n integral.
 4 4
 π 3π
• cos  x −  = 0 , as x = + πn , n integral
 4 4
 π
cos  x + 
3π  4 3π
⇒ as x → + πn , y = → ∞ , and hence the lines x = + πn , n integral, are the
4  π 4
cos  x − 
 4
vertical asymptotes.

Problem GRA3_22.
(
Use the graph of y = x 2 − 1 to sketch the graph of y = x 2 − 1 . )
2

Solution:

1.5 2
y = (x2-1)

1
0.5

0 x
-1 1
-0.5
y = x2-1
-1
f (x) = x −1 f '(x) = 2 x
2

Sign of f ' ( x )

− 0 +

0 x

(0,-1)

dy dy
y = [ f ( x)] = 2 f ( x) f ' ( x) = 4 x ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2

dx dx
dy
Sign of
dx

− 0 + 0 − 0 +

-1 0 1 x

(-1,0) (0,1) (1,0)

Problem GRA3_23.
Use the graph of y = cos x to sketch the graph of y = (cos x ) .
2

Solution:

y y = cos2(x)
1

-2π -π 0 π 2π x

y = cos(x)
-1

f ( x ) = cos x f ' ( x ) = − sin x

Critical points are n π, n - integral
Sign of f ' ( x )

0 − 0 + 0 − 0 + 0

-2π -π 0 π 2π x

(-π,-1) (0,1) (π,-1)

 dy dy
y = [ f ( x)] = 2 f ( x) f ' ( x) = −2 cos x sin x = − sin 2 x
2

dx dx
π
Critical points are n , n - integral
2
dy
Sign of
dx

− 0 + 0 − 0 +
-π -π/2 0 π/2 π x

(-π/2,0) (0,1) (π/2,0)

Problem GRA3_24.
3
x
3
 x 
3

Use the graph of y = 3 x − to sketch the graph of. y =  3 x − 

4  4 

Solution:

64 y

48 3
y= (3x- x )3
4
32

16
-4 -2 00 2 4 x
-2√3 2√3 3
-16 y= 3x- x
4
-32

-48

-64

3
x 3
f ( x) = 3 x − f '(x) = 3 −
2
x
4 4
Sign of f ' ( x )

− 0 + 0 −

-2 2 x

(-2,-4) (2,4)
 3
dy dy x 3
y = [ f ( x )] = 3[ f ( x ) ] f ' ( x ) = 3( 3 x − ) (3 −
3 2 2 2
x )
dx dx 4 4
dy 9
= x ( 2 3 − x ) ( 2 3 + x ) ( 2 − x )( 2 + x )
2 2 2

dx 64
dy
Sign of
dx

−0 − 0 + 0 + 0 − 0 −

-2√3 -2 0 2 2√3 x

(-2√3,0) (-2,64) (0,0) (2,64) (2√3,0)

Problem GRA3_25.
Use the graph of y = 4 sin x to sketch the graph of y = (4 sin x ) .
3

Solution:

y
64 y = (4sin(x))3

y = 4sin(x) 32

0
-2π -π -π π π 2π x
2 2

-64

f ( x ) = 4 sin x f ' ( x ) = 4 cos x

π
Critical points are + n π, n - integral
2
Sign of f ' ( x )

0 − 0 + 0 − 0

... -3π -π π 3π ... x

2 2 2 2

(-π/2,−4) (π/2,4)
 dy dy
y = [ f ( x)] = 3[ f ( x ) ] f ' ( x ) = 3(4 sin x ) (4 cos x ) = 96 sin x sin 2 x
3 2 2

dx dx
π
Critical points are n , n - integral
2
dy
Sign of
dx

0 − 0 + 0 + 0 − 0 x

... -π -π 0 π π ...
2 2

(-π/2,-64) (0,0) (π/2,64)

Problem GRA3_26.
3
x
For the function f ( x ) = 3 x − use the graph of y = f ( x ) to sketch the graphs of
4
a) y = f ( x ) , b) y = f ( x ) .
2

Solution:
a)
y 4 x3
y = 3x -
4

x3
2 y = √(3x - )
4
-4 -2 0 2 4
x
-2

-4

Features:
• y = f ( x ) is defined only where f ( x ) ≥ 0 .
dy f ′( x )
• f ( x ) = 0 where x = ±2 3 or x = 0 ⇒ = is not defined at
dx 2 f ( x)
x = ±2 3 and x = 0 ⇒ ( ±2 3 ,0 ) and ( 0 ,0 ) are critical points.
3 4−x
2
dy −
• = → ∞ as x → ±2 3 or x → 0 + ⇒ the tangent lines at ( 2 ,0
dx 8 f (x)

y = f ( x ) ⇒ (2,2) is a maximum turning point of

y = f ( x) .
• y= f ( x ) lies below y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) > 1 .
y = f ( x ) lies above y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) < 1 .
y = f ( x ) , y = f ( x ) intersect where f ( x ) = 1 or f ( x ) = 0 .
b)
y 4 x3
y = 3x -
4

x3
2 y2 = 3x -
4

-4 -2 0 2 4
x
-2

-4

y = f ( x ) ⇒ y = f ( x ) ⇒ ( − y ) = f ( x ) . Hence the graph y = f ( x ) is

2 2 2

obtained by reflecting y = f ( x ) in the x-axis.

The graph y = f ( x ) has vertical tangent lines at the critical points ( ±2 3 ,0 ) and (0,0).
2

Problem GRA3_27.
For the function f ( x ) = 4 sin x use the graph y = f ( x ) to sketch the graphs of
a) y = f ( x ) , b) y = f ( x ) .
2

Solution:
a)
y
4

2 y = √(4sin(x))

0
-2π -π π 2π x
-2

y = 4sin(x)
-4

Features:
• y = f ( x ) is defined only where f ( x ) ≥ 0 .
dy f ′( x )
• f ( x ) = 0 where x = n π , n integral ⇒ = is not defined at x = n π , n integral
dx 2 f (x)
⇒ ( n π, 0 ) , n integral, are critical points.
 dy 2 cos x
• = → ∞ as x → ( 2 πn ) + , n integral, or x → (n π) − , n odd ⇒ the tangent lines at
dx f ( x)
( n π,0 ) , n integral, are vertical.
π  π 
•  + 2 πn , 4  , n integral, are maximum turning of y = f ( x ) ⇒  + 2 πn , 2  , n integral, are
2  2 
maximum turning points of y = f ( x ) .
• y= f ( x ) lies below y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) < 1 .
y = f ( x ) lies above y = f ( x ) where f ( x ) > 1 .
y = f ( x ) , y = f ( x ) intersect where f ( x ) = 1 or f ( x ) = 0 .
b)
y
4

2 y2 = 4sin(x)

0
-2π -π π 2π x
-2

y = 4sin(x)
-4

y = f ( x ) ⇒ y = f ( x ) ⇒ ( − y ) = f ( x ) . Hence the graph y = f ( x ) is obtained by reflecting

2 2 2

y = f ( x ) in the x-axis. The graph y = f ( x ) has vertical tangent lines at the critical points
2

( πn , 0 ) , n integral.

Problem GRA3_28.
Use the graphs of y = ln u and u = sin x ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) to sketch the graph of
y = ln(sin x ) ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) .

Solution:

y u
y x=π
2 1
y = ln(u)
1 x
0
π 2π
0
1 2 3 u
-1 -1 u = sin(x)

-2 y = ln(sin(x))
-2
Features of the graph y = ln(sin x ) :
• y = ln u is defined where u = sin x > 0 ⇒ domain { x : 0 < x < π} .
• Vertical asymptote of y = ln u at u = 0 .
But u = sin x and sin x = 0 at x = 0 or x = π ⇒ x = 0 and x = π are vertical asymptotes
of y = ln(sin x ) .
• u = sin x ≤ 1 ⇒ y = ln u ≤ 0 .
• y = ln u is an increasing function ⇒ y = ln(sin x ) increases as sin x increases and decreases as
sin x decreases.
π
• The maximum turning point ( , 1) of u = sin x corresponds to the maximum turning point
2
π
( , 0 ) of y = ln(sin x ) .
2

Problem GRA3_29.
Use the graphs of y = 2 u and u = cos x ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) to sketch the graph of
y =2 ( 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π) .
cos x

Solution:

y
y u
3
2
2.5 y = 2u y = 2cos(x)
2 1
1.5
x
1 0
π 2π
0.5
-1 u = cos(x)
-2 0 2 u

Features of the graph y = 2 cos x :

• y = 2 cos x , domain { x : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π} .
• y = 2 x is an increasing function ⇒ y = 2 cos x increases as cos x increases and decreases as
cos x decreases.
• ( π, − 1) is a minimum turning point of u = cos x ⇒ ( π, 2 −1 ) is a minimum turning point of
y =2
cos x
.
• ( 0 , 1) and ( 2 π, 1) are maximum turning points of u = cos x ⇒ ( 0 , 2 ) and ( 2 π, 2 ) are
maximum turning points of y = 2 cos x .

Problem GRA3_30.
Use the graphs of y = ln u and u = x 2 − 3 (an even function) to sketch the graph of
y = ln( x − 3 ) .
2
Solution:

y u
y
2 6 u = x2-3
y = ln(u)
1 4

0 2 y = ln(x2-3)
1 2 3 u
-1 -3 -1 0 1 3 x

-2 -2
x = -√3 x = √3
-4

Features of the graph y = ln( x 2 − 3 ) :

• y = ln( x 2 − 3 ) is defined where u = x 2 − 3 > 0 .
• ln( (− x ) − 3) = ln( x 2 − 3 ) ⇒ the graph y = ln( x 2 − 3) is the graph of an even function.
2

• Vertical asymptote of y = ln u at u = 0 .
But u = x 2 - 3 and x 2 − 3 = 0 at x = ± 3 ⇒ x = − 3 and x = 3 are vertical asymptotes of
y = ln( x − 3 ) .
2

• y = ln u is an increasing function ⇒ y = ln( x 2 − 3 ) increases as x 2 − 3 increases and

decreases as x 2 − 3 decreases.

Problem GRA3_31.
Sketch (showing critical points) the graph of x 2 − 4 y 2 = 4 .

Solution:

y
y = 1x
2 2

1
x2-4y2 = 4

-4 -2 2 4 x
-1

-2
y = -1x
2

x − 4 y = 4 . Clearly x , y ≥ 0 ⇒ domain { x : x ≥ 2} . Take the derivative of both sides with

2 2 2 2

respect to x. Consider y as a function of x and use the chain rule. Then we have
dy dy 1x
2x −8y =0⇒ =   .
dx dx 4y
 dy
As y → 0 , x → ±2 ⇒ → ∞ and the curve has vertical tangent at the critical points (-2,0) and
dx
(2,0).
dy
As x = 0 , y = ±1 ⇒ = 0 and the curve has horizontal tangent at (0,-1) and (0,1).
dx
Clearly the curve is symmetric about the lines y = 0 and x = 0 as the transformation
y → − y and x → − x leave the Cartesian equation of the curve unchanged.
1
x  4  2
x −4y = 4 ⇒ y = ± 1 − 2  . By expansion for the large values of x we have
2 2

2  x 
x  2  x 1
y =± 1 − 2 + ...  ⇒ y = ± + 0   . Hence the curve has an oblique asymptotes
2  x  2 x
x
y = ± as x → ±∞ .
2

Problem GRA3_32.
Sketch (showing critical points and stationary points) the graph of x 3 + y 3 = 1 .

Solution:

y = -x y

1 x3+y3 = 1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 x
-1

-2

-3

x + y = 1 . Take the derivative of both sides with respect to x. Consider y as a function of x and
3 3

2
x dy dy
use the chain rule. Then we have 3 x + 3 y =0⇒ = −  .
2 2

dx dx y
dy
As y → 0 , x → 1 ⇒ → −∞ and the curve has a vertical tangent at (1,0).
dx
dy
As x = 0 , y = 1 ⇒ = 0 and the curve has a horizontal tangent at (0,1),
dx
Clearly the curve is symmetric about y = x , since the transformation y ↔ x leaves the
Cartesian equation of the curve unchanged.
1
 1  3
x + y = 1 ⇒ y = − x 1 − 3  . By expansion for the large values of x we have
3 3

 x 
  1  1
y = − x 1 − + ...  ⇒ y = − x + 0   . Hence the curve has an oblique asymptote
  x
3
3x
y = − x as x → ±∞ .

Problem GRA3_33.
Sketch (showing critical points and stationary points) the graph of x 2 + y 2 + xy = 3 .

Solution:

2x+y = 0
y
2
√3 x2+y2+xy = 3
1
-√3 √3
-2 0 2 x
-1 x+2y = 0
-√3
-2

x + y + xy = 3 . Take the derivative of both sides with respect to x. Consider y as a function of

2 2

x and use the chain and product rules. Then we have

dy dy dy dy  2x + y 
2x + 2 y +y+x = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2 y) = −( 2 x + y ) ⇒ = −  . Substituting of
dx dx dx dx  x +2y 
x = −2 y in the equation of the curve gives x + 2 y = 0 ⇒
4y + y −2y = 3 ⇒ y =1.
2 2 2 2

 y = −1  y =1
Hence  or  .
x=2  x = −2
dy
In either case, 2 x + y ≠ 0 . Hence as x + 2 y → 0 , → ∞ and the curve has vertical tangents at
dx
(2, -1) and (-2,1).
Similarly, 2 x + y = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 1 .
 x = −1  x =1
Hence  or  .
y =2  y = −2
dy
In either case, x + 2 y ≠ 0 . Hence 2 x + y = 0 ⇒ = 0 and the curve has horizontal tangents at
dx
(-1,2) or (1,-2).
Clearly the curve is symmetric about y = x and y = − x , since the transformation
y ↔ x and y ↔ x leave the Cartesian equation of the curve unchanged.

Problem GRA3_34.
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve xy ( x + y ) + 16 = 0 at the point on the curve where
the gradient is –1.
Answer: y + x + 4 = 0 .

Solution:
x y + xy + 16 = 0
2 2

Consider y as a function of x and take the derivative of both sides with respect to x using the
chain and product rules:
dy dy
2 xy + x + y 2 + 2 xy
=0
2

dx dx
dy
( x + 2 xy ) = −( y 2 + 2 xy )
2

dx
dy
= −1 ⇒ − ( x 2 + 2 xy ) = −( y 2 + 2 xy )
dx
⇒ x 2 = y 2 ⇒ y = x or y = − x .
Substitution of y = x in the equation of the curve gives
x x + xx + 16 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −16 ⇒ x = −2 and hence y = −2 .
2 2 3

Substitution of y = − x in the equation of the curve gives

x ( − x ) + x ( − x ) + 16 = 0 ⇒ 16 = 0 .
2 2

Hence the tangent touches the curve at the point ( x 0 , y 0 ) = ( −2 , 2 ) where the gradient k = −1 . So
the equation of the tangent is y − y 0 = k ( x − x 0 ) ⇒ y + 2 = −( x + 2 ) ⇒ y + x + 4 = 0 .

Problem GRA3_35.
x +1 x +1
2 2

Sketch the graph of y = . Use this graph to solve the inequality < 1.
x −1 x −1
2 2

Answer: { x : − 1 < x < 1} .

Solution:

x = -1 x=1
y
2 2
y=x -1 10 y = x +1
2 2 x2-1
5 y=1

-4 -2 2 4 x

-5

-10

x +1 x −1 + 2
2 2
2
= =1+
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 2 2
 2
The graph y = has been translated one unit upward. y = 1 is asymptote as x → ∞ . The
x −1
2

2
2 1 x 1
graph y = = is a reciprocal of y = − .
x −1
2 2
x 1 2 2
−
2 2
2
1 x 1
Consider the graph y = f ( x ) and y = , where f ( x ) = − .
f ( x) 2 2
Features:
1
• y = f ( x ), y = have the same sign.
f (x)
1
• f ( x ) = 0 when x = ±1 ⇒ the lines x = −1 and x = 1 are vertical asymptotes of y = .
f (x)
1
• As x → ∞, f ( x ) → +∞ ⇒ → 0+ .
f (x)
 1 1
• Minimum turning point of y = f ( x ) is  0 , −  ⇒ maximum turning point of y = is
 2 f (x)
(0, − 2 ) .
x +1
2

By inspection of the graph, < 1 for − 1 < x < 1 .

x −1
2

Problem GRA3_36.
Sketch the graph of y = sin 2 x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π . Use this graph to solve the inequalities a)
1 1
sin 2 x ≥ , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ; b) sin 2 x ≥ , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π .
2 2

π 5 π 13 π 17 π
Answer: a) , ≤x≤ ≤x≤ ;
12 12 12 12
π 5 π 13 π 17 π 7 π 11 π 19 π 23 π
b) ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ .
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Solution:
 ( π , 1)
12 2 (13π, 1)
y 12 2
5 π 1
(17π, 1)
1 ( , )
12 2
12 2
y = 1/2
0.5
y = sin(2x)
0 π 2π x
y = -1/2
-0.5
(23π, -1)
12 2
-1
( 11 π 1
, - )( 19 π 1
,- )
12 2 12 2
(7π, -1)
12 2

1 1
a) sin 2 x = ⇔ 2 x = ( −1) n sin −1 + πn , n integral
2 2
π n
⇒ x = ( −1) n + π, n = 0 ,1, 2 ,... ( x ≥ 0 ) .
12 2
π 5 13 17
But 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ⇒ there are exactly four values of x, namely , π, π, π.
12 12 12 12
1 π 5π 13 π 17 π
By inspection of the graph, sin 2 x ≥ for ≤x≤ or ≤x≤ .
2 12 12 12 12
1 1 1
b) sin 2 x ≥ ⇔ sin 2 x ≥ or sin 2 x ≤ −
2 2 2
1 −1  1
sin 2 x = − ⇔ 2 x = ( −1) sin  −  + πn , n integral
n

2  2
π n
⇒ x = ( −1) n +1 + π, n = 1, 2 ,... ( x ≥ 0 ) .
12 2
7 11 19 23
But 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ⇒ there are exactly four values of x, namely π, π, π, π.
12 12 12 12
1
The equation sin 2 x = was solved in a).
2
1
By inspection of the graph, sin 2 x ≥ for
2
π 5 π 13 π 17 π 7 π 11 π 19 π 23 π
≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ , ≤x≤ .
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Problem GRA3_37.
9 18
Sketch the graph of f ( x ) = 1 − 2
+ 4
. Use this graph to find the set of values of the real
x x
number k such that the equation f ( x ) = k has four real distinct roots.

1
Answer: − < k <1.
8
Solution:

y
2 4
y = 1− 9/x + 18/x
1.5
y=1

0.5
-2 2
0 x
(-2,-1/8) (2,-1/8)
-0.5

9 18
y =1− 2
+ 4
x x
Domain { x : x ≠ 0}
dy 18 72
= 3
− 5
dx x x
dy
Sign of
dx
− 0 + − 0 +

-2 0 2 x

(-2,-1/8) (2,1/8)

As x → 0 , y → +∞ ⇒ the line x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.

As x → ∞, y → 1 − ⇒ the line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
Real solution of the equation f ( x ) = k are given by x-values where y = f ( x ) and y = k
intersect. Hence the equation has four real distinct roots for the following set of k
1
{k : − < k < 1} .
8

Problem GRA3_38.
Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = e x which passes through the origin. Hence
find the values of the real number k for which the equation e x = kx has exactly two real
solutions.

Answer: e , k > e .

Solution:
 y
5
y = e. x
3
(1,e)
y = exp(x) 1

-2 -1 0 1 2 x

-3

-5
y = k.x, k > e

Let the gradient of the tangent from the origin to the curve be equal to a. Then
x ′
( )
a = e , i.e., a = e . In addition at the point (x, y) where the tangent touch the curve y = e
x x

and simultaneously y = ax . Hence we have the simultaneous equations:

a = e x  a = ex  a =ex a = e
   
 y = e ⇔ ax = e ⇔  xe = e ⇔  x = 1
x x x x

 y = ax  y = ax  y = ax  y = e
  
Real solutions of the equation e x = kx are given by x-values where y = e x and y = kx intersect.
Hence the equation has two real distinct roots for the following set of k { k : k > e} .

Problem GRA3_39.
The chord AB of a circle of radius r subtends an angle of 2 θ radians at the centre O. The
perimeter of the minor segment AB is k times the perimeter of the triangle OAB. Show that
1
k + (k − 1) sin θ = θ . Use a graphical method to obtain an estimate of θ in the case when k = .
2

Answer: 0.34.

Solution:

A B

2θ r

The perimeter of the triangle OAB is 2 r + 2 r sin θ . The perimeter of the minor segment
2 r sin θ + 2 θr .
Hence 2 r sin θ + 2 θr = k ( 2 r + 2 r sin θ)
sin θ + θ = k (1 + sin θ)
k + (k − 1) sin θ = θ
1 1 1
If k = , then − sin θ = θ
2 2 2
⇒ sin θ = 1 − 2 θ .
Clearly solution of the equation sin θ = 1 − 2 θ are given by θ -values where y = sin θ and
y = 1 − 2 θ intersect.
π
Note that 0 < 2 θ < π ⇒ 0 < θ < .
2

y
2
1.5 θ ≈ 0.34
1
y = sin(θ)
0.5
π
0
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 θ
-1
-1.5
-2 y = 1−2 θ

By inspection of the graph θ ≈ 0 .34 .

Problem GRA3_40.
A taut belt passes round two circular pulleys of radius 6 cm and 2 cm respectively. The straight
portions of the belt are common tangents to the two pulleys and are inclined to each other at an
π 11
angle of 2 θ radians. The total length of the belt is 44 cm. Show that + θ + cot θ = and
2 4
hence use a graphical method to obtain an estimate of θ .

Answer: θ ≈ 2 .48

Solution:

A’
6 cm 2 cm
O
2θ P

B’
B

Consider the rectangular triangle OAP. ∠OPA = θ ⇒ AP = 6 cot θ . Analogously BP = 6 cot θ .

In the quadrilateral OAPB the sum of angles is ∠AOB + π + 2 θ = 2 π
⇒ 2 π − ∠AOB = π + 2 θ .
Hence the length of the larger are AB is 6 ( π + 2 θ) .
So the length of the belt from the point P to the circular pulley of radius 6 cm and round it is
2 ⋅ 6 cot θ + 6 ( π + 2 θ) = 12 cot θ + 6 π + 12 θ . The figure P A ′B ′ is similar to PAB ⇒ the length of
2
the second part of the belt is of the first part.
6
1
Hence the belt has the length (12 cot θ + 6 π + 12 θ)(1 + ) = 44
3
π 11 11 π
cot θ + +θ= . Clearly solutions of the equations cot θ = − − θ are given by θ -values
2 4 4 2
11 π
where y = cot θ and y = − − θ intersect. Note that 0 < θ < π .
4 2

4 y x=π

y = cot(θ)
2

π/2 2
0
1 3 4 θ

-2
θ ≈ 2.48
y = 11/4 − π/2 − θ
-4

By inspection of the graph θ ≈ 2 .48 .