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Advanced Fluid Mechanics

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Sh if University
Sharif U i it off Technology
T h l
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Prof. Davoud Rashtchiyan
Designed by:
F Bayati,
F. Bayati T.
T Hamzeloueian , A A. Noorjahan
E. Vafa, H. Taghdisian
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uid Meechaniccs

PROBLEMS
ced Flu
Advanc
A

Sharif University of Technology

Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ‪(1‬در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺗﻮرﺑﻮﻟﻨﺖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮم ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ‪ 75‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻮت ﻣﻜﻌﺐ در داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪاي ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻚ اﻳﻨﭻ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ اﻓﺖ ﻓﺸﺎر در ﻃﻮﻟﻲ از ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﺪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻗﻄﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﺎوي ‪ 0.1 psi‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ از راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪uid Meechaniccs‬‬

‫‪U + = ln‬‬ ‫‪l y+ + c‬‬

‫‪k‬‬
‫‪c = 5.67 k = 0.407‬‬

‫اﻟﻒ – ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻴﺪ راﺑﻄﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ U‬و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ‪ U max‬ﺻﺎدق اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪U‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪ced Flu‬‬

‫‪U max‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬

‫‪1+‬‬
‫‪2k‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ب – دﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎن در داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ را ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورﻳﺪ )ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮض ﻛﻪ ‪.( u max = 2.5‬‬
‫‪Advanc‬‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪ln η = η ln η − η‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪η2‬‬ ‫‪η2‬‬
‫‪∫η‬‬ ‫= ‪ln η‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ln η −‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪Sharif University of Technology‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department‬‬

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1
U+ = ln y + + c
k
uid Meechaniccs

U 1 yU ∗
= ln +c
∗ k ν
U

U max 1 roU ∗
= ln +c
∗ ν
ced Flu

U k

U max − U 1 y
= − ln
Advanc

∗
U k ro
r0

∫
U max − U 1 ⎛ U max − U ⎞
A

= ⎜⎜ ⎟2π rdr
U∗ πro2 ⎝ U ∗
⎠
0

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P1 − P2 LU2
hf = =4f
ρ d 2gc
uid Meechaniccs

1 1
⎡⎛ P1 − P2 ⎞⎛ d ⎞⎛ g c ⎞⎤
2
⎡⎛ 0.1 * 144 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 32.174 ⎞⎤ 2
f U = ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ = ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0.18
⎣⎝ ρ ⎠⎝ L ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎣⎝ 75 ⎠⎝ 100 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

3 f U =U
U +
2k
2k 2 max
ced Flu

ft
U + (0.18)(2.61) = 2.5 ⇒ U = 2.04
Advanc

⎛ πd 2 ⎞
m = ρU ⎜⎜ = 0.834 lb s
A

⎝ 4 ⎠

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In a countercurrent gas-liquid contactor

the maximum gas throughput is limited
uid Meechaniccs

by flooding. To investigate this,

experiments were carried out in a wetted
wall column apparatus. Measurement of
liquid
q holdupp and ppressure ggradient were
recorded. Show that the pressure
gradient at flooding point is given by:
ced Flu

dp 2 ρgH H
= where << 1.0
dx 3 Ag c 2A
Advanc
A

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7 Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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H 2πRδ δ
= = << 1.0
2 A 2πR 2 R
uid Meechaniccs

H
Hence rectangular
t l coordinates
di t may be
b used.
d

∂ 2u g ⎛ ∂p ⎞ δ
υ = −g + c ⎜ << 1.0
∂y ρ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ R

⎧@ y = 0 → u = 0
⎪
B.C.⎨ ∂u x
ced Flu

⎪ @ y = δ → τ g = µ
∂y
i c
⎩
⎧ ∂u ⎡ g c ⎛ ∂p ⎞⎤
⎪ν = ⎢ − g + ⎜− ⎥ y + c1
Advanc

⎪ ∂y ⎣ ρ ⎝ ∂ x ⎠⎦
integrating ⎨
⎪ν u = ⎡− g + g c ⎛ ∂p ⎞⎤ y 2 + c y + c
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥ 1 2
⎩ ⎣ ρ ⎝ ∂
∂xx ⎠ ⎦
A

Applying B.C.1 ⇒ c2 = 0

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Applying B.C.2 with force balance in gas:

uid Meechaniccs

(− τ i )2π R .dx = [Px + dx − Px ]π R 2

R ⎛ dp ⎞
τi = ⎜− ⎟
2 ⎝ dx ⎠
τ i gc ∂u g R ⎛ dp ⎞
=ν x = c ⎜− ⎟
ρ ∂y 2 ρ ⎝ dx ⎠
ced Flu

g R ⎛ dp ⎞ ⎡ g ⎛ ∂P ⎞⎤
c1 = c ⎜ − ⎟ − ⎢− g + c ⎜ ⎟⎥δ
2 ρ ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎣ ρ ⎝ ∂x ⎠⎦
Advanc

Hence

⎡ g c ⎛ dP ⎞⎤ ⎡ y 2 ⎤ g R ⎛ dp ⎞
A

ν .u = ⎢− g + ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎢ − yδ ⎥ + c ⎜ − ⎟ y
⎣ ρ ⎝ dx ⎠⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 ρ ⎝ dx ⎠

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Averaging over δ :

⎧ ⎡δ ⎤ δ ⎫
⎛ ⎞
∫ ∫
2
1 ⎪⎡ g c ⎛ dP ⎞⎤ ⎢ ⎜ y ⎥ g R ⎛ dp ⎞ ⎪
ν .u = ⎨⎢− g + ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎢ ⎜ − yδ ⎟dy ⎥ + c ⎜ − ⎟ ydy ⎬
δ ⎪⎣ ρ ⎝ dx ⎠⎦ ⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥ 2 ρ ⎝ dx ⎠
uid Meechaniccs

⎪
⎩ ⎣ 0 ⎦ 0 ⎭
1 ⎧⎪⎡ g c ⎛ dP ⎞⎤⎛⎜ δ 3 ⎞⎟ g c ⎛ dp ⎞ 2 ⎫⎪
ν .u = ⎨⎢− g + ⎜ ⎥ − + ⎜− Rδ ⎬
δ ⎪⎩⎣ ρ ⎝ dx ⎜
d ⎠⎦⎝ 3 ⎠ 4 ρ ⎝ dx d ⎠ ⎪⎭

g c ⎛ dp
p⎞ 2 g c ⎛ dP ⎞⎛ δ 3 ⎞
N
Now Rδ >> δ ⇒
2
⎜
3
Rδ >> ⎜ ⎜⎜
ced Flu

4 ρ ⎝ dx ⎠ ρ ⎝ dx ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠

δ2g ⎛ dpd ⎞
Advanc

Hence ν .u = g + c ⎜ − ⎟ Rδ
3 4 ρ ⎝ dx ⎠

At flooding:
fl di : u =0
A

δ2 g c ⎛ dp ⎞ dp 2 ρgH
Hence g = ⎜ Rδ ⇒ =
3 4 ρ ⎝ dx
d ⎠ dx 3 Ag
d A c
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In pumping a high viscosity oil through a pipe,

pipe excessive pressure drop
may prevent economic operation. It has been suggested that the pressure
drop can be reduced by introducing a continuous water film around the
uid Meechaniccs

tube periphery.
periphery What is the maximum factor by which the oil flow rate can
be increased by a given pressure gradient if the viscosity ratio of the fluids
is given by:
µoil
= 500
µ water
ced Flu
Advanc
A

Sharif University of Technology

11 Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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µ oil >> µ water ⇒ µ1 >> µ 2

Force balance on element:

uid Meechaniccs

{ }
π r 2 P x − P x +δx + τ r 2π rδ x = 0

2τ r ⎛ dp ⎞ τ r
∴ =⎜ ⎟⇒ r =
r ⎝ dx ⎠ τ w R
ced Flu

du
τ r g c = µ1
d
dr
Advanc

B.C. @r = aR ⇒ u = u i
A

τ w gcr du τ w gcr 2
Hence = µ1 ⇒u= +C
R dr 2µ1 R

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τ w gc 2 2 2
Hence u = ui +
2µ1 R
[r − a R ]
uid Meechaniccs

In Water similarly with u r =R = 0

τ w gc 2 τ g
u=
2µ 2 R
[r − R 2 ] ⇒ ui = w c [a 2 R 2 − R 2 ]
2µ 2 R

Hence if V is the volumetric flow rate of oil:

ar
ced Flu

V = ∫ 2πrudr
0

πτ w g c ⎡⎛ a 2 R 2 − r 2 ⎞ ⎛ R 2 − a 2 R 2 ⎞⎤
Advanc

aR
= ∫− ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥ rdr
0
R ⎣⎝ µ1 ⎠ ⎝ µ2 ⎠⎦
A

⎡⎛ 2a 4 − a 4 ⎞ ⎛ a 2 − a 4 ⎞⎤
= −πτ w g c R ⎢⎜⎜
3
⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎣⎝ 4 µ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 µ 2 ⎠⎦

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dv ⎡ 3
3 ⎛a ⎞ ⎛ a − 2a 3 ⎞ ⎤
∴ = −πτ w g c R ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
da ⎣⎝ µ1 ⎠ ⎝ µ 2 ⎠⎦
uid Meechaniccs

Now µ1 >> µ 2 Hence a 2 = 1

2

⎡⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
Vmax = −πτ w g c R ⎢⎜⎜
3
⎟⎟⎥
8 µ
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
ced Flu

⎡⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
Va =1 = −πτ w g c R ⎢⎜⎜
3
⎥
Advanc

⎣ ⎝ 4 µ1 ⎠ ⎦

µ1
Ratio = = 250
A

2µ 2

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Let it be desired to find out how much

uid Meechaniccs

liquid clings to the inside surface of a

large vessel when it is drained. The
local film thickness is a function of
both z and t.

µ .z
ced Flu

δ (z, t ) =
ρ .g.t
Advanc
A

Sharif University of Technology

15 Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department

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Consider mass balance on element.

∂
Input = Output + Accumulation ρu xδ x = ρu xδ x +δx
+ρ [δ .δx]
∂t
uid Meechaniccs

With constant density:

−
∂δ
=
[
u xδ x +δx
− u xδ x
]
∂t ∆x
∂δ ∂
= [u xδ ]
ced Flu

Taking limit (∆x→0) gives: −

∂t ∂x
Advanc

N
Now: ux =
∫ 0
u x dy
A

∫ 0
dy

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The velocity distribution must be determined.

determined In general this requires
solution of the N-S equations and it is not possible since the film thickness
changes with x and t.
uid Meechaniccs

However a reasonable guess at the velocity distribution will be adequate

since the mean velocity will not be sensitive to the guess made.
Assume the velocity profile for a parallel flow.

2 ⎧@ y = 0 u x = 0
d ux ⎪
i.e. solution of ν = − g with B.C.s ⎨ ∂u x
d 2 @ y = δ =0
ced Flu

dy ⎪
⎩ ∂y
ρg ⎡ y2 ⎤
Hence u x = ⎢δy − ⎥
µ ⎣
Advanc

2⎦
ρgδ 2
ux =
3µ
A

Sharif University of Technology

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Substitute in mass balance:

∂ ⎡ ρg δ 3 ⎤ ∂δ
⎢ ⎥ + =0
∂x ⎣ µ 3 ⎦ ∂t
uid Meechaniccs

x
With η= ⇒ δ = δ (η )
t
∂δ dδ ∂η ∂δ dδ ∂η
= . = .
∂x dη ∂x ∂t dη ∂t
ced Flu

Hence
ρgδ 2 dδ 1 dδ ⎛ x ⎞
. . + ⎜− 2 = 0
µ dη t dη ⎝ t ⎠
Advanc

⎡ ρgδ 2 ⎤ dδ
⎢ µ − η ⎥ dη = 0
⎣ ⎦
A

dδ µ .x
But ≠0 hence we must have δ=
dη ρ .g.
g .t
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In a gas absorption experiment a viscous

fluid flows upward thought a small
uid Meechaniccs

circular tube and then downward on the

outside.
1- show that the velocity distribution in
th falling
the f lli film
fil is:
i

ρgR 4 ⎡ r2 2 r⎤
uz = ⎢1 − 2 + 2a ln ⎥
4µ
ced Flu

⎢⎣ R R ⎥⎦

2- Obtain an expression for the volume

Advanc

rate of flow in the film.

3- Obtain the film thickness on the wall.
A

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(a) Navier Stokes equation for steady state laminar flow at low Reynolds
numbers:

⎡ 1 ∂ ⎛ ∂u z ⎞⎤
uid Meechaniccs

0 = µ⎢ ⎜r ⎥ + ρg
⎣ r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠⎦
Continuity equation:

∂u z 1 ∂
+ (rur ) = 0
∂z r ∂r
ced Flu

∂u z
No radial flow: =0 ⇒ u z = u z (r )
∂z
Advanc

1 ∂ ⎛ ∂u z ⎞ ρg
⎜r ⎟=−
r ∂r ⎝ ∂r ⎠ µ
A

Integrate:
ρgr 4
uz = − + c1 ln r + c2
4µ
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Boundary conditions:

uz = 0 @ r=R
uid Meechaniccs

∂u z
=0 @ r = aR
∂r
ρgR 4
0=− + c1 ln R + c2
4µ
ρgRa c1
0=− +
2µ Ra
ced Flu

ρgR 2 a 2
c1 =
2µ
ρgR 4 ρgR 2 a 2 ρgR 4
{
1 − 2a 2 ln R }
Advanc

c2 = − ln R =
4µ 2µ 4µ

Hence
A

ρgR 4 ⎡ r2 2 r⎤
uz = ⎢ 1 − + 2 a ln ⎥
4µ 2
⎢⎣ R R ⎥⎦

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(b) Volumetric floe rate:

aR

∫
uid Meechaniccs

Q = 2π ru z dr
R

ρggR 4 ⎧⎪ r 2 r ⎫⎪
aR
Q = 2π
∫
R
⎨
4 µ ⎪⎩ R
1 −
2
+ 2 a 2
l
ln ⎬rdr
R ⎪⎭
d

ρgR 4 ⎪⎧ R 2 2 ⎫⎪⎫⎪
= 2π ⎨ a −1 − (
R4 4
) (
⎧ 2 2
2⎪a R
a − 1 + 2a ⎨ ln a +)R2
1− a2 ( )⎬⎬
ced Flu

4µ ⎪ 2
⎩ 4R 2 ⎪⎩ 2 4 ⎪⎭⎪⎭

= 2π
ρgR 4 ⎧⎪ 1 2
(
1 4
) (
4
⎨ a − 1 − a − 1 + a ln a +
4 µ ⎪⎩ 2 4
a2
2
1− a2) ( )⎫⎪⎬⎪
Advanc

Q=
πρgR 4
{
− 1 + 4a 2 − 3a 4 + 4a 4 ln a }
A

8µ

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(c) Film thickness:

h = aR − R = R(a − 1)
⎛h⎞
a = 1+ ⎜ ⎟
uid Meechaniccs

⎝R⎠
ρgh3
{For a film flowing down a flat plate, Q = }
3µ

Flow / Unit periphery = Q 2πR

πρgR 3
=
16µ
{− 1 + 4a 2 − 3a 4 + 4a 4 ln a}
ced Flu

Now:
2
2 ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞
a = 1+ 2⎜ +⎜
Advanc

⎝ ⎠ ⎝R⎠
R
2 3 4
4 ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞
a = 1 + 4⎜ ⎟ + 6⎜ ⎟ + 4⎜ ⎟ + 0⎜ ⎟
⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠
A

2 3 4
4 ⎛ h ⎞ 7 ⎛ h ⎞ 13 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛h⎞
a ln a = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ + 0⎜ ⎟
⎝ R⎠ 2⎝ R⎠ 3 ⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠

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Hence
⎧ ⎛h⎞ ⎛h⎞
2
⎛h⎞ ⎫
− 1 + 4 + 8⎜ + 4⎜ − 3 − 12⎜ −
uid Meechaniccs

3 ⎪ ⎪
Q ρgR ⎪ ⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠ ⎝R⎠ ⎪
= ⎨ 3⎬
2πR 16µ ⎪ ⎛ h ⎞ 2 ⎛h⎞
3
⎛h⎞
2
⎛ h ⎞ 53 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎪
18 ⎜
⎪ ⎝R⎠ ⎟ − 12⎜ ⎟ + 4⎜ ⎟ + 14⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎪
⎩ ⎝ ⎠
R ⎝ ⎠R ⎝ ⎠
R 3 ⎝R⎠ ⎭
3
Q ρgR 3 16 ⎛ h ⎞ ρgh 3
= ⎜ ⎟ =
2πR 16µ 3 ⎝ R ⎠ 3µ
ced Flu
Advanc
A

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24 Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department