Textile Engineering

Sr. No. Core Areas Percentage

1. Textile Raw Materials 20%
2. Yarn Manufacturing 10%
3. Fabric Manufacturing 10%
4. Textile Wet Processing 10%
5. Garment Manufacturing 10%
6. Textile Testing and Quality Control 10%
7. Textile engineering utilities and services 10%
8. Technical Textiles 05%
9. Environmental issues related to Textile Industry 10%
10. Statistical methods in textile Engineering 05%
Total 100%

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 Textile Engineering (Detailed)

Sr. No. Core Areas Percentage

TEXTILE RAW MATERIALS:

1.1 Textile Fibers__________________ _________________5%

1.1.1 Definition and classifications of textile fibers

1.1.2 Vegetable Fibers:

i. Cotton: introduction of cotton and its types, Cultivation,

picking and ginning of cotton, Structure of cotton fiber,
Physical, chemical properties and end users of cotton fiber,
Varieties of Pakistani cotton, Cotton grading
ii. Bastfibres: Fibers such as jute, flax, ramie etc., Production
and processing of bastfibres, Fiber properties and uses
iii. Leaf fibres: Fiber such as abaca and sisal etc., Production,
processing, properties and uses of leaf fibers

1.1.3 Animal Fibres:

i. Hair fibers: Introduction, classification, structure,

production, properties and uses of wool fibers, Grading of
wool, Introduction of fibers such as Camel, Mohair,
1. 20%
Cashmere, Alpaca and Angora
ii. Silk: Production, properties and uses of silk yarn

1.1.4 Mineral Fibers:

Introduction, processing, properties and end uses of
natural mineral fibers such as Asbestos

1.1.5 Regenerated Fibres:

Manufacturing methods of viscose, acetate, tencel and
lyocelfibres, their properties and uses in textile industry

1.1.6 Synthetic Fibers:

i. Manufacturing methods of polyester, polyamide and
acrylic fibers, their properties and uses in textile industry

ii. Manufacturing methods of various elastanefibres, their

properties and uses in textile industry

1.2 Structure of Fibres_______________________________5%

1.2.1 Crystalline and non-crystalline materials, structure of crystals,

polymer crystals, X-ray diffraction and crystallinity, assessment
of crystallinity, microstructure and macrostructure of natural
fibers; cotton and other vegetable fibers, silk wool and other

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 animal fibers, micro and macro structure of synthetic fibers;
polymer crystallization from the melt solution, fiber formation,
microstructure of manmade fibers

1.2.2 Moisture Absorption and Swelling of Fibres

Equilibrium absorption of water, humidity and relative humidity,

relation between regain and relative humidity, comparative
curves for various fibres, heat of sorption, effect of evolution of
heat swelling of fibres, axial swelling, transverse swelling,
measurement of swelling, theories of sorption, effect of
hydrophilic groups, absorption in crystalline and non crystalline
regions, hysteresis – a molecular explanation, structural effects in
rayon fibres, structural effects in other fibres, theories of time
dependence

1.2.3 Dielectric Properties:

Definition of dielectric properties, effect of frequency, effect of

moisture, effect of temperature, static electricity, influence of
moisture on resistance, measurement of static charge, and static
problems in textile

1.2.4 Optical Properties:

i. Refractive index and birefringence, measurement of
refractive indices
ii. Absorption and dichroism, reflection and luster

1.2.5 Mechanical Properties:

Tensile properties; true stress, specific stress, tenacity,

breaking length, elastic and plastic deformation, Hooke’s
law, Poisson’s ratio, stress-strain curves, elastic recovery.
Torsion of fibers, bending, compression. Strain rate and
temperature dependence, creep and stress relaxation

1.2.6 Thermal Properties:

i. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, decomposition and

degradation, coefficient of thermal expansion.
ii. Fiber friction, effect of fiber friction and lubrication

1.3 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials______________5%

1.3.1 Role of Mechanics of Materials in Engineering, Stresses and

Deformations, True Stress and True Strain.

1.3.2 Study of Stress and Strain:

i. Stress - Strain Diagrams of Ductile and Brittle Materials,
ii. Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials
iii. Modulus of Elasticity

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 iv. Modulus of Rigidity
v. Elastic and Plastic Behavior of Materials
vi. Non Linear Elasticity
vii. Linear Elasticity
viii. Stress and Strain in Changed Thermal Conditions.
ix. Repeated Loading
a) Bending of Elasto-plastic Materials
b) Analysis of Stresses and Deformations

1.3.3 Tensile Behavior of Textile Fibers Tensile Recovery:

i. Elastic Performance Coefficient in Tension

ii. Inter Fiber Stress and its Transmission

1.3.4 Module 4: Stress Analysis of Yarn:

i. Staple Fiber Yarn
ii. Continues Filament Yarn
iii. Influence of Twist on Modulus of Rigidity of Yarn

1.3.5 Plasticity of Textile Fibers:

Effect of Load, Temperature Time etc.

1.3.6 Module 6: Mechanical Properties of Textile Materials:

Translation of Mechanical Properties of Fibers into Yarn,
Yarn into Fabric

1.3.7 Mechanics of Yarns:

i. Mechanics of Bent Yarns
ii. Flexural Rigidity.
iii. Fabric Wrinkling.
iv. Stiffness in Textile Fabrics.
v. Creasing and Crease-proofing of Textiles

1.3.8 Compression of Textile Materials:

i. Study of Resilience.
ii. Friction between Single Fibers
iii. Friction in Plied Yarns

1.3.9 Drape and Hand of Woven and Knitted Fabrics:

i. Structural Geometry of Textile Fabrics
ii. Twisted Structure of Plied Yarn

1.4 High Performance Fibers____________ _____________5%

1.4.1 Aramid Fibers:

Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

1.4.2 Polyethylene Fibers:

Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

1.4.3 Carbon Fibers:

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 Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

1.4.4 Glass Fibers:

Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

1.4.5 Ceramic Fibers:

Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

1.4.6 Chemical Resistant Fibers:

Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

1.4.7 Thermally Resistant Fibers:

Manufacturing, structure, properties, end uses

YARN MANUFACTURING:

2.1 Spinning Processes:

2.1.1 Flow charts of spinning processes for filament and staple-spun
yarns carded and combed yarns, jute, flax and spun silk yarn

2.12 Input and output of each department

2.1.2 Intermittent spinning and continuous spinning

2.1.4 Different spinning techniques

2.2 Blow Room:

2.1.1 Objectives of blow room

2.1.2 Working principles in blow room

2. 10%
2.1.3 Study of bale breaker, porcupine opener, various beaters, cage
condenser, scutcher and removal of wastes

2.2 Carding:
2.2.1 Objectives of carding

2.2.2 Carding actions

2.2.3 Working of card

2.2.4 Role of different parts and their speeds

2.3 Drawing:
2.4.1 Concept of drafting

2.4.2 Real and perfect drafting

2.4.3 Draft calculation

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2.4.4 Drafting system

2.4.5 Drafting and doubling

2.4.6 Objects of drawing frame

2.4.7 Working of drawing frame.
2.4.8 Breaker, inter and finisher drawing frame

2.5 Combing:
2.5.1 Objectives of combing

2.5.2 Noil %age

2.5.3 Combing preparatory processes

2.5.4 Study of comber

2.5.5 Working of Rectilinear comber

2.6 Roving Formation:

2.6.1 Objectives of roving frame

2.6.2 Winding principles

2.6.3 Working of roving frame

2.6.4 Why and how twist is imparted in roving

2.7 Spinning:

2.7.1 Objectives of ring spinning

2.7.2 Principle and mechanism of twist insertion

2.7.3 Working of ring frame

2.7.4 Yarn counting and its systems

2.8 Woolen Industry:

2.8.1 Woolen and worsted yarn

2.8.2 Flow charts for woolen and worsted spinning processes

2.8.3 Wool classification and sorting

2.8.4 Impurities in wool

2.8.5 Raw material for woolen and worsted industry

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 2.8.6 Wool scouring, carbonizing, drying and blending

2.8.7 Woolen carding and woolen spinning

2.9 Worsted Industry:

2.9.1 Worsted carding, backwashing and gilling

2.9.2 Combing, drawing and spinning

2.10 Winding and Yarn Packing:

2.10.1 Yarn package types

2.10.2 Yarn clearers

2.10.3 Removal of yarn faults

FABRIC MANUFACTURING:

3.1 Basics of weaving__________________________________05%

3.1.1 History and scope of weaving.

3.1.2 Introduction to weaving technology-loom elements, yarn

preparation , warping and its objectives, sizing and its objectives,
primary motions of weaving, secondary and ancillary motions of
weaving, different shedding systems-merits/demerits, shuttle and
shuttle less weft insertion systems

3.1.3 Merits/demerits of different weft insertion systems

3.1.4 Beating-up and its types – Eccentricity (pros and cons)

3. 3.1.5 Fabric take-up and warp let – off 10%

3.1.6 Warp and weft stop motion warp protector motion, weave
presentation, repeat, draft, peg plan and reed plan, plain weave
and its derivatives, twill weave and its derivatives, construction
of satin and sateen weaves
3.2 Basics of knitting____________________________05%
3.2.1 History and scope of knitting.

3.2.2 Introduction to knitting and its terminology, machine knitting

elements, beard, latch and compound needles

3.2.3 Classification of knitting machines, principles and mechanism of

weft knitting

3.2.4 Loop formation, usage of different knit loops, properties of plain

and rib fabrics, properties of purl and interlock fabrics

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 3.2.5 Introduction to warp knitting, mechanism of loop formation in
warp knitting, Classification of warp knitting machines, basic
warp knitted structures, stitch notation of warp weft knitted
structure, End usage of warp knitted structures

TEXTILE WET PROCESSING:

4.1 Introduction:
4.1.1 Introduction to textile chemical processing.
4.1.2 Chemical processing flow chart

4.2 Shearing & Singeing Fundamentals:

4.2.1 Shearing & Singeing processes

4.2.2 Shearing Machine and its description

4.2.3 Singeing Machine and its description

4.2.4 Evaluation of singed fabric

4.3 Desizing& Scouring Fundamentals:

4.3.1 Analysis of sizing materials composition

4.3.2 Desizing Techniques and Methods

4. 4.3.3 Scouring chemicals and Auxiliaries 10

4.3.4 Saponification, Dispersion, Suspension and Emulsion

4.3.5 Evaluation of desizing& scouring

4.4 Bleaching & Mercerizing Fundamentals:

4.4.1 Bleaching Chemicals and auxiliaries

4.4.2 Bleaching chemistry and mechanisms

4.4.3 Types of Mercerization and its effects

4.4.4 Evaluation of Bleached & Mercerized fabrics

4.4.5 Liquid ammonia treatment

4.5 Dyeing Fundamentals:

4.5.1 Introduction to colorants and auxiliaries

4.5.2 Dyeing of natural and manmadetextile materials with direct,

reactive, sulphur, vat, acid, and disperse dyes
4.5.3 Dyeing of polyester, nylon, acrylic, wool and silk

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 4.5.4 Evaluation and characterization of dyed textile materials

4.6 Color Science Fundamentals:

4.6.1 Introduction to color mixing, specification, measurement and
quality control of color

4.7 Printing Fundamentals:

4.7.1 Design development& Engraving
4.7.2 Techniques and styles of printing

4.8 Finishing Fundamentals:

4.8.1 Classification of finishes: chemical; mechanical

4.8.2 Application and evaluation methods of chemical and mechanical

finishes

GARMENT MANUFACTURING:

5.1 Garment Types and Categories

5.2 Stitch Classification:

5.2.1 Stitch Definition, Properties and Classes

5.3 Seams:
5.3.1 Seam Definition, Dimensions, classes, appearance &
Performance and Problems

5.4 Sewing Thread Functions and Characteristics

5.5 Garment Preparatory:

5.5.1 Marker Making.
5. 5.5.2 Fabric Spreading. 10%
5.5.3 Fabric Cutting.

5.6 Sewing Machine Fundamentals:

5.6.1 Sewing Machine types and classifications
5.6.2 Stitching Forming Mechanisms
5.6.3 Stitch forming devices
i. Thread Control devices
ii. Needles
iii. Bobbins, Cases and Hooks
iv. Loppers
v. Spreaders
vi. Throat Plates, Tongues and Chaining Devices

5.7 Sewing Process:

5.7.1 Material handling in sewing process

5.7.2 Basic layouts of sewing room for different articles

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5.7.3 Work Aids in sewing process

5.7.4 Special Operations in Sewing

5.8 Apparel Support Materials:

5.8.1 Trims

5.8.2 Accessories

5.9 Garment Pressing:

5.9.1 Fundamentals of garment pressing

5.9.2 Pressing equipment types

5.9.3 Effect of different pressing techniques on different material types

5.10 Sewing Problems, Faults and their Remedies

5.11 Garment Handling and Packaging Technology

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 TEXTILE TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL:

6.1 Sampling:
6.1.1 Different methods and techniques

6.2 Textiles and Moisture:

6.2.1 Estimation of moisture in textile materials, standard atmospheric
conditions for textile testing

6.3 Fibre testing:

6.3.1 Fibre fineness, maturity, length, strength, color and
trash

6.4 Yarn Testing:

6.4.1 Linear density, twist, strength, evenness, hairiness, friction

6.5 Fabric Testing:

6. 10%
6.5.1 Tensile testing, Tear strength testing, Bursting strength, Stretch
and recovery. Testing for pilling, testing for abrasion resistance,
crease recovery, Thickness, fabric friction, fabric construction,
fabric handle, stiffness, drape, fastness properties, water
repellency, air permeability, dimensional stability and water
repellency. Fiber identification (Chemical/Flame), Fabric P.H

6.6 Quality Control:

6.6.1 Definitions of quality. Types of quality control. Quality
assurance. Presentation of quality related data, Quality control
charts, basis of control charts, control limits/action limits,
specification limits. State of statistical control Types of variation
of quality assessed from quality control charts, variation due to
chance, and variations due to assignable causes. Advantages of
using quality control charts, types of quality control charts, x-bar
charts (day to day i.e. subgroup to subgroup variation), r-bar
charts (within day i.e. within subgroup variation), p-bar charts
(percent defective), how and when corrective action is taken by
using Q.C. charts

TEXTILE ENGINEERING UTILITIES AND SERVICES.

7.1 Boilers
7.1.1 Boiler Construction and its parts
7.1.2 Types of Boilers and accessories
7. 7.2 Application of steam 10%
7.2.1Production of steam and its utilization
7.3 Humidity
7.3.1 Effect of humidity on production and quality, 7.3.2 humidity
controls, types of humidifiers and their working
7.4 Ventilation

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 7.4.1 Types of ventilations
7.5 Air-conditioning
7.5.1 Principles, types
7.6 Compressors
7.6.1 Types, constructions and working
7.7 Fire safety
7.7.1 Fire Hazards, Causes and prevention systems
7.8 Generators
7.8.1 Types, calculation of load for installation
7.9 Noise Control
7.9.1 Noise measurement, Industrial Noise reduction, Air bore and
structural borne noise
7.10 Vibrations
7.10.1 Mechanical vibrations and impacts
7.11 Fuel and Energy
7.11.1Energy sources, Fuel Economy in textile mills
7.12 Utility equipment maintenance

NON-WOVEN AND TECHNICAL TEXTILES:

8.1 Technical Textiles:

8.1.1 Agrotech

8.1.2 Buildtech

8.1.3 Geotech

8.1.4 Medtech

8.1.5 Mobiltech
8. 05%
8.1.6 Oekotech

8.1.7 Packtech

8.1.8 Protech

8.1.9 Sporttech

8.1.10 Hometech

8.1.11 Indutech

8.1.12 Clothtech

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 8.1.1 Characterization and testing, principles of design for
performance

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATED TO TEXTILE

INDUSTRY:

9.1 Textile & Environment:

9.1.1 Air pollution

9.1.2 Water pollution

9.1.3 Noise pollution

9.1.4 Effect of fibre production & manufacturing industry on

environment

9.1.5 Effect of yarn manufacturing industry on environment

9.1.6 Effect of fabric manufacturing industry on environment

9.1.7 Effect of textile processing industry on environment

9.1.8 Effect of garment manufacturing industry on environment

9.2 Environmental Management Systems and Eco-labeling:

9. 9.2.1 EMS models 10%

9.2.2 Key elements of an EMS

9.2.3 Integration of existing environmental activities in textile to EMS

9.2.4 EMS and compliance

9.2.5 Introduction to ISO 14000, ISO 14001,ISO 18001,

REACH,Oeko-tex 100, EU eco-label and development of
standards

9.3 Cleaner Production Technologies Related to Textile Industry:

9.3.1 Sources, impact, monitoring, reduction and control of pollution
in textile industry

9.4 Textile Effluents & Waste Management:

9.4.1 Environmental impact assessment

9.4.2 Environmental audits

9.4.3 National Environmental Quality Standards

9.4.4 Textile effluent treatment methods: physical; chemical;

biological

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 9.4.5 Textile Solid waste management

STATISTICAL METHODS IN TEXTILE ENGINEERING:

10.1 Introduction to statistics & probability

10.2 Acceptance sampling in textiles

10.3 Measures of central tendency

10.4 Measures of variation

10. 10.5 Analysis of variation (ANOVA) 5%

10.6 Correlation & regression

10.7 Statistical process control

10.8 Process control charts

10.9 Pareto charts

10.10 Process capability analysis

10.11 Design & analysis of experiments

Total 100%

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