I.

EXPERIMENT TITLE : Factors That Influence The Reaction Rate

II. EXPERIMENT DATE : March 9th, 2014 at 07.00 a.m.
III. END OF THE EXPERIMENT : March 9th, 2014 at 09.30 a.m.
IV. EXPERIMENT PURPOSE :
To examine the factors that influences the reaction rate such as reactant concentration,
surface area, temperature and catalyst.
V. BASIC THEORY :

1. The Rate of a Reaction

Chemical reaction is the area of chemistry concerned with the speeds, or rates, at
which a chemical reaction occurs. Here, kinetics refers to the rate of reaction, or the
reaction rate, which is the change in concentration of a reactant or a product with
time (M/s). For example, the oxidative rusting of iron under Earth's atmosphere is a
slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of cellulose in a fire is a
reaction that takes place in fractions of a second. Industrial chemist often place more
emphasis on speeding up the rate of a reaction rather than on maximizing its yield.
We know that any reaction can be represented by the general equation

A (Reactant) B (Product)
The decrease in the number of A molecules and the increase in the number of B
molecules with time are shown in figure below. In general it is more convenient to
express the reaction rate in terms of the change in concentration with time. Thus for
the reaction A B can express the rate as:

Where Δ[A] and Δ[B] are the changes in

concentration (molarity)over a time
period Δt. Because the concentration of
A decrease during the time interval,
Δ[A] is negative quantity. The rate of
reaction is a positive quantity, so a
minus sign is needed in the rate
expression to make the rate positive.

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 1

On the other hand, the rate of product formation does not require a minus sign
because Δ[B] is a positive quantity 9the concentration of B increases with time).
These rates are average rates because they are averaged over a certain period of Δt.

2. The Rate Law

The rate law expresses the relationship of the rate of a reaction to the rate constant and
the concentration of the reactant rose to some powers. For general reaction:
aA + bB cC + dD
the rate law takes the form:
V = k [A]x[B]y

Where x and y are numbers that must be determined experimentally. Note that, in
general, x and y are not equal to the stoichiometric coefficient a and b. The exponent
x and y specify the relationship between the concentration of reactant A and B and the
reaction rate. Added together, they give us the overall reaction order, defined as the
sum of the powers to which all reactant concentration appearing in the rate of law are
raised.
The following point of the rate law:
 Rate laws always determined experimentally. From the concentration of reactants
and the initial reaction rates we can determine the reaction order and then the rate
constant of the reaction.
 Reaction order is always defined in terms of reactant (not product) concentrations.
 The order of a reactant is not related to the stoichiometric coefficient of the
reactant in overall balanced equation.

3. Relation between Reactant Concentration and Time

The rate law expressions enable us to calculate the rate of a reaction from the rate
constant and reactant concentration. The rate laws can also be used to determine the
concentration of reactant at any time during the course of a reaction. Considering two
of the simplest kind of rate laws, those applying to reaction that are first order overall
and those applying to reaction that are second overall order.

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 2

ZERO-ORDER REACTION

The reaction rate is not influenced by the concentration of reactants. Reaction rate
equation is written:
r = k [A] 0
Numbers raised to zero is equal to one so that the reaction rate equation becomes: r ≈
k
Thus, the reaction rate has a fixed zero -order reaction. The graphics depicted as
Figure 1.

Figure1. Graph velocity relationship with

concentration (Order Reaction 0 (Zero))

A chemical reaction is said to have order zero, if the magnitude of the reaction rate is
not influenced by the concentration of reactants. That is, no matter how elevated
concentrations of the reactants will not affect the magnitude of the reaction rate.

FIRST-ORDER REACTION

To first order, the reaction rate equation is :

r = k [A] 1
First order reaction equation is a linear equation means that the reaction rate is directly
proportional to the concentration it reagent. If the concentration is increased, for
example it reagent 4 times, then the reaction rate will be 41 or 4 times larger. The
graphics depicted as Figure 2.

Figure2. Graph velocity

relationship with concentration (
Order Reaction 1 ( A ) ) .

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 3

A chemical reaction is said to have first order, if the magnitude of the reaction rate is
directly proportional to the amount of reactant concentrations. That is, if the
concentration of the reactants is increased two times previously, then the reaction rate
will also increase the amount of as much as 1 or 2 times the original as well.

SECOND-ORDER REACTION

Reaction rate equation for a second order reaction is:

r = k [A] 2
If a reaction of order two against a reagent, means that the reaction rate of change of
the square of the concentration changes. If the concentration of A is increased, for
example 2 times, then the reaction rate will be 22 or 4 times larger. The graphics
depicted as Figure 3.

Figure3. Graph velocity relationship with

concentration (Order Reaction 2 ( A ) ) .

A reaction is said to have the second order, if the magnitude of the reaction rate is the
square of the increase in the concentration of it reagent. That is, if the concentration of
the reactants is increased 2 times the original, then the reaction rate will increase by 2
or 4 times the original. If the concentration of reactants is raised 3 times the original,
then the reaction rate will be 2 or 9 times before.

NEGATIVE-ORDER REACTION

A chemical reaction is said to have a negative order, if the magnitude of the rate of
reaction is proportional to the concentration of reactants. That is, if the concentration
of the reactants is increased or enlarged, the reaction rate will be smaller.

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 4

 4. Collision theory of Chemical Kinetics
Collisions that produce new substances are an effective collision. Effective collision
can be achieved if:
1. The molecules have enough energy to be able to start to react to the opponent's
break chemical bonds, and the molecule itself will break the chemical bonds of
other molecules due to collisions opponent. The energy required is called the
activation energy (Ea), which is the minimum amount of energy required by an
agent to initiate the reaction.
2. The position of the collision should be right on target, so that the chemical bond
and the molecule itself opponent can break up. So breaking chemical bonds
requires two important things, namely collision with Ea and right positions. Look
at the picture above, although sufficient energy, but if the position is not right, not
all the energy of the bond , resulting in energy waste . Instead although the exact
position of the target, but if it has not reached the molecular energy Ea, the
collision will be slow, so the drag force on the chemical bonds cannot be broken.

Figure5. Potential energy profiles for (a) exothermic and (b)

endothermic reactions. Those plots show the change in potential energy
as reactant A and B are converted to product C and D. The activated
complex is highly unstable species with a high potential energy. The
activation energy is defined for the forward reaction in both (a) and
(b). Note that products C and D are more stable than the reactant in (a)
and less stable than the reactants in (b)

4. Factors that Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate

1. Effect of Concentration on the Rate of Reaction

Based on the collision theory, the effective collision of reactant particles will
produce product .Much particles reactants collide effectively, more and more

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 5

 products are produced, and reactant particles collide in a solution is expressed by
the concentration of the solution.
2. Effect of Surface Area on the Rate of Reaction Touchpad

If the surface of the touch pad and wider and will often occur collisions and
produce products that are more and more so the greater the rate of reaction. To
increase the surface area of the touchpad is by changing the reactant size became
smaller, it can be done by changing the form of chunks or reactant granules into
powder form.

3. Effect of Temperature in Reaction Rate

In general, the reaction will proceed faster when the temperature is raised. By
raising the temperature of the kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance that
reacts will increase so that more molecules that have the same or greater energy.
Thus more molecules can reach the transition state or in other words, the reaction
rate becomes larger.

4. Effect of Catalyst Reaction in reaction rate

Catalyst which can accelerate the rate of reaction is called a catalyst, while
catalyst which can slow the rate of reaction is called inhibitor. Catalyst can
accelerate the rate of reaction because it can lower the activation energy of the
reactants, catalyst role in influencing the rate of the reaction in two ways, namely
the formation of intermediate compounds (catalyst homogeneous) and by
adsorption (catalyst heterogeneous), whereas for the inhibitor is assumed to be
the opposite of the working catalyst.

The function of the catalyst is to enlarge the reaction velocity (speed up reactions)
to minimize road activation energy of a reaction and the formation stages of a
new reaction. By decreasing the activation energy at the same temperature the
reaction can take place more quickly.

There are three common types of catalysis depends on the type of substances that
increase its speed: heterogeneous catalyst homogeneous catalysis, enzyme
catalysis.

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 6

 a. Heterogeneous catalysis, reactants and catalysts of phase. Usually the
catalyst in the form of solid and gaseous or liquid reactants. Heterogeneous
catalysis is by far the most important type of catalysis in the chemical
industry, especially in the synthesis of a variety of important chemicals
b. Homogeneous catalysis, the reactants and the catalyst dispersed in one phase,
usually liquid phase. Acid and base catalysis is kind homogeneous catalysis is
most important in a liquid solution. For example, ethyl acetate reaction with
water produces acetic acid and ethanol usually takes place very slowly,
making them difficult to measure.
c. Enzyme catalysis, is a highly efficient catalysis, have an important role in all
systems of living things.

VI. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

A. Tools B. Materials

o Measuring flask 250 ml o HCl 3M,2M and 1M

o Stopwatch o Na2 S2 O3 1M ; 0,1M
o Clamper o CaCO3
o Measuring glass 100ml o KMnO4 0,01M
o Pipettes o H2C2O4 0,05M
o Beaker glass o H2 SO4 0,01M
o Mortal o Balloon
o Test tube
o Stirring Spoon

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 7

VII. LANES WORK

1. The Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate

Beaker glass A Beaker glass B Beaker glass C Beaker glass D

5 ml Na2S2O4 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml
Na2S2O4 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O4

- Added 10 - Added15 - Added 25

ml H2O ml H2O ml H2O
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration

- add 5 ml HCl 3 M-shake until

homogeneous

- stop stopwatch when it looks turbid

Time

2. The Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

Balloon + Grains Marble Balloon + Marble Powder

- Set - Set
Flask 10 ml HCl 1 M Flask 10 ml HCl 1 M

Time Time

3. The Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate

10 drops of H2C2O4 10 drops of KMNO4

+ H2O until V=5ml + H2O until V=5ml

Solution A Solution B

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 8

 Test Tube Test Tube

2 drops of solution A + 2 2 drops of solution A +

drops of H2SO4 0.1 M 2 drops of H2SO4 0.1 M

- write temperature - boil in the steam

bath water
- 1 drop of solution B
- until temperature
- start stopwatch
50˚C,45˚C, 40˚C,

Time Time

4. The Influence of Catalyst on Reaction Rate

Beaker glass Test tube 1 Test tube 2

10 drops of 2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2 drops of H2C2O4

KMNO4 2 drops of H2SO4 + + 2 drops of H2SO4
solution KMNO4 + 1 drop Mn2(SO4)3
add H2O until 10 ml
- start stopwatch - start stopwatch

Solution KMNO4 - stop stopwatch - add solution KMNO4

when colorless until color of
permanganate not
Time appear
Time

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 9

 VIII. RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT
Result of The Experiment Assumption/Reacti
Experiment Procedure Conclusion
Before After on
1. The Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate Na2S2O3 colorless Na2S2O3 + H2O shake : Na2S2O3(aq) + Higher
H2O turbid 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) concentration,
5 ml 5 ml 5 ml 5 ml Colorless t1= 121 s + S(s) + SO2(g) + make the reaction
Na2S2O4 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O4 Na2S2O4
Na2S2O3 + H2O t2= 227 s H2O(l) rate faster
- Added15 colorless t3=375 s This reaction is
- Added 10 - Added 25
ml H2O ml H2O
ml H2O t4 = 485 s first order
Concentration Concentration Concentration Concentration because it is linear
curve

- add 5 ml HCl 3 M-shake until

homogeneous

- stop stopwatch when look turbid

Time

2. The Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate Marble : White Marble powder : 2 s CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) Larger surface

Balloon + Grains Marble Balloon + Marble Powder HCl : Colorless Grain marble: 203 s → NaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) Area make the
- Set - Set Mass: 0.414 gr + CO2(g) reaction rate goes
Flask 10 ml HCl 1 M Flask 10 ml HCl 1 M faster

Time Time

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 10

 3. The Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate H2C2O4 : colorless H2C2O4 + H2SO4: 2KMNO4(aq) + Higher

10 drops of H2C2O4 10 drops of KMNO4 solution colorless + 1 drop 5H2C2O4(aq) + temperature make

+ H2O until KMNO4 : purple KMNO4 → Purple (-) 3H2SO4(aq) → the reaction rate
+ H2O until V=5ml
V=5ml T1= 30˚C KMNO4 + H2SO4 : 2MnSO4(aq) + goes faster
Solution A Solution B T2 = 35˚C purple K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) +
Test Tube Test Tube T3 = 40˚C t1= 460 s 10CO2(g)
2 drops of solution A + 2 2 drops of solution A + T4 = 45˚C t2= 420 s
drops of H2SO4 0.1 M 2 drops of H2SO4 0.1 M T5 = 50˚C t3= 360 s
- write temperature - boil in the steam
bath water t4= 360 s
- 1 drop of solution B - until temperature t5= 300 s
50˚C,45˚C, 40˚C,
- start stopwatch 35˚C
Time
- stop stopwatch when Time

4. The Influence of Catalyst on Reaction Rate KMNO4 : purple H2C2O4 + H2SO4 + 2KMNO4(aq) + Catalyst make the

2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2 drops of H2C2O4 solution KMnO4: purple 5H2C2O4(aq) + reaction rate goes
10 drops of
KMNO4 2 drops of H2SO4 + + 2 drops of H2SO4 H2C2O4: colorless t1=202 s; t2=236 s; 3H2SO4(aq) faster
solution KMNO4 + 1 drop
add H2O Mn2-(SO
solution t3=180 s; t4= 170 s; t5= +2Mn(SO4)3(aq) →
4)3 stopwatch
start
until 10 ml - start stopwatch - add solution MnSO4: colorless 177 s; t6=179 s; t7= 200 2MnSO4(aq) +
KMNO4 until
Solution - stop stopwatch s; t8= 179 s; t9=197 s K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) +
color of
KMNO4 when colorless permanganate t10= 199 s 10CO2(g) +
not appear
Catalyst 2Mn(SO4)3(aq)
Time
Time t1= 16 s; t2=7 s; t3=3 s
t4= 4 s; t5= 420 s
Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 11
IX. ANALYSIS

1. The Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate

In the first experiment is testing the influence of concentration on reaction rate.

The first thing we have to do is preparing four beaker glass and then pouring each of the
beaker glass which have marked A, B, C, D by 5 ml of Sodium thiosulfate (Na 2SO4).
Next, adding 10 ml, 15 ml, and 25 ml of water (H2O) one after another to each of B, C, D
glass. Then, shake each of the beaker glass until the solution is mixed perfectly. Put the
A, B, C, D glass above the paper decorated with lines. After that, add 5 ml of HCL 3M
and shake until homogeneous. Starting the stopwatch when HCL added and stopping the
stopwatch when the solution turbid and line on the paper is invisible. Repeating the
experiment with the B, C, D glass. The reaction is:
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
The solution on A glass with concentration
Reaction Rate 1M need 121 second to changes from
1.5 colorless solution become turbid solution.
1 y = 0.2579x - 0.208 Reaction
Rate Solution on B glass with concentration 0,33
R² = 0.7623
0.5
M need 227 second to changes from
0 Linear
(Reaction colorless solution become turbid solution.
Rate)
Solution on C glass with concentration 025
M need 375 second to changes from
colorless solution become turbid solution. And solution on D glass with concentration
0,167 M need 485 second to changes from colorless solution become turbid solution.

2. The Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

In the second experiment is testing the influence of surface area on reaction rate.
Firstly, adding a grain of marble into the balloon and then set the balloon to the flask
which is added by 10 ml of HCl 1M. Starting the stopwatch when the marble on the
balloon fall into HCl solution and stopping the stopwatch when the balloon filled by CO 2
gasses, it can be indicate by the balloon is stand upright. Repeating the experiment with
marble powders with the same amount of a grain of marble. The reaction is:

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 12

 CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The reaction by using 0,414 gram of marble grain needs 203 second to fill the balloon
with CO2. Meanwhile, the reaction by using 0,414 gram of marble powders just needs 2
second to fill the balloon with CO2.

3. The Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate

In the third experiment is testing the influence of temperature on reaction rate.

Firstly, making A solution and B solution. To make solution A, we have to dilute 10
drops of Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) with water until the volume 5 ml and to make solution B,
we dilute 10 drops of Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) with water until the volume 5
ml. Next, preparing test tube and put on the rack. After that adding 2 drops of solution A,
2 drops of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) 0,5M, recording the initial temperature. Adding 1
drops of B solution. Starting the stopwatch when dropping B solution and stopping the
stopwatch when the colour of solution is disappear. Repeating the experiment for
temperature 35˚, 40˚, 45˚, 50˚ by heating the tube which filled by 2 drops of solution A, 2
drops of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) 0,5M using water steam bath from the higher
temperature. The reaction is:
2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l)
+ 10CO2(g)

In the room temperature (30˚C) need 460 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. At temperature 35˚C need 420 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. At temperature 40˚C need 360 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. At temperature 45˚C need 360 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. And at temperature 50˚C need 300 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing.

4. The Influence of Catalyst on Reaction Rate

In the fourth experiment is testing the influence of catalyst on reaction rate.

Firstly, dilute 10 drops of KMnO4 with water until the volume 10 ml. Then, prepare the
test tube and adding 2 drops of oxalic acid, 2 drops of sulphuric acid and 1 drop of

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 13

 KMnO4 dilute solution. Starting the stopwatch when adding KMnO4 solution and stop the
stopwatch when the purple colour of KMnO4 is disappear, repeat until 10 drops. The
reaction is:

2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) +

8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)
In the first drop need 202 second for KMnO4 color to disappear, in the second drop need
236 s, in the third drop need 180 s, in the fourth drop need 170 s, in the fifth drop need
177 s, in the sixth drop need 179 s, in the seventh drop need 200 s, in the eighth drop
need 179 s, in the ninth drop need 197 s and in the tenth drop need 199 s.
On the other reaction tube, adding 2 drops of oxalic acid, 2 drops of sulfuric acid
and 1 drop of Manganese(II) sulfate as a catalyst. The last is adding 2 drop of KMnO4
dilute solution. Starting the stopwatch when adding KMnO4 solution and stop the
stopwatch when the purple color of KMnO4 is disappear, repeat until 5 drops. The
reaction is:
2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) +2Mn(SO4)3(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) +
K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g) + 2Mn(SO4)3(aq)
In the first 2 drops need 16 s for the purple color of KMnO4 is disappear, the second time
is 7 s, the third time is 3 s, the fourth time t4= 4 s, the fifth time is 420 s.

X. EXPLANATION

1. The Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate

In the first experiment is testing the influence of concentration on reaction rate.

The first thing we have to do is preparing four beaker glass and then pouring each of the
beaker glass which have marked A, B, C, D by 5 ml of Sodium thiosulfate (Na2SO4).
Next, adding 10 ml, 15 ml, and 25 ml of water (H2O) one after another to each of B, C, D
glass. Then, shake each of the beaker glass until the solution is mixed perfectly. Put the
A, B, C, D glass above the paper decorated with lines. After that, add 5 ml of HCL 3M
and shake until homogeneous. Starting the stopwatch when HCL added and stopping the
stopwatch when the solution turbid and line on the paper is invisible. Repeating the
experiment with the B, C, D glass. The reaction is:
Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 14
 Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
In this reaction the changes did not occurs immediately in cold condition with
thiosulfate solution, solution which is preserved immediately because sulfur separation.
Sulfur dioxide is released which can be indicate from it scent.
The solution on A glass

Reaction Rate with concentration 1M need 121

1.5 second to changes from colorless

Reaction Rate solution become turbid solution.
1 y = 0.2579x - 0.208
R² = 0.7623
0.5 Solution on B glass with
0 Linear concentration 0,33 M need 227
(Reaction
Rate) second to changes from colorless
solution become turbid solution.
Solution on C glass with concentration 0,25 M need 375 second to changes from
colorless solution become turbid solution. And solution on D glass with concentration
0,167 M need 485 second to changes from colorless solution become turbid solution.
Order of this reaction is 1. From this experiment, we know that concentration of reactant
influence the reaction rate. The rate is not constant, but varies continuously as
concentration change. Reaction rate increases with concentration, as described by the rate
law and explained by collision theory. As reactant concentration increases, the frequency
of collision increases.

2. The Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

In the second experiment is testing the influence of surface area on reaction rate.
Firstly, adding a grain of marble into the balloon and then set the balloon to the flask
which is added by 10 ml of HCl 1M. Starting the stopwatch when the marble on the
balloon fall into HCl solution and stopping the stopwatch when the balloon filled by CO 2
gasses, it can be indicate by the balloon is stand upright. Repeating the experiment with
marble powders which have the same amounts of marble grains. The reaction is:
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 15

 In this reaction decomposition occurs by froth, because carbon dioxide is
released. This gas can be indicated from it properties which turbid the lime water.
Although, in this experiment can be indicate because the balloon is stand upright.

The reaction by using 0,414 gram of marble grain needs 203 second to fill the
balloon with CO2. Meanwhile, the reaction by using 0,414 gram of marble powders just
needs 2 second to fill the balloon with CO2. The reason we changing the form of reactant
granules into powder form are to increase the surface area of the touchpad. It means,
surface area is influence the reaction rate. In reactions on surfaces, which take place for
example during heterogeneous catalysis, the rate of reaction increases as the surface area
does. That is because more particles of the solid are exposed and can be hit by reactant
molecules. If the surface of the touch pad and wider and will often occur collisions and
produce products that are more and more so the greater the rate of reaction.

3. The Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate

In the third experiment is testing the influence of temperature on reaction rate.

Firstly, making A solution and B solution. To make solution A, we have to dilute 10
drops of Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) with water until the volume 5 ml and to make solution B,
we dilute 10 drops of Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) with water until the volume 5
ml. Every Permanganate dilute in water and forming purple solution. Next, preparing test
tube and put on the rack. After that adding 2 drops of solution A, 2 drops of Sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) 0,5M the function of adding sulphuric acid is in order to make the reaction
working by giving ambience because redox reaction just can work in acidic ambience or
basic ambience. With presence of Sulphuric acid, produce Carbon dioxide gas. After that,
recording the initial temperature. Adding 1 drops of B solution. Starting the stopwatch
when dropping B solution and stopping the stopwatch when the colour of solution is
disappear. Repeating the experiment for temperature 35˚, 40˚, 45˚, 50˚ by heating the
tube which filled by 2 drops of solution A, 2 drops of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) 0,5M,
using water steam bath from the higher temperature. The reaction is:
2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l)
+ 10CO2(g)
2 3 2 3 2
Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 16
This reaction is slow in the room temperature. Manganese(II) ion catalysing this reaction;
so this reaction is autocatalytic; once manganese(II) ion has formed, the reaction become
faster. In basic solution, permanganate solution lost its colour, but manganese dioxide is
precipitate.

In the room temperature (30˚C) need 460 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. At temperature 35˚C need 420 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. At temperature 40˚C need 360 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. At temperature 45˚C need 360 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. And, at temperature 50˚C need 300 second to the purple colour of KMnO4
disappearing. It means that temperature influence rate reaction. Conducting a reaction at a
higher temperature delivers more energy into the system and increases the reaction rate
by causing more collisions between particles, as explained by collision theory. However,
the main reason that temperature increases the rate of reaction is that more of the
colliding particles will have the necessary activation energy resulting in more successful
collisions (when bonds are formed between reactants). The reaction will proceed faster
when the temperature is raised.

4 The Influence of Catalyst on Reaction Rate

In the fourth experiment is testing the influence of catalyst on reaction rate.

Firstly, dilute 10 drops of KMnO4 with water until the volume 10 ml. Every
Permanganate dilute in water and forming purple solution. Then, prepare the test tube and
adding 2 drops of oxalic acid, 2 drops of sulphuric acid and 1 drop of KMnO4 dilute
solution. The function of adding sulphuric acid is in order to make the reaction working
by giving ambience because redox reaction just can work in acidic ambience or basic
ambience. Starting the stopwatch when adding KMnO4 solution and stop the stopwatch
when the purple colour of KMnO4 is disappear, repeat until 10 drops. The reaction is:

2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) +

8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)
2 3 2 3 2

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 17

 This reaction is slow in the room temperature. Manganese(II) ion catalysing this reaction;
so this reaction is autocatalytic; once manganese (II) ion has formed, the reaction become
faster. In basic solution, permanganate solution lost its colour, but manganese dioxide is
precipitate.

In the first drop need 202 second for KMnO4 color to disappear, in the second drop need
236 s, in the third drop need 180 s, in the fourth drop need 170 s, in the fifth drop need
177 s, in the sixth drop need 179 s, in the seventh drop need 200 s, in the eighth drop
need 179 s, in the ninth drop need 197 s and in the tenth drop need 199 s.
On the other reaction tube, adding 2 drops of oxalic acid, 2 drops of sulfuric acid
and 1 drop of Manganese (II) sulfate as a catalyst. The last is adding 2 drop of KMnO4
dilute solution. Starting the stopwatch when adding KMnO4 solution and stop the
stopwatch when the purple color of KMnO4 is disappear, repeat until 5 drops. The
reaction is:
2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) +2Mn(SO4)3(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) +
K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g) + 2Mn(SO4)3(aq)
In the first 2 drops need 16 s for the purple color of KMnO4 is disappear, the second time
is 7 s, the third time is 3 s, the fourth time t4= 4 s, the fifth time is 420 s. From this
experiment we know that presence of the catalyst influence the reaction rate. The
presence of a catalyst (MnSO4) increases the reaction rate (in both the forward and
reverse reactions) by providing an alternative pathway with lower activation energy.

XI. CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we know that reactant concentration, surface area, temperature and
catalyst. Reaction rate increases with concentration, as described by the rate law and
explained by collision theory. As reactant concentration increases, the frequency of
collision increases. The rate of reaction increases as the surface area does. That is because
more particles of the solid are exposed and can be hit by reactant molecules. Higher
temperature delivers more energy into the system and increases the reaction rate by
causing more collisions between particles, as explained by collision theory. However, the
main reason that temperature increases the rate of reaction is that more of the colliding

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 18

 particles will have the necessary activation energy resulting in more successful collisions
(when bonds are formed between reactants). The presence of a catalyst increases the
reaction rate (in both the forward and reverse reactions) by providing an alternative
pathway with lower activation energy.

XII. ANSWER OF THE QUESTION

1. Write down all the reaction equation which occurs in the experiment above!
Answer:
A. Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl → 2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
B. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
C. 2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) +
10CO2(g)
D. 2KMNO4(aq) + 5H2C2O4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) +2Mn(SO4)3(aq) → 2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq)
+ 8H2O(l) + 10CO2(g)
2. Write down the reaction rate equation for first-order and second-order if the
concentration of each reactant
Answer:
First-order: r=k[A] r=k[A][B]
Second-order: r=k[A]2 r=k[A]2[B]2
3. What gases which formed on the experiment reaction between Calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid and write down the equation!
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas
The reaction: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → NaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
4. What is the function of adding Sulfuric acid on the reaction between oxalic acid and
potassium permanganate?
Answer:
The function of adding sulfuric acid is in order to make the reaction working by
giving ambience because redox reaction just can work in acidic ambience or basic
ambience.

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 19

 5. Explain why on the temperature influence the reaction rate experiment, the color of
KMnO4 is invisible along with the increasing time?
Answer
Because the product from this reaction is MnSO4 so the color of KMNO4 did not
appear

XIII. REFERENCESS
Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. 2009. Factors that affect the chemical reaction
rate.(online).( http://chemistry.about.com/od/stoichiometry/a/reactionrate.htm), (March,
9th 2014, 8.00 p.m)

Brady, James E. 1982. General Chemistry 3rd edition: Principles and Structures. New
York: John Wiley & Sons

Chang, Raymond. 1998.Chemistry:Sixth Edition.Mc.Graw-Hill.United of America

Noname.2013.Reaction Rate.(online).( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_rate),

(March, 9th 2014, 8.20 p.m)

Svehla,G.1985.Vogel Buku Teks Analisis Oraganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semimikro.

Jakarta: Kaliman Media Pusaka

Tim Kimia Dasar. 2013. Petunjuk Praktikum Kimia Dasar Lanjut.UNESA.Surabaya

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 20

ATTACHMENT 1

1. The Influence of Concentration on Reaction Rate

Beaker glass 1 Beaker glass 2 Beaker glass 3 Beaker glass 4

5 ml Na2S2O4 5 ml Na2S2O4+ 10 ml 5 ml Na2S2O4+15 ml 5 ml Na2S2O4+25 ml

H2O of H2O of H2O
Colorless solution
Colorless solution Colorless solution Colorless solution

Beaker glass 1 Beaker glass 2 Beaker glass 3 Beaker glass 4

5 ml Na2S2O4+ HCl 5 ml Na2S2O4+ 10 ml 5 ml Na2S2O4+ 15 5 ml Na2S2O4+ 15 ml

3M + HCl 3M ml + HCl 3M + HCl 3M

Changes after 121 s Changes after 227 s Changes after 375 s Changes after 227 s

Turbid solution Turbid solution Turbid solution Turbid solution

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 21

 2. The Influence of Surface Area on Reaction Rate

Experiment 2a. Marble grain

10 ml HCl 1 M Balloon + Grains Marble Balloon filled by CO2 gas and

set on the flask stands upright after 203 s
Colorless solution

Experiment 2b. Marble powder

Balloon + Grains Marble Balloon filled by CO2 gas and

10 ml HCl 1 M
set on the flask stands upright after 203 s

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 22

 3. The Influence of Temperature on Reaction Rate
Solution A Solution B

10 drops of H2C2O4 + 5 ml 10 drops of KMNO4 + 5 ml

of H2O of H2O

Colorless solution Purple solution

2 drops of solution A + 2 2 drops of solution A + 2

drops of H2SO4 0.1 M drops of H2SO4 0.1 M

Purple solution Changes after 460 s

T3= 35˚C, changes T3= 40˚C, changes T3= 45˚C, changes T3= 55˚C, changes
after 420 s after 360 s after 360 s after 300 s

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 23

 4. The Influence of Catalyst on Reaction Rate

4a. without Catalyst

10 drops of KMNO4 2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2 2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2 2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2

+ 10 ml of H2O drops of H2SO4 drops of H2SO4 + drops of H2SO4 +
solution KMNO4 solution KMNO4
Purple solution Colorless solution
Purple solution The color is disappear

4b. with Catalyst

2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2 2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2 2 drops of H2C2O4 + 2

drops of H2SO4 + drops of H2SO4 + solution drops of H2SO4 +
KMNO4+ MnSO4 solution KMNO4+
MnSO4
MnSO4
Colorless solution Purple solution The color is disappear

Lab Work Report |Factor That Influence The Reaction Rate 24

ATTACHMENT 2

Experiment 1:
Concentration t(s) 1/t
M1= 1 M (M)

1 121 0,008264
M1 x V1=M2 x V2
0,33 227 0,004405
1 M x 5 ml = M2 x 15 ml 0,25 375 0,002667

M2= 0,33 0,167 485 0,002062

M1 x V1=M3 x V3 Orde
𝑥 𝑌
1 M x 5 ml = M3 x 20 ml 𝑟1 𝑘 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑁𝑆 𝑂
𝑟3 𝑘 𝐻𝐶𝑙 𝑥 𝑁𝑆 𝑂 𝑌

M3= 0,25
0,008264 1𝑌
M1 x V1=M4 x V4 0,002667 0,25 𝑌
𝑦
3,098 4
1 M x 5 ml = M4 x 30 ml
𝑦 0,81 1
M4= 0,167

Reaction Rate
1.2

1
y = 0.2579x - 0.208
0.8
Concentration

R² = 0.7623

0.6
Reaction Rate
0.4 Linear (Reaction Rate)

0.2

0
0.002062 0.002667 0.004405 0.008264
1/t

Lab Work Report |Factors that Influence the Reaction Rate 25

 Experiment 3

T (˚C) t (s) 1/t

Reaction rate
30 469 0,002132
60
35 420 0,002381
y = 5x + 25
50 Reaction
R² = 1 40 397 0,002519
rate
40
temperature

45 360 0,002778
30
Linear
50 300 0,003333
20 (Reaction
rate)
10

0
0.002132 0.002381 0.002519 0.002778 0.003333
1/t

Experiment 4

Reaction rate
250

200 y = -0.9333x + 197.67

R² = 0.0167

150
Time

100

50

y = -2x + 15.5
R² = 0.7619
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Without catalyst 236 180 170 177 199 200 179 197 199
With calatyst 16 7 3 4

Lab Work Report |Factors that Influence the Reaction Rate 26