+ Details Description

+ Summary (optional).

Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:

Starting Presentation Type Verb Description

the
comparison
of…
the
differences…
the
changes...
the number
of…
information
diagram / table / figure / shows / represents / depicts / enumerates / on…
illustration / graph / chart / flow illustrates / presents/ gives / provides / data on…
The/ the given
chart / picture/ presentation/ pie delineates/ outlines/ describes / delineates/ the
/ the supplied
chart / bar graph/ column graph / expresses/ denotes/ compares/ shows proportion
/ the presented
line graph / table data/ data / contrast / indicates / figures / gives data on of…
/ the shown /
information / pictorial/ process / gives information on/ presents the amount
the provided
diagram/ map/ pie chart and table/ information about/ shows data about/ of…
bar graph and pie chart ... demonstrates/ sketch out/ summarises... information
on...
data about...
comparative
data...
the trend of...
the
percentages
of...
the ratio of...
how the...

Example :
1. The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European countries
from 1925 to 1985.
2. The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employees in 6
broad categories, dividing into manual and non-manual occupations in Australia,
between 2010 and 2015.
3. The chart gives information about consumer expenditures on six products in four
 countries namely Germany, Italy, Britain and France.
4. The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female graduates in three
developing countries while the table data presents the overall literacy rate in these
countries.
5. The bar graph and the table data depict the water consumption in different sectors in
five regions.
6. The bar graph enumerates the money spent on different research projects while the
column graph demonstrates the fund sources over a decade, commencing from 1981.
7. The line graph delineates the proportion of male and female employees in three
different sectors in Australia between 2010 and 2015.
Note that, some teachers prefer "The line graph demonstrates..." format instead
of "The given line graph demonstrates...". However, if you write "The given/ provided/
presented...." it would be correct as well.
Tips:
1. For a single graph use 's' after the verb, like - gives data on, shows/ presents etc.
However, if there are multiple graphs, DO NOT use 's' after the verb.
2. If there are multiple graphs and each one presents a different type of data, you can write
which graph presents what type of data and use 'while' to show a connection. For example -
'The given bar graph shows the amount spent on fast food items in 2009 in the UK while
the pie chart presents a comparison of people's ages who spent more on fast food.
3. Your introduction should be quite impressive as it makes the first impression to the
examiner. It either makes or breaks your overall score.
4. For multiple graphs and/ or table(s), you can write what they present in combination
instead of saying which each graph depicts. For example, "The two pie charts and the
column graph in combination depicts a picture of the crime in Australia from
2005 to 2015 and the percentages of young offenders during this period."
Caution:
Never copy word for word from the question. If you do do, you would be penalised. always
paraphrase the introduction in your own words.
What + Where + When.
Example: The diagram presents information on the percentages of teachers who have
expressed their views about different problems they face when dealing with children in
three Australian schools from 2001 to 2005.
What = the percentages of teachers...
Where = three Australian schools....
When = from 2001 to 2005...
A good General statement should always have these parts.

Vocabulary for the General Trend Part:

In general,
In common,
Generally speaking,
Overall,
It is obvious,
As is observed,
As a general trend,
As can be seen,
As an overall trend,
As is presented,
It can be clearly seen that,
At the first glance,
it is clear,
At the onset,
it is clear that,
A glance at the graphs reveals that...

Example:
1. In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then declined
throughout the next decade.
2. As is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries show no
overall pattern, rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country to country.
3. Generally speaking, citizens in the USA had a far better life standard than that of
remaining countries.
4. As can be seen, the highest number of passengers used the London Underground
station at 8:00 in the morning and at 6:00 in the evening.
5. Generally speaking, more men were engaged in managerial positions in 1987 than
that of women in New York in this year.
6. As an overall trend, the number of crimes reported increased fairly rapidly until the
mid-seventies, remained constant for five years and finally, dropped to 20 cases a
week after 1982.
7. At a first glance, it is clear that more percentages of native university pupils violated
regulations and rules than the foreign students did during this period.
"A glance at the graphs reveals that 70% male were employed in 2001 while 40 thousand women in
this year had jobs."

And use a format /comparison like the following:

"A glance at the graphs reveals that more men were employed than their female counterpart in
2001 and almost two-third females were jobless in the same year. "
Vocabulary to Start the Report Body:
Just after you finish writing your 'Introduction' (i.e. General Statement + General
overview/ trend), you are expected to start a new paragraph to describe the main features
of the diagrams. This second paragraph is called the 'Body Paragraph / Report Body". You
can have a single body paragraph/ report body or up to 3, (not more than 3 in any case)
depending on the number of graphs provided in the question and the type of these graphs.
There are certain phrases you can use to start your body paragraph and following is a list of
such phrases ---
1. As is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table...
2. As (is) shown in the illustration...
3. As can be seen in the...
4. As the diagrams suggest...
5. According to the...
6. Categorically speaking...
7. Getting back to the details...
8. Now, turning to the details....
9. The table data clearly shows that...
10. The diagram reveals that...
11. The data suggest that...
12. The graph gives figure...
13. It is interesting to note that...
14. It is apparently seen that...
15. It is conspicuous that...
16. It is explicitly observed that...
17. It is obvious...
18. It is clear from the data...
19. It is worth noticing that...
20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
21. It can be clearly observed that...
22. It could be plainly viewed that...
23. It could be noticed that...
24. We can see that...
Vocabulary to show the changes:
Trends Verb form Noun Form

rise / increase / go up / uplift / rocket(ed) / climb / a rise / an increase / an upward trend /

Increase upsurge / soar/ shot up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move a growth / a leap / a jump / an
upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge. improvement/ a climb.
a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a
fall / decrease / decline / plummet / plunge / drop /
downward trends /a downward
Decrease reduce / collapse / deterioriate/ dip / dive / go down /
tendency / a decline/ a drop / a slide /
take a nosedive / slum / slide / go into free-fall.
a collapse / a downfall.
unchanged / level out / remain constant / remain steady
a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/ a
Steadiness / plateau / remain the same / remain stable / remain
static
static

Gradual an upward trend / an upward tendency

------------
increase / a ceiling trend

Gradual a downward trend / a downward

------------
decrease tendency / a descending trend

level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / remain(ed)

unchanged / remain(ed) stable / prevail(ed) consistency
Standability/
/ plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau / stay(ed) uniform No change, a flat, a plateau.
Flat
/immutable / level(ed) out/ stabilise/ remain(ed) the
same.

Examples:
1. The overall sale of the company increased by 20% at the end of the year.
2. The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months but the profit
rose by almost 25%.
3. There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment in this University.
4. The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2 years ago.
5. The population of these two cities increase significantly in the last two decades and it
is expected that it will remain stable during the next 5 years.
Tips:
1. Use 'improve' / 'an improvement' to describe a situation like economic condition or
employment status. To denote numbers use other verbs/nouns like increase.
2. Do not use the same word/ phrase over and over again. In fact, you should not use a noun or verb
form to describe a trend/change more than twice; once is better!
3. To achieve a high band score you need to use a variety of vocabulary as well as sentence
formations.
Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:
Type of
Adverb form Adjective form
Change

dramatically / rapidly / sharply / quickly / dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick / hurried /

Rapid
hurriedly / speedily / swiftly / significantly/ speedy / swift / significant / considerable
change
considerably / substantioally / noticably. / substantial / noticable.

Moderate moderately / gradually / progressively / moderate / gradual / progressive /

change sequentially. sequential.

Steady
steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.
change
Slight
slightly / slowly / mildly / tediously. slight / slow / mild / tedious.
change
Example:
1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.
2. There was a sharp drop in the industrial production in the year 2009.
3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.
Adjectives Adverbs
Somewhat Somewhat
Moderate Moderately
Minor change / Small difference:
Adjectives Adverbs
Fractional Fractionally
Marginal Marginally
Slight Slightly

Dates, Months & Years related vocabulary and grammar:

» From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005, After 2012.
» By 1995, In 1998, In February, Over the period, During the period, During 2011.
» In the first half of the year, For the first quarter, The last quarter of the year, During the
first decade.
» In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s, Next 10 years,
Previous year, Next year, Between 1980 - 1990.
» Within a time span of ten years, within five years.
» Next month, Next quarter, Next year, Previous month, Previous year.
» Since, Then, From.

Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

Percentages:
10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per cent, fall at 50%,
reached to 75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5
times higher, 3 timers lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%.
Fractions:
4% = A tiny fraction.
24% = Almost a quarter.
25% Exactly a quarter.
26% = Roughly one quarter.
32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.
49% = Around a half, just under a half.
50% Exactly a half.
51% = Just over a half.
73% = Nearly three quarters.
77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter.
79% = Well over three quarters.
Proportions:
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.
Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary:
» Approximately
» Nearly
» Roughly
» Almost
» About
» Around

Task Achievement:
A) Fully satisfies all the requirements of the task.
B) Clearly presents a fully developed response.
What will be assessed by the examiner?
a) How appropriately, accurately and relevantly you fulfil your task requirements.
b) How accurately you write your report and how appropriately you present the data
(compare/ contrast/ show the most striking trends/ features/ data.)
Coherence and Cohesion:
A) Uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention.
B) Skillfully manages paragraphing.
What will be assessed by the examiner?
a) No misinterpretation and presentation of data and trend.
b) How well you organise your paragraphs.
c) Overall clarity and fluency of your report and message.
d) How well you have organised and liked the information, data and ideas in your writing.
e) Logical sequencing and appropriate use of linking devices between and within your
sentences.
» More or less
» Just over
» Just under
» Just around
» Just about
» Just below
» A little more than
» A little less than.
Tips:
1 Do not incorporate more than 3-4 paragraphs.
2 Do not use a single paragraph to describe everything.
3 The conclusion part is optional. If you think that you have already written more than
170 words and have nothing to say, you can skip the conclusion.

Lexical Resource:
A) Uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical
features.
B) Rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’.
What will be assessed by the examiner?
a) The range of vocabulary you have used in your writing.
b) How accurately and appropriately you have used words/ phrases while presenting the
graph(s) as a report.

Tips: Do NOT use words/ phrases that are already given in the question. Do so only if
there is no alternative word(s)/ phrase(s) to convey the same meaning/idea.

Grammatical Range and Accuracy:

A) Uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy.
B) Rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’.

Tips:
Do not use the same sentence structure and data comparison/ contrasting style over and
over again. Bring a variety in your writing to show that you can formulate different
sentence structures without making any grammatical mistakes.

Graph Writing Vocabulary Index:

Vocabulary to represent highest and lowest points in graphs:
Type Verb Noun

peaked / culminated / climaxed / reach a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a (/the) vertex / the
Highest
the peak / hit the peak / touch the highest highest point/ an (/the) apex / a (/the) summit, a (/the)
Point
point / reach the vertex/ reach the apex top, a (/the) pinnacle, a (/the) acme, a (/the) zenith,

the lowest point / the lowest mark / bottommost point

Lowest touch the lowest point / get the lowest
/ rock bottom point/ bottommost mark / nadir/ the all-
Point point / reached the nadir
time low/ the lowest level/ the bottom/ rock-bottom

Example:
1. The price of the oil reached a peak amounting $20 in February and again touched
the lowest point amounting only $10 in July.
2. Student enrollment in foreign Universities and Colleges increased dramatically
hitting a peak of over 20 thousand in 2004.
3. The highest number of books was sold in July while it was lowest in December.
4. The oil price reached a pick in 2003 while it was lowest in 2006.
5. The selling volume of the DVD hit a pick with 2 million copies sold in a month but
after just three months it reached the bottom with only 20 thousand sold in a
month.
Vocabulary to show fluctuations/ups and downs/ rise and fall in Verb forms:
• Be erratic
 • Rise and fall erratically
• Changes sporadically
• Rise and fall irregularly
• Changes Intermittently
Date, month & year related Vocabulary and Grammatical rules:
• Between ...(year/ month)... and ...(year/ month)...
• From ...(year/ month/ day/date)... to ...(year/ month/day/date)...
• In ...(year/ month)...
• On ...(day/ day of the week/ a date)...
• At ......, In ......, By ......
• During ... (year)...
• Over the period/ over the century/ later half of the year/ the year...
• Over the next/ past/ previous ........ days/ weeks/ months/ years/ decades...
Presenting Percentages:
You can present a percentage data in one of the three different ways. It is suggested that
you use all these formats in your report writing instead of repeating the same style to show
percentages in your writing.
% = In percentage / in %. (20%, 25 percentage, ten per cent etc.)
% = In proportion. (two out of five, every student out of three etc. )
% = In fraction. (one-third, two-fifth, a quarter etc.)
Vocabulary to show how many times...
• Exactly the same.
• Roughly the same
• Practically the same
• Twice

• Thrice

• Four times
• Five times
• ...............

• Ten times
• ...............

• Hundred times.
Vocabulary to show how much changed...
• Halved
 • Equalled

• Doubled

• Trebled / tripled
• Quadrupled (fourfold /four times)
• Pentadrupled (fivefold /five times)
• Hexadrupled (sixfold /six times)
• Septupled (sevenfold /seven times)
• Octupled (Eightfold/eight times)
• Nonupled (Ninefold/ nine times)
• .................

• Centupled (hundredfold/ hundred times)

Vocabulary to represent comparison in graphs:

Type Word(s) should be used

Similar about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately / around / just about / very nearly /

Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just across

Just short just below / just beneath / just sort / just under / just a little

Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across / well over

Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath

Example:
1. The number of high-level women executives is well beneath than the number of male
executives in this organisation, where approximately 2000 people work in executive
levels.
2. About 1000 people died in the highway car accident in 2003 which is well above
than the statistics of all other years.
3. The number of domestic-violence cases was just below 500 in March which is just a
little over than the previous months.
4. The average rainfall in London in 2014 was just above than the average of other two
cities.
5. The salaries of male executives in three out of four companies were well above than
the salaries of female executives in 1998.
habit of using formal words and expressions instead- for your performance and band
score's sake.
Informal Formal
Go up Increase
Go down Decrease
Look at Examine
Find about Discover
Point out Indicate
Need to Required
Get Obtain
Think about Consider
Seem Appear
demonstrate/
Show
illustrate
Start Commence
Keep Retain
But However
Therefore/
So
Thus
In addition/
Also
Additionally
In the meantime In the interim
In the end Finally
Anyway Notwithstanding
Lots of/ a lot of Much, many
Kids Children
Cheap Inexpensive
Right Correct
I think In my opinion

Graph Writing Vocabulary Index:

Following are the vocabularies for Academic IELTS Writing Task 1 grouped as Noun, Verb,
Adjective, Adverb, and Phrase to help you improve your vocabulary and understanding of
the usages of these while describing a graph.
Noun:
Increase:
A growth: There was a growth in the earning of the people of the city at the end of the
year.
An increase: Between the noon and evening, there was an increase in the temperature of
the coast area and this was probably because of the availability of the sunlight at that time.
A rise: A rise of the listener in the morning can be observed from the bar graph.
Steadiness:
Stability: The data from the line graph show a stability of the price in the retail market
from January till June for the given year.
A plateau: As is presented in the line graph, there was a plateau of the oil price from 1985
to 1990.
Decrease:
A fall: There was a fall in the price of the energy bulbs in 2010 which was less than $5.
A decline: A decline occurred after June and the production reached to 200/day for the
next three months.
A decrease: After the initial four years, the company’s share price increased and there
was a decrease in the loss it was bearing.
Using 'Nouns' and 'Verbs' to describe trends in a graph:
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Increased (to) An increase
» Rose (to) A rise
» Climbed (to) An upward trend
» Went up (to) A growth

Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Surge A surge
» Boomed (to) A boom / a dramatic increase.
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Decreased (to) A decrease
» Declined (to) A decline
» Fell (to) A fall
» Reduce (to) A reduction
» Dipped (to)
» Dropped (to) A drop
» Went down (to) A downward trend

Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Plunge
» Slumped (to) A slum / a dramatic fall.
» Plummeted (to)

Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Remained stable (at)
» Remained static (at)
» Remained steady (at)
» Stayed constant (at)
» Levelled out (at) A level out
» Did not change No change
» Remained unchanged No change
» Maintained the same level
» Plateaued (at) A plateau

Direction:

Verbs
Nouns
» Fluctuated (around) A fluctuation
» Oscillated An oscillation
Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Peaked (at) The peak/ apex/ zenith/ summit/ the highest point

Direction:

Verbs Nouns
» Bottomed (at) The lowest point/ the bottom/ bottommost point
Use 'adjective/adverb' to indicate the movement of a trend.
Examples:
1. There has been a slight increase in the unemployment rate in 1979 at which point it stood
at 12%.
2. The price of gold dropped rapidly for the next three years.
Use 'adjective' to modify the 'Noun' form of a trend and use 'adverb' to modify
the 'verb' form of a trend.
Greater or Higher?
We usually use 'greater' when we compare two numbers, and 'higher' while comparing two
percentages or ratio. Reversely, 'smaller or fewer' could be used to compare two numbers
and 'lower' to compare two percentages or ratios. The following table would make it clear --
-

Examples:
1. The number of male doctors in this city was greater than the number of female doctors.
2. The number of European programmers who attended the seminar was fewer than the
number of Asian programmers.
3. The percentage of male doctors in this city was higher than the percentage of female
doctors.
4. During 2010, the inflow of illegal immigrants was lower than that of 2012.
5. the birth rate in Japan in 2014 was higher than the birth rate in 2015.

Vocabulary to compare to what extent / to (/by) what degree something is

greater/higher than the other.

» Overwhelmingly, Substantially, Significantly. Considerably.

» Moderately, Markedly.
» Hardly, Barely, Slightly, Fractionally, Marginally.
Vocabulary to show the sequence:
» Subsequently, Respectively, Consecutively, Sequentially.
» Previous, Next, First, Second, Third, Finally, Former, Latter.

Tips:
"The market shares of HTC, Huawei, Samsung, Apple and Nokia in 2010 were 12%, 7%,
20%, 16% and 4% globally."

This above sentence makes it ambiguous to understand which mobile brand had what
percentage of market share. If there are more than 2 values/ figures, you should always
use 'consecutively/ sequentially/ respectively'. Using either of these words would
eliminate any doubt about the above sentence as it will clearly state that the percentages of
market shares mentioned here would match the mobile brands sequentially (i.e. first one
for the first brand, the second one for the second brand and so on.)
"The market shares of HTC, Huawei, Samsung, Apple and Nokia in 2010 were 12%, 7%,
20%, 16% and 4% respectively in the global market."

Note: You do not need to use 'consecutively/ sequentially/ respectively' if there are
only two values to write.
Vocabulary to show transitions:
Vocabulary to describe different types of data/trends in a paragraph while showing a
smooth and accurate transition is quite important. Following word(s)/ phrase(s) would
help you do so in an excellent way...
• Then

• Afterwards

• Following that
• Followed by
• Next

• Subsequently

• Former

• Latter

• After

• Previous

• Prior to
• Simultaneously

• During

• While

• Finally.

Few More Vocabularies:

Few more useful vocabulary to use in your report writing:
• Stood at
•A marked increase
• Steep

• Gradual

• Hike

• Drastic

• Declivity

• Acclivity
 • Prevalent

• Plummet

Useful phrases for describing graphs:

• To level off
• To reach a plateau
• To hit the highest point
• To stay constant
• To flatten out
• To show some fluctuation
• To hit the lowest point
• Compared to
• Compared with
• Relative to

Graph Writing Vocabulary Index:

You will often need to use 'adjectives' and 'adverbs' to indicate the speed of changes in the
trend (called 'Degree of Speed) in your answer. Following is a list of vocabularies that will
help you present the quick changes quite effectively.
Adjectives:
» Rapid, Quick, Sharp, Swift, Sudden, Wild.
» Steady, Gradual, Moderate
» Slow, Gentle.
Adverbs:
» Rapidly, Quickly, Sharply, Swiftly, Suddenly, Wildly.
» Steadily, Gradually, Moderately
» Slowly, Gently.
A different set of vocabulary to represent the 'Degree of Trend' would also be handy to
summarise data presented in a graph. Both 'adjective' and 'adverb' form of this vocabulary
list is given below. Use 'adjectives' to modify a 'Noun', while 'adverbs' should be used to
modify a 'verb'.
Adjectives:
» Significant, Huge, Enormous, Steep, Substantial, Considerable, Marked, Dramatic,
Abrupt.
» Moderate, Slight.
» Minimum (singular), Minima (plural)
Adverbs:
» Significantly, Hugely, Enormously, Steeply, Substantially, Considerably, Markedly,