COURSE: ECE 003 MEMBERS: Aquino, Joshua Ryan

SECTION: EC41FA3 Cabuloy, Jei Benson

INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Cayetano Hiwatig Dela Cruz, John Carlo V.
EXPERIMENT NO.: 1 Diciano, Raymart
TITLE: Diode Applications and Filter Circuits Samande, Kenneth

PERFORMANCE BEGINNER ACCEPTABLE PROFICIENT SCORE

INDICATORS 1 2 3
LABORATORY PERFORMANCE
Experimental Set-up Members are unable to set-up the Members are able to setup the Members are able to setup the
materials. materials with supervision. material with minimum supervision.
Time Management/ Members do not finish on time with Members finish on time with Members finish ahead of time with
Conduct of Experiment incomplete data. incomplete data. complete data and time to revise
data.
Cooperative and Members do not know their tasks Members defined responsibilities most Members are on tasks and have
Teamwork and have no defined responsibilities. of the time. Group conflicts are defined responsibilities at all times.
Group conflicts have to be settled by cooperatively managed most of the Group conflicts are cooperatively
the teacher. time. managed at all times.
Neatness and Messy workplace during and after Clean and orderly workplace with Clean and orderly workplace at all
Orderliness the experiment. occasional mess during and after the times during and after the
experiment. experiment.
Ability to do Members require supervision by the Members require occasional Members do not need to be
independent work teacher. supervision by the teacher. supervised by the teacher.
Student Outcomes( d1)
Conduct experiments in Members do not follow good and Members follow good and safe Members follow good and safe
accordance with good safe laboratory practice in the laboratory practice most of the time in laboratory practice at all times in
and safe laboratory conduct of experiments. the conduct of experiments. the conduct of experiments.
practice.(x2)
Operate equipment and Members are unable to operate the Members are able to operate Members are able to operate the
instruments with ease. equipment and instruments. equipment and instrument with equipment and instruments with
(x2) supervision. ease and with minimum
supervision.
Analyze data, validate The group has incomplete data. The group has complete data but has The group has complete data,
experimental values no analysis and valid conclusion. validates experimental values
against theoretical values against theoretical values, and
to determine possible provides valid conclusion.
experimental errors, and
provide valid
conclusions.(x2)
Discussion of Results, Conclusion and Assessment Task
Ideas are not in reference to the Ideas are taken from the result/data
Ideas are in reference to result/data
Discussion of Results result/data gathered during gathered during the experiment.
gathered during experiment. Clear, but
(x2) experiment. Not clear, incomplete Very clear, complete and sufficient
not complete and too short.
and too short. to form a discussion.
Ideas are very much appropriate to
Ideas are inappropriate to the Ideas are somehow appropriate to the
the experiment objectives and
experiment objectives and intended experiment objectives and intended
Conclusion (x3) intended learning outcomes.
learning outcomes. learning outcomes.
Very clear, complete and sufficient
Not clear, incomplete and too short. Clear but not complete and too short.
to form a conclusion.
Majority of the questions were All questions were correctly
Assessment Task Answers to questions were incorrect.
answered correctly. answered.
Total
Mean score Total score/17
Percentage score (Total score/51) x 100%

Evaluated by:

CAYETANO D. HIWATIG
Printed Name and Signature of Faculty Member Date
Experiment No. 1
 DIODE APPLICATIONS AND FILTER CIRCUIT

1. Objective(s):
To analyze the primary stage of power supply, forward voltage and current characteristics for
diodes and filter circuits.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
1. Analyze the operation of a single polarity power supply.
2. Examine the activity of a filter capacitor in a power supply circuit.
3. Determine the effect of capacitor value in the dc value and ripple factor.
3. Discussion:
Because of their ability to conduct current in one direction and block current in the other direction, diodes
are used in circuits called rectifiers that convert ac voltage into dc voltage. Rectifiers are found in all dc power
supplies that operate from an ac voltage source. A power supply is an essential] part of each electronic system from
the simplest to the most complex.

A power supply filter ideally eliminates the fluctuations in the output voltage of a half-wave or full-wave
rectifier and produces a constant-level de voltage. Filtering is necessary because electronic circuits require a
constant source of de voltage and current to provide power and biasing for proper operation. Filters are implemented
with capacitors.

(a) Rectifier without filter

(b) Rectifier with filter

4. Resources:
De Lorenzo 3155M12
Signal Generator and Probes
Oscilloscope and Probes
Connecting Wires
Digital Multimeter

5. Procedure:
Activity 1 - Diode bridge rectifier (Graetz bridge) with capacitive input filter

Schematic Diagram

Figure 1.1

1. Insert the Module DL 3155M12 in the console and set the main switch to ON
2. connect the oscilloscope and the resistance R1 as shown in the figure 1.2

Figure 1.2
3. adjust the oscilloscope in the following way:
CH1 = 5V/DIV, CH2 = not used, Samp. Rate = 5KHz, coupling = DC;
4. without supplying the signal generator, superpose, at the half of the oscilloscope display, the line of channel
1 and the one of channel 2
5. set the switches S1 and S2 to OFF
6. observe, on the oscilloscope display, the output signal: the wave is of pulsing kind
7. write in Figure 1.3 (a) the signals displayed on the oscilloscope
8. measure the peak voltage on R1 and on the secondary of the transformer, after having moved the channel 1
probe, and write the value in table 1.1: note that the voltage at the diode ends is reduced of a value equal to
two times the potential barrier.

Table 1.1

Without capacitive filter With capacitive filter C1 With capacitive filter C2

Uo [V] measured 17.92 Umdc [V] measured 17.48 Umdc [V] measured 17.67
Uimax [V] measured 18.97 Umdc [V] calculated Umdc [V] calculated
fi [Hz] measured 60 Urpp [V] measured 2.5075 Urpp [V] measured .5644
fo [Hz] measured 120 Ureff [V] calculated Ureff [V] calculated
Umed [V] measured 11.7 r calculated r calculated
Umed [V] measured 11.7
Umed[V] calculated

9. measure the frequency on the secondary of the transformer and at the resistance R1 ends, and write the
value in table 1.1: note that the output voltage is double against the input one
10. with a digital multimeter, measure the direct-current component at the resistance R1 ends and write the
results in table 1.1: compare the measured value with the calculated one
11. set the switch S1 to ON
12. connect the channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the resistor R1 ends
13. observe, on the oscilloscope display, the output signal and write it in Figure 1.3 (b): the wave isn't of
pulsating kind any longer but it is clipped, i.e. it becomes a quite direct voltage with a residual undulation
(ripple)
14. with a digital multimeter, measure the direct-current component at the resistance R1 ends and write the
value in table 1.1: compare the measured value with the calculated one
15. select, now, the alternating coupling (AC) by means of the selector AC, GND, DC
16. turn the knob TIME/DIV on 2ms and adjust the image amplitude on 0.2 VOLT/DIV
17. observe carefully the output ripple factor and write in Figure 1.3 (c) the signal displayed on the oscilloscope
18. calculate the ripple effective voltage and the shape factor (ripple) and write the values in table 1.1
19. set the switches S1 to OFF and S2 to ON
20. repeat the procedures of points with the red arrow by writing in Figure 1.3 (c) the signal displayed on the
oscilloscope: note that in this case the ripple factor is decreased
21. select, now, the alternating coupling (AC) by means of the selector AC, GND, DC
22. adjust the Samp. Rate of oscilloscope (to get a better waveform) and adjust the image amplitude on 0.2
VOLT/DIV
23. observe carefully the output ripple factor and write in Figure 1.3 (e) the signal displayed on the oscilloscope
24. measure the ripple peak-to-peak voltage and write the value in tab.1.1
25. calculate the ripple effective voltage and the shape factor (ripple) and write the values in table 1.1
26. compare the obtained results by using a capacitive filter C1 with the ones of the capacitive filter C2 and
describe the differences that have been found
Figure 1.3
Course: Experiment No.:
Group No.: Section:
Group Members: Date Performed:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:

6. Data and Results:

Computations:

Discussion of Table 1.1:

Discussion of Figure 1.3:

This figure of tables shows the different signals the oscilloscope reads when we try different circuits
in our experiment the full wave rectifier. The figure 1.3a shows the signal of AC voltage when it passes the
rectifier. It omits the negative values. Figure 1.3b shows the signal after adding 1 capacitor as filter, and the
signal turns to pulsating dc with some ripple voltage. When the alternating coupling has gbeen selected, the
volateg goes down as shown of figure 1.3c. When we add another capacitor, finer dc voltage was obtaines
as shown in figure 1.3d and 1.3e.

7. Conclusion:

 We learned the differences about the single polarity power supply also known as unipolar power
supply from the dual polarity power supply that can also be called as bipolar power supply. The
single polarity power supply doesn’t have to have positive or negative markings, for it uses terminal
1 and 2 where we often neglect its positive and negative terminal like for example AC supply. While
on the other hand, batteries for example, produce dc supply, requires us to match the polarity of
the supply and the loads for the circuit to work properly.
 We also learned that filter capacitor filters the output of the rectifier to make it smother dc.
capacitor fill the gaps whenever the negative cycles occurs, but then discharges quickly, making
some ripple voltages. Without it, output of the rectifier will be pulsating dc.

 paBIBO na conclusion.
Assessment Task:
1. After the rectifier stage, what causes the ripple voltage on the output of a capacitor-input filter?

The capacitor itself is the one that causes the ripple voltage on our ouput voltage. When the negative
half cycles occurs, the capacitor try to maintains the voltage, but it discharges as it happens. Before the
capacitor is fully discharge, the positive half cycle will again occur, charging the capacitor again and the
cycle continues.
2. If the load resistance connected to a filtered power supply is increased, what will happen to the ripple
voltage? If the load resistance is increased, what variation can be seen in the ripple voltage?

Ripple voltage, in the presence of a filter capacitor, is inversely proportional to load resistance, thus
increasing it will reduce ripple voltage. But when we increased the load resistance, it will draw voltage from
the capacitor, discharging faster, thus resulting to higher fluctuations or ripple voltages.

3. If the filter capacitors have defects such as leaky, shorted or open. What are the possible output waveforms
of a power supply that can be seen through an oscilloscope?

If the capacitor is defective, let say leaky, there will be higher ripple voltage. If it is shorted, our
diodes will be damages as well as our rectifier, and if it is open, positive or negative half cycles os
sine.