Asphalt Practicum Report
Asphalt Practicum Report
Asphalt Practicum Report
First of all we would like to extend our praise and gratitude to the Almighty
God for giving us strength, patience, pleasure, and health, so we can complete the
highway engineering report in time. We also express our deepest gratitude to the lab
assistants for their guidance and assistance during the process of making this report,
so that this report can be completed on time.
In the preparation of this report we are aware that there are still many
shortcomings and mistakes, either intentionally or unintentionally. For that we
apologize for any shortcomings contained in this report, and we sincerely hope and
accept all constructive suggestions and criticisms to be a learning material for us in
the future.
Finally, we hope that this report can be useful and can provide knowledge to
the reader.
Group 8/BB43
i
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................. i
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................xi
LIST OF ANOTATIONS............................................................................................xv
1.1 PURPOSE...................................................................................................... 1
2.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 11
3.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 17
iii
3.3 TOOLS ........................................................................................................ 18
4.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 21
5.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 25
6.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 29
iv
6.5 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................. 31
7.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 33
8.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 37
9.1 PURPOSE.................................................................................................... 41
v
9.7 ERROR FACTOR ....................................................................................... 43
10.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 45
11.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 49
12.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 55
vi
CHAPTER 13 MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT
MIXTURE .......................................................................................................... 67
13.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 67
14.3 TOOLS..................................................................................................... 72
vii
viii
LIST OF TABLES
ix
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
Figure 6.1 Digital Scale.............................................................................................. 30
Figure 6.2 Frying Pan................................................................................................. 30
Figure 6.3 Spatula ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 6.4 Asphalt ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 6.5 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 30
Figure 6.6 Pycnometer ............................................................................................... 30
Figure 6.7 White Stone Covered with Asphalt .......................................................... 31
Figure 7.1 Pole and Ring Handle ............................................................................... 34
Figure 7.2 Steel Balls 9.52 mm Diameter .................................................................. 34
Figure 7.3 Ring........................................................................................................... 34
Figure 7.4 1000 mL Beaker........................................................................................ 34
Figure 7.5 Frying Pan................................................................................................. 34
Figure 7.6 Electric Stove ............................................................................................ 34
Figure 7.7 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 35
Figure 7.8 Glycerin .................................................................................................... 35
Figure 7.9 Thermometer............................................................................................. 35
Figure 7.10 Stopwatch................................................................................................ 35
Figure 8.1 Penetrometer ............................................................................................. 38
Figure 8.2 Penetration Needle Steel ........................................................................... 38
Figure 8.3 Can ............................................................................................................ 38
Figure 8.4 Stopwatch.................................................................................................. 38
Figure 8.5 Frying Pan................................................................................................. 38
Figure 9.1 Frying Pan................................................................................................. 42
Figure 9.2 Gas Stove .................................................................................................. 42
Figure 9.3 Electic Cleveland ...................................................................................... 42
Figure 9.4 Thermometer............................................................................................. 42
Figure 9.5 Flash Cup .................................................................................................. 42
Figure 10.1 25 mL Hubbart Pycnometer.................................................................... 46
Figure 10.2 Gas Stove ................................................................................................ 46
Figure 10.3 Frying Pan............................................................................................... 46
Figure 10.4 Digital Scale............................................................................................ 46
Figure 11.1 Ductility Mold......................................................................................... 50
Figure 11.2 Frying Pan............................................................................................... 50
Figure 11.3 Gas Stove ................................................................................................ 50
xii
Figure 11.4 Spatula .................................................................................................... 50
Figure 11.5 Ductility Test Machine ........................................................................... 50
Figure 11.6 Glycerin .................................................................................................. 50
Figure 12.1 Marshal Machine .................................................................................... 55
Figure 12.2 Mold........................................................................................................ 55
Figure 12.3 Extruder .................................................................................................. 55
Figure 12.4 Hammer .................................................................................................. 55
Figure 12.5 Compaction Pedestal............................................................................... 55
Figure 12.6 Frying Pan............................................................................................... 55
Figure 12.7 Gas Stove ................................................................................................ 56
Figure 12.8 Waterbath ................................................................................................ 56
Figure 12.9 Glycerin .................................................................................................. 56
Figure 12.10 Buoyancy Balance ................................................................................ 56
Figure 12.11 Correlation Graph between Stability and Asphalt Content .................. 62
Figure 12.12 Correlation Graph between Flow and Asphalt Content........................ 62
Figure 12.13 Correlation Graph between Air Void and Asphalt Content.................. 63
Figure 12.14 Correlation Graph between VFA and Asphalt Content ........................ 63
Figure 12.15 Correlation Graph between Density and Asphalt Content.................... 64
Figure 12.16 Correlation Graph between VMA and Asphalt Content....................... 64
Figure 12.17 Optimum Moisture Content .................................................................. 65
Figure 13.1 500 mL Pycnometer................................................................................ 68
Figure 13.2 Hammer .................................................................................................. 68
Figure 13.3 Digital Scale............................................................................................ 68
Figure 13.4 Pan .......................................................................................................... 68
Figure 15.1 Centriguge Extractor ............................................................................... 72
Figure 15.2 Filter Paper.............................................................................................. 72
Figure 15.3 Digital Scale............................................................................................ 72
Figure 15.4 Oven ........................................................................................................ 72
Figure 15.5 Pan .......................................................................................................... 72
xiii
xiv
LIST OF ANOTATIONS
xv
Gsb = Oven-dry bulk specific gravity of aggregate
P1 , P 2 , P n = Percentage of each fraction of aggregates (%)
G1 , G2 , Gn = Specific gravity each fraction of aggregates
Pba = Percentage of absorbed binder (%)
Pbe = Percentage effective binder content (%)
Gmb = Measured bulk specific gravity
VFB = Void filled with asphalt (%)
VMA = Void in mineral aggregate (%)
VIM = Void in the asphalt mixture (%)
xvi
CHAPTER 1
SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATES
1.1 PURPOSE
This practicum is intended to determine the grain distribution of fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates using sieves.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
2
1.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Digital Scale;
b. Sieve Shaker;
c. Sieve (1/2”, 3/8”, No.4, No.8, No.16, No.30, No.50, No.100, No.200);
d. Pan;
e. Coarse Aggregate;
f. Fine Agrgregate.
Figure 1.1 Digital Scale Figure 1.2 Sieve Shaker Figure 1.3 Sieve (1/2”,
3/8”, No.4, No.8, No.16,
No.30, No.50, No.100,
No.200)
Figure 1.4 Pan Figure 1.5 Coarse Figure 1.6 Fine Aggregate
Aggregate
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
3
1.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 1.3 Hotbin 1 Sieve Analysis Data
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 826.6
#4 4.75 170.4
#8 2.36 3
#16 1.18 0.2
#30 0.6 0
#50 0.3 0
#100 0.15 0
#200 0.075 0
Pan - 0
Total 1000.2
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
4
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 6.8
#4 4.75 809
#8 2.36 174.4
#16 1.18 7.2
#30 0.6 0
#50 0.3 0
#100 0.15 0
#200 0.075 0
Pan - 0
Total 997.4
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 0
#4 4.75 2.2
#8 2.36 6.6
#16 1.18 849.2
#30 0.6 135.2
#50 0.3 0.6
#100 0.15 0.4
#200 0.075 2.2
Pan - 1.6
Total 998
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
5
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate
Number
(mm) (gr)
½" 12.5 0
⅜" 9.5 0
#4 4.75 0.6
#8 2.36 0.8
#16 1.18 0.6
#30 0.6 308.8
#50 0.3 264.8
#100 0.15 220.4
#200 0.075 139.2
Pan - 58
Total 993.2
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
Table 1.7 Hotbin 1 Sieve Analysis Calculation
Cummulative
Sieve Restrained
Sieve
Size Aggregate Restrained % %
Number
(mm) (gram) Aggregate Restrained Passed
(gram) (%) (%)
½" 12.5 0 0 0.0% 100.0%
⅜" 9.5 826.6 826.6 82.6% 17.4%
#4 4.75 170.4 997 99.7% 0.3%
#8 2.36 3 1000 100.0% 0.0%
#16 1.18 0.2 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#30 0.6 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#50 0.3 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#100 0.15 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
#200 0.075 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
Pan - 0 1000.2 100.0% 0.0%
Total 1000.2
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
6
100%
90%
Passing Percentage (%)
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size(mm)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
7
100.0%
90.0%
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
8
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
Passing Percentage(%)
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
9
100.0%
90.0%
Passing Percentage(%)
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)
1.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that:
100.0%
90.0%
80.0%
Passing Percentage (%)
70.0%
60.0%
Hotbin 1
50.0%
Hotbin 2
40.0%
Hotbin 3
30.0%
20.0% Hotbin 4
10.0%
0.0%
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
10
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 2
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION
OF FINE AGGREGATES
2.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the bulk specific gravity, saturated surface
dry (SSD) specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and absorption of fine
aggregates.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
12
ATK -
The formulas for each specific gravity are as follows:
Bk
Bulk specific gravity = ....................................................(2.1)
Bj+500-Ba
Bj
SSD specific gravity = .....................................................(2.2)
Bj+500-Ba
Bk
Apparent specific gravity = ...................................................(2.3)
Bk+500-Ba
500-Bk
Absorption = ×100%.............................................(2.4)
Bk
Where:
Bk = Bulk weight (gr);
Bj = Pycnometer weight with water (gr);
Ba = Pycnometer weight with water and sample (gr);
2.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Digital Scale;
b. Pycnometer;
c. Conical Cone;
d. Stick Compactor;
e. Pipette Bottle;
f. Pan.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
13
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
14
2.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 2.2 Data of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin 3 Hotbin 4
Weight of Dried Sample (Bk) (gram) 489 483.4
Weight of Pycnometer with water (Bj) (gram) 921.2 921.2
Weight of Pycnometer with water and sample 1233.8 1225
(Ba) (gram)
Weight of Sample (gram) 500 500
Temperature (o C) 25 25
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
Bk
Bulk specific gravity = Bj+500-Ba
489
= 921.2+500-1233.8
= 2.609
Bj
SSD specific gravity = Bj+500-Ba
921.2
= 921.2+500-1233.8
= 2.834
Bk
Apparent specific gravity = Bk+500-Ba
489
= 489+500-1233.8
= 2.772
500-Bk
Absorption = ×100%
Bk
500-489
= ×100%
489
= 2.249%
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
15
C. PRACTICUM RESULT
Practicum result as follows below:
Table 2.3 Result of Fine Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin 3 Hotbin 4 Average
Bulk Specific Gravity 2.609 2.464 2.537
SSD Specific Gravity 2.834 2.784 2.809
Apparent Specific Gravity 2.772 2.692 2.732
Absorption (%) 2.249 3.434 2.842
2.6 CONCLUSION
a. The bulk specific gravity for both Hotbin 3 and Hotbin 4 are adequate for the
asphalt mixture, since the minimum specification is 2.5 (Hotbin 4 specific
gravity rounded up to 2.5);
b. The average SSD specific gravity value is 2.809;
c. The average apparent speciic gravity value is 2.732;
d. The average absorption value is 2.842%, which is adequate for the asphalt
mixture.
2.7 ERROR FACTOR
Error factor that occur in this practicum are as follows:
a. Error in filling aggregate into conic cone;
b. Less dense when pounding the aggregate inside the conic cone.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
16
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE
3.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the bulk specific gravity, saturated surface
dry (SSD) specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and absorption of coarse
aggregates.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
18
Bj-Bk
Absorption = ×100%..............................................(3.4)
Bk
Where:
Bk = Bulk weight (gr);
Bj = Pycnometer weight with water (gr);
Ba = Pycnometer weight with water and sample (gr);
3.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Digital Scale;
b. Buyoancy Balance;
c. Pan;
d. Napkin.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
19
3.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 3.2 Data of Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
Subject Hotbin I Hotbin II
Dry sample weight (Bk) (gram) 1000 1000
SSD weight (Bj) (gram) 1015 1009.6
Buoyancy weight (Ba) (gram) 602.4 464.4
o
Temperature ( C) 25 25
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
Bk
Bulk specific gravity = Bj-Ba
1000
=
1015-602.4
= 2.424
Bj
SSD specific gravity = Bj-Ba
1015
= 1015-602.4
= 2.46
Bk
Apparent specific gravity = Bk-Ba
1015
= 1000-602.4
= 2.515
Bj-Bk
Absorption = ×100%
Bk
1015-1000
= ×100%
1000
= 1.5%
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
20
C. PRACTICUM RESULT
Practicum result as follows below:
Table 3.3 Practicum Result of Coarse Aggregate Specific Gravity
3.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that:
a. The bulk specific gravity for both Hotbin 1 and Hotbin 2 are not adequate for
the asphalt mixture, since the minimum specification is 2.5;
b. The average SSD specific gravity value is 2.156;
c. The average apparent speciic gravity value is 2.191;
d. The average absorption value is 1,23%, which is adequate for the asphalt
mixture.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 4
ABRASION ANALYSIS USING
LOS ANGELES MACHINE
4.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to determine the resistance of coarse
aggregates to wear using the Los Angeles abrasion machine.
4.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Los Angeles Machine;
b. Steel Balls;
c. Sieve No. ⅜, ¼, 4;
d. Digital Scale.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
22
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
23
4.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Original weight of aggregates : 5000 grams;
Final weight of aggregates : 4105.4 grams.
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
(original weight - final weight)
Percentage LA Loss = × 100%
original weight
(5000-4105.4)
= ×100%
5000
= 17.9%
4.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the Los Angeles Loss of the
aggregate is 17.9% which is adequate for asphalt mixture, since the maximum
percentage according to the road material inspection manual is 40%.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
24
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN AGGREGATES
5.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to get the percentage of viscosity in the
aggregate mixture with asphalt.
5.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Digital Scale;
b. Frying Pan;
c. Spatula;
d. Asphalt;
e. Gas Stove;
f. Pycnometer;
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
26
Figure 5.1 Digital Scale Figure 5.2 Frying Pan Figure 5.3 Spatula
Figure 5.4 Asphalt Figure 5.5 Gas Stove Figure 5.6 Pycnometer
5.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Aggregates weight = 100 grams;
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
27
B. PRACTICUM RESULT
Practicum result as follows below:
5.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the aggregate is covered well
enough by the asphalt with the area covered percentage > 95%, which is adequate for
the asphalt mixture according to SNI 2439:2011.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
28
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 6
ANALYSIS OF COVERAGE AND EXFOLIATION IN STONES
6.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this practicum is to get the percentage of viscosity in the stone
mixture with asphalt.
6.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Digital Scale;
b. Frying Pan;
c. Spatula;
d. Asphalt;
e. Gas Stove;
f. Pycnometer;
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
30
Figure 6.1 Digital Scale Figure 6.2 Frying Pan Figure 6.3 Spatula
Figure 6.4 Asphalt Figure 6.5 Gas Stove Figure 6.6 Pycnometer
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
31
6.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Aggregates weight = 500 grams;
B. PRACTICUM RESULT
Practicum result as follows below:
6.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the aggregate is covered well
enough by the asphalt with the area covered percentage < 95%, which is adequate for
the asphalt mixture according to SNI 2439:2011.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
32
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 7
SOFTENING POINT ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN
7.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the softening point of asphalt using ring
equipment and steel balls.
7.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Pole and Ring Handle;
b. Steel Balls 9.52 mm Diameter;
c. Ring;
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
34
d. 1000 mL Beaker;
e. Frying Pan;
f. Electric Stove;
g. Gas Stove;
h. Glycerine;
i. Thermometer;
j. Stopwatch.
Figure 7.1 Pole and Ring Handle Figure 7.2 Steel Balls 9.52 mm Diameter
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
35
7.5 ANALYSIS
PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 7.2 Asphalt Softening Point Data
Initial Final
Sample Time
Temperature Temperature
1 28C 10’ 40” 56C
2 28C 10’ 49” 56C
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
36
7.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the softening point for both
samples are 56C, which are adequate since the asphalt penetration value is 60-70
(according to RSNI 01-2003).
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 8
ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT PENETRATION
8.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the rate of asphalt penetration by inserting
needle penetration with a certain size, load and time into the asphalt at a certain
temperature.
8.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Penetrometer;
b. Penetration Needle Steel;
c. Can;
d. Stopwatch;
e. Frying Pan.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
38
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
39
g. Using the same sample, repeat the procedures above 3 times in different
points.
8.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 8.2 Observation of Sample 1 and Sample 2
Observation Penetration Observation Penetration
1 67 1 115
2 67 2 61
3 45 3 42
X1 average = 59.67 X2 average = 73
B. PRACTICUM RESULT
Based on practicum data that has been obtained in Table 8.2, the results of the
practicum obtained are as follows:
1. Penetration value of sample 1 (X1 ) : 59.67;
2. Penetration value of sample 1 (X2 ) : 73.
8.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that:
a. Asphalt sample 1 (X1 ) fits to AC pen 60/70;
b. Asphalt sample 2 (X2 ) fits to AC pen 60/70;
c. According to point a and b, it can be concluded that the asphalt used is in
accordance with the climate in Indonesia, which generally using AC pen
60/70.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
40
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 9
FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT ANALYSIS
WITH CLEVELAND OPEN CUP
9.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to check the flashpoint and fire point of the asphalt
sample to be used.
9.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Frying Pan;
b. Gas Stove;
c. Electric Cleveland;
d. Thermometer;
e. Flash Cup.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
42
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
43
9.5 ANALYSIS
PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 9.1 Flash Point and Fire Point Data
Flash Point 336C
Fire Point 364C
9.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that:
a. The flash point of the asphalt sample is 336C, which is adequate for the
asphalt mixture according to RSNI S-01-2003;
b. The fire point of the asphalt sample is 364C, which is adequate for the
asphalt mixture according to RSNI S-01-2003.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
44
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 10
SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT BITUMEN
10.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the specific gravity of solid bitumen using
a pycnometer.
Where,
A = weight of pycnometer (gram);
B = weight of pycnometer containing water (gram);
C = weight of pycnometer containing bitumen (gram);
D = weight of pycnometer containing water and bitumen (gram).
10.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. 25 mL Hubbart Pycnometer;
b. Gas Stove;
c. Frying Pan;
d. Digital Scale.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
46
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
47
10.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Table 10.1 Specific Gravity Data
Weight
Subject Notation
(gram)
Pycnometer + cap 30.4 A
Pycnometer + water + cap 56.2 B
Pycnometer + asphalt + cap 49.2 C
Pycnometer + asphalt + water + cap 57 D
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
(C-A)
Specific Gravity =
(B - A) - (D-C)
49.2-30.4
=
(56.2-30.4 ) - (57-49.2 )
= 1.044
10.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the specific gravity of the solid
bitumen is 1.044, which is adequate for the asphlat mixture according to RSNI S-01-
2003.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
48
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 11
ASPHALT DUCTILITY ANALYSIS
11.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the ductility value of the bitumen.
11.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Ductility Mold;
b. Frying Pan;
c. Gas Stove;
d. Spatula;
e. Ductility Test Machine;
f. Glycerin.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
50
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
51
11.5 ANALYSIS
PRACTICUM RESULT
Table 11.1 Measurement Reading of Asphalt Ductility
Ductility at 25°C, 5 Measurement
cm/min Reading (cm)
Sample 1 104.5
11.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the asphalt bitumen can be
stretched to 104.5 cm before its fatigue state (fractured).
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
52
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 12
ASPHALT MIXTURE ANALYSIS USING MARSHALL MACHINE
12.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the value of the stability and flow
parameters from the asphalt mixture sample.
Where,
Gt = theoretical specific gravity of the mix;
W1 = weight of coarse aggregate in the total mix;
W2 = weight of fine aggregate in the total mix;
W3 = weight of filler in total mix;
Wb = weight of bitumen in the total mix;
Where,
Gm = bulk specific gravity of mix;
Wm = weight of mix in air;
Ww = weight of mix in water.
3. Air voids percent (Vv)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
54
Where,
Vv = air voids percent;
Gt = theoretical specific gravity of the mix;
Gm = bulk specific gravity of the mix.
Vb = Gb
W 1 +W 2 +W 3 +W b .........................................(11.4)
Gm
Where,
Vb = percent volume of bitumen;
W1 = weight of coarse aggregate in the total mix;
W2 = weight of fine aggregate in the total mix;
W3 = weight of filler in total mix;
Wb = weight of bitumen in the total mix;
Gb = apparent specific gravity of bitumen;
Gm = bulk specific gravity of mix.
Where,
Vv = percent air voids in mix;
Vb = percent bitumen content in the mix.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
55
12.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Marshall Machine;
b. Mold;
c. Extruder;
d. Hammer;
e. Compaction Pedestal;
f. Frying Pan;
g. Gas Stove;
h. Waterbath;
i. Glycerin;
j. Buoyancy Balance;
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
56
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
57
12.6 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows below:
Proving Ring Calibration = 34.27;
GSB = 2.33.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
58
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Table 12.3 Asphalt Mixture Data
Specific Gravity Mix Composition I Mix Composition II Mix Composition III Mix Composition IV Mix Composition V
Material
Asphalt Bulk I II I II I II I II I II
Gb - 3.8% 4.0% 4.3% 4.5% 4.8% 5.0% 5.2% 5.5% 5.7% 6.0%
Passed Fraction #8 2.464 56.7% 58.9% 56.4% 58.9% 56.1% 58.9% 55.9% 58.9% 55.9% 58.9%
Restrained Fracion #8
2.609 3.1% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2% 3.0% 3.2%
Passed #4
1.044
Restrained Fraction #4
1.834 17.2% 17.9% 17.2% 17.9% 17.1% 17.9% 17.0% 17.9% 17.0% 17.9%
Passed #3/8
Restrained Fraction #3/8
2.424 19.2% 20.0% 19.1% 20.0% 19.0% 20.0% 18.9% 20.0% 18.9% 20.0%
Passed #1/2
Total 100.0% 104.0% 100.0% 104.5% 100.0% 105.0% 100.0% 105.5% 100.5% 106.0%
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
59
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
Bulk Volume = SSD weight – Buoyancy weight
= 1204.8-621.6
= 583.2cm3
Dry weight
Bulk Specific Gravity = Bulk volume
1165.8
= 583.2
= 1.99
Gmm - Bulk Specific Gravity
Void =( ) ×100%
Gmm
(2.32- 1.99)
= ×100%
2.32
= 13.85%
Bulk Specific Gravity*(100- Asphalt Cont.)
VMA = 100 −
Gsb
1.99(100-4)
= 100- 2.33
= 17.74%
(VMA-Void)
VFA = ×100%
VMA
(17.74-13.85)
= ×100%
17.74
= 21.89 %
Adjusted Stability =Measured Stability × Calib. Proving
ring× 0.4536 × Correction Number
= 46× 34.27×0.4536×0.89
= 636.407 kg
Flow = Flow Measured / 100
= 333/100
= 3.33 mm
Stability
MQ = Flow
636.407
=
3.33
= 191.11
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Table 12.4 Flow and Stability of Asphalt Mixture
Asphalt Dry SSD Bulk Bulk
Buoyancy Air Void Stability Flow
Moisture Weight Weight Volume Specific Gmm VMA (%) VFA (%) MQ
Weight (gr) 3 (%)
Content (%) (gr) (gr) (cm ) Gravity
Measured Adjusted Measured
4.0 1165.8 621.6 1204.8 583.2 1.999 2.320 13.85 17.74 21.89 46 636.407 3.33 191.113
4.5 1156.4 612.4 1188.2 575.8 2.008 2.360 14.89 17.78 16.29 44 608.737 1.8 338.187
5.0 1174.4 637.2 1225.8 588.6 1.995 2.426 17.74 18.75 5.36 53 733.252 4.08 179.719
5.5 1161.4 632 1185.2 553.2 2.099 2.404 12.66 14.95 15.36 59 816.261 5.27 154.888
6 1156 621.2 1184.2 563 2.053 2.405 14.61 17.26 15.36 48 693.923 5.6 123.915
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
61
C. PRACTICUM RESULT
Practicum result as follows below:
1000
816.261
733.252
693.923
636.407 608.737
Stability (kg)
500
0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
6 5.6
5.27
5
4.08
43.33
Flow (mm)
3
1.8
2
0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
63
20
17.74
18
Air Void (%)
16 14.89 14.61
13.85
14
12.66
12
10
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
Figure 12.13 Correlation Graph between Air Void and Asphalt Content
40
30
Void Filled (%)
21.89
20 16.29 15.36 15.36
10 5.36
0
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
64
2.1 2.099
2.053
2.05
Density(gr/cm3)
2.008
1.999 1.995
2
1.95
1.9
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
VMA
24
22
VMA(%)
20
18.745
17.736 17.782
18 17.262
16
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Asphalt Content (%)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
65
Stability
Flow
Air Void
Void
Filled
Density
VMA
4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Asphalt Content (%)
12.7 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the optimum moisture content
is 5.5%, with the stability value of 816.26 kg, flow value of 5.27 mm, air void value
of 12.66%, VFA value of 15.36%, density value of 2.1 gr/cm3 , and VMA value of
14.95%.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
66
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 13
MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GRAVITY ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT MIXTURE
13.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the maximum specific gravity (Gmm) of
asphalt mixture.
Where,
A = mass of dry sample in air (gram);
D = mass of container filled with water at 25°C (gram);
E = mass of container filled with sample and water at 25°C (gram).
13.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. 500 mL Pycnometer;
b. Hammer;
c. Digital Scale;
d. Pan.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
68
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
69
13.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA AND RESULTS
Practicum data and result obtained as follows below:
Table 13.1 Maximum Specific Gravity Calculation
Asphalt Moisture
Subject Value
Content (%)
A = weight of dry sample (gram) 300
D = weight of container with water at 25°C
968.2
(gram)
E = weight of water and sample in the
4.0% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1133.8
for 15+2 minutes)
Gmm (Maximum Specific Gravity) =
2.232
A/(A+D-E)
A = weight of dry sample (gram) 300
D = weight of container with water at 25°C
968.2
(gram)
E = weight of water and sample in the
4.5% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1135.4
for 15+2 minutes)
Gmm (Maximum Specific Gravity) =
2.259
A/(A+D-E)
A = weight of dry sample (gram) 300
D = weight of container with water at 25°C
968.2
(gram)
E = weight of water and sample in the
5.0% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1138.4
for 15+2 minutes)
Gmm (Maximum Specific Gravity) =
2.311
A/(A+D-E)
A = weight of dry sample (gram) 300
D = weight of container with water at 25°C
968.2
(gram)
E = weight of water and sample in the
5.5% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1136.6
for 15+2 minutes)
Gmm (Maximum Specific Gravity) =
2.280
A/(A+D-E)
A = weight of dry sample (gram) 300
D = weight of container with water at 25°C
968.2
(gram)
E = weight of water and sample in the
6.0% container at 25o C (air vacuum > 30 mmHg 1136
for 15+2 minutes)
Gmm (Maximum Specific Gravity) =
2.269
A/(A+D-E)
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
70
B. PRACTICUM CALCULATION
Practicum calculation as follows below:
A
Specific Gravity of Asphalt 4.5% = A+D-E
300
= 300+968.2-1135.4
= 2.259
13.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum it can be concluded that the smallest value of Gmm is
2.232 (4% asphalt content) and the largest value of Gmm is 2.311 (5% asphalt
content).
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
CHAPTER 14
EXTRACTION OF ASPHALT CONTENT USING
CENTRIFUGE EXTRACTOR
14.1 PURPOSE
This practicum aims to determine the asphalt moisture content value using
centrifuge extractor.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
72
14.3 TOOLS
The following tools needed in this practicum:
a. Centrifuge Extractor;
b. Filter Paper;
c. Digital Scale;
d. Oven;
e. Pan.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
73
14.5 ANALYSIS
A. PRACTICUM DATA
Practicum data obtained as follows:
Weight of unextracted mixture (A) = 300 gram;
Weight of extracted mixture (B) = 288 gram;
Weight of unextracted filter paper (C) = 14 gram;
Weight of extracted filter paper (D) = 17 gram.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
74
(E-F)
% of bitumen content = A
(12 -(-3))
= 300
= 5%.
14.6 CONCLUSION
From this practicum, it can be concluded that the percentage of the bitumen
in the asphalt mixture is approximately 5%.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
REFERENCES
xvii
SNI 2439:2011. (2011). Retrieved from Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Web site:
http://sni.litbang.pu.go.id/image/sni/isi/sni-2439--2011.pdf
Standard Test Procedures. (2001, May). Retrieved from Bangladesh Roads and
Highways Department web site:
http://www.rhd.gov.bd/Documents/ConvDocs/Standard%20Test%20Procedu
res.pdf
xviii