REVIEWER of

GRADE 10 – OLOP
S.Y. 2018 – 2019
First Summative Test

Mark Christian Q. Suson

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

English
Pointers:

 Greece 4
 Creation Mythology 5
 The 12 Olympian Gods and Goddesses 7
 Mythological Background of Iliad 12

Math
Pointers:

 Sequence and Series 17

 Determining the General Rule 18
 Arithmetic Sequences and Series 18
 Arithmetic Mean 20
 Geometric Sequences and Series 22
 Challenge Yourself 24

Araling Panlipunan
Pointers:

 Kontemporaryong Isyu 25

CLE
Pointers:

 Points to Remember 27

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Science
Pointers:

 Nervous System
 Endocrine System
 Feedback Loops
 Case Study

Filipino
Pointers:

 Aralin 1: Si Pygmalion at si Galatea

 Aralin 2: Ang Parabula ng Sampung Dalaga
 Aralin 3: Ang Apat na Buwan ko sa Espanya
 Aralin 4: Ang Pagbibinyag sa Savica
 Aralin 5: Ang Munting Bariles
 Aralin 6: Munting Prinsipe

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 English Reviewer
GREECE
Greece was officially known as the Hellenic Republic, a country in the
Mediterranean. The North of Greece was Albania, Bulgaria, and the Former
Republic of Macedonia. To the East of Greece was Turkey, formerly known
as TROY. Surrounding Greece are about 1,400 islands in which only 169
are inhabited. The largest islands in Greece are Crete and Evia. Most of
Greece is mountainous. The Capital City of Greece is Athens and their main
language is Greek.

The major forms of Greek Art are the following:

1. Architecture
2. Painting
3. Philosophy
4. Poetry
5. Sculpture

The famous epic poet of Greece was HOMER. The famous lyric poet
unsurpassable was PINDAR. One of the greatest Greek orator was
PERICLES.

The qualities of Greek Literature are as follows:

1. Diversity of Talent
2. Full of Artistry
3. Intellectual Quality
4. Originality
5. Permanence and Universality

The History of Greek Literature could be divided into three periods:

PRE – HOMERIC AGE AND THE HOMERIC AGE

This period extends form remote antiquity to the age of Herodotus (484
B.C.). This period includes the earliest poetry of Greece and the works of
Homer.

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ATHENIAN PERIOD TO THE GOLDEN AGE OF PERICLES

It extends from the age of Herodotus to the death of Alexander the

Great (323 B.C.).

PERIOD OF DECLINE

It extends from the death of Alexander the Great to the enslavement of

the Greeks by the Romans and extends to A.D. 1,453.

CREATION MYTHOLOGY

In the beginning, there was nothingness. The darkness was called CHAOS
(disorder). From that darkness, there was a mist seen in the universe. The
mist twirled and spiraled in one direction and became an egg-shaped matter
that cracked into two. It was here where the first titans were born. GAIA,
Mother Earth, and URANUS as Father Sky. They got married and bore six
twins, namely:

OCEANOUS and THETIS

COEOS and PHOEBE
HYPERION and THEA
CREOS and THEMIS
IAPETOS and CLYMENE
CRONUS and RHEA

GAIA and URANUS also gave birth to THREE CYCLOPSES and THREE
GIANTS with 50 heads and 100 arms. URANUS disliked their creation so
much that he decided to return the cyclops and giants back to GAIA’s womb.
GAIA, out of anger, asked CRONUS to cut the genital of URANUS as
revenge. CRONUS used a sickle to cut URANUS’s genital while he was
sleeping. The genital was then thrown to the earth. Its blood created
monsters. The droplets of blood that fell on the ocean was believed to be the
birth of APHRODITE (Yay “Karma’s a Bitch” woooh).

After succeeding with the plan, CRONUS and RHEA got married and bore
six children who were proclaimed as the first OLYMPIANS:

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HESTIA Goddess of the Hearth
DEMETER Goddess of the Corn
HERA Goddess of Marriage
HADES God of Wealth, King of the Dead
POSEIDON Lord and Ruler of the Sea
ZEUS Lord of the Sky and Heaven

There was a prophecy foretold to CRONUS where in one of his children

would overthrow him as King. CRONUS decided to swallow his children to
avoid the fulfillment of the prophecy. RHEA was able to deceive CRONUS
into thinking he also swallowed ZEUS when he was just actually swallowing
a stone wrapped in cloth.

ZEUS was then given to the care of the sea-nymph, METIS. ZEUS decided
to free his siblings and defeat his father. ZEUS and RHEA decided to plan
for the downfall of CRONUS. ZEUS acted as a cup bearer. When CRONUS
asked for his drink, RHEA decided to put a potion on that drink that would
make CRONUS vomit ZEUS’s siblings. And it happened. ZEUS’s SIBLINGS
were so grateful that they decided to make ZEUS as KING OF OLYMPUS.
But CRONUS was not yet defeated. The Titans divided themselves. The
Male Twins sided with CRONUS while the Female Twins sided with the
RHEA and the OLYMPIANS.

CRONUS was still far more powerful. CRONUS and GAIA teamed up to
acquire the cyclops and giants inside GAIA’s womb. METIS gave a potion to
GAIA for her to vomit the monsters. CRONUS released the monsters and
imprisoned them in the underworld. GAIA, out of her love for her children (the
monsters) decided to tell ZEUS to free the imprisoned monsters that will, in
turn, help ZEUS in defeating CRONUS. ZEUS was able to kill CEREBERUS,
the guard of the underworld. Then, the TITANS and OLYMPIANS engaged
in war where the OLYMPIANS, together with the monsters, were victorious.

The weapons used by the Olympians are:

TRIDENT POSEIDON
HELM OF DARKNESS HADES
THUNDERBOLT ZEUS

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The Olympians were successful in defeating CRONUS. ATLAS, a prominent
soldier of CRONUS was imprisoned and was sentenced to carry the weight
of the world.

HADES, POSEIDON, and ZEUS decided to draw lots that will determine the
dominions that they would own. POSEIDON and ZEUS drew first. The last
lot was given to HADES. The three dominions of the universe and their
respective rulers are as follows:

WATER POSEIDON
SKY ZEUS
UNDERWORLD HADES

Hades felt betrayed and decided to get revenge…

THE 12 OLYMPIAN GODS AND GODDESSES

They are called OLYMPIANS because they were the third dynasty of Gods.
They also succeeded the Titans and inhabited the mountain called
OLYMPUS.

OLYMPUS was believed to be a mountain as it was referred to as such in

many places (sabi-sabi ng mga tao noon, mountain talaga siya). The
entrance to it was a great gate of clouds kept by the seasons. Within were
the God’s dwellings; where they lived, slept, and feasted on AMBROSIA and
NECTAR (food of the Gods) and listened to the lyre of Apollo.

“No wind ever shakes the untroubled peace of Olympus; no rain ever falls
there or snow; but the cloudless firmament stretches around it on all sides
and the white glory of sunshine is diffused upon its walls…”

- Homer

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 GREEK and ROMAN NAMES OF THE OLYMPIAN GODS AND
GODDESSES
GREEK ROMAN
Zeus Jupiter
Hera Juno
Poseidon Neptune
Hades Pluto
Apollo Phoebus Apollo
Artemis Diana
Athena
Minerva
(Athene, Pallas Athena)
Aphrodite Venus
Hermes Mercury
Ares Mars
Hephaestus Vulcan and Mulciber
Hestia Vesta
Dionysus Bacchus
ZEUS, JUPITER
(Babaerong Diyos, like Duterte DEJK.) He is the supreme ruler of the
Olympian dynasty. He is mightier than all Gods. He is the Lord of the Sky,
the Rain-god, and the Cloud-gatherer. He is described as the “bright shining
light of heaven.” He wielded the THUNDERBOLT and AEGIS was his shield.
Thunder and Lightning were his power. His favorite bird was the EAGLE. He
was noted to be a womanizer and was not omnipotent or omniscient. He
could be opposed and deceived. His tree was the OAK. He is represented
as falling in love with one woman after another and descending to all
manners of tricks to hide his infidelity from his wife, HERA. His oracle was
the DODONA that foretold the future of individuals.
HERA, JUNO
(Yung pinakamamahal daw ni Zeus kahit di naman to tapat sa kanya.
Siya yung the original.) The sister and jealous wife of Zeus, she was the
Goddess of Marriage, and married women were her peculiar care. She had
four children with Zeus:
HEPHAESTUS God of Fire and the Chief Workman of the Gods
ARES God of War
HEBE Goddess of Youth and the Wife of Heracles in Heaven
ILITHYIA Goddess of Childbirth

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 IRIS, the goddess of rainbow, was her attendant and messenger.
Peacock was her favorite bird. She is chiefly engaged in punishing the many
woman Zeus fell in love with. ARGOS was her favorite city.
POSEIDON, NEPTUNE

(Wala lang, chill-chill lang sa dagat. Kasama si Spongebob and si Ariel.)

He is the ruler of the sea and the waves. He was commonly called as “Earth-
shaker.” His wife is AMPHITRITE, granddaughter of the Titan, OCEAN. He
was always shown carrying his weapon, the TRIDENT.

HADES, PLUTO
(Nasa impyerno. Burn madapaka.) He was the third brother among the
Olympians. He was the God of Wealth and King of the Dead. He abducted
his wife PERSEPHONE who was the Queen of the Lower World. He is the
owner of the HELM OF DARKNESS.
APOLLO, PHOEBUS APOLLO
(Yung may hawak ng Lyre. Yung DJ ng Mt. Olympus.) The son of Zeus
and Leto, he is the twin brother of ARTEMIS. His birthplace was at the
ISLAND OF DELOS. He was depicted with a bow and arrow because he was
a very UNFORGIVING GOD. He is the Master Musician as he plays his
golden lyre. He is the Healer, God of Light, and the God of Truth. He is also
the God of the Sun, God of the Doctors, God of Archery, God of Prophecy,
and the God of Music. Apollo’s oracle was the DELPHI. He was called as
DELIAN since he came from Delos. He was also called PYTHIAN from his
killing of a Python.
ARTEMIS, DIANA
(Mahilig sa Animals.) The Goddess of the Moon, Hunting, and Chastity,
she was one of the Virgin Goddesses (together with Athena and Hestia). She
also carried the bow and arrow and was the Lady of Wild Things, Huntsman-
in-chief, and the Protectress of Dewy Youth. The CYPRESS was sacred to
her, and all animals especially the DEER were important to her. She has
three forms:
SELENE if she’s in the sky.
ARTEMIS if she’s on land.
HECATE if she’s at the underworld and during the new moon.

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ATHENA, MINERVA

(Yung lumabas sa utak ni Zeus. Life goals siya kasi she is confident,
smart, beautiful af. Full package, pero virgin.) She was the Goddess of
Wisdom. She could also send storms and rough weather. She is the only
Goddess that could hurl and oppose ZEUS’s thunder and lightning. Her
favorite bird was the OWL and the OLIVE TREE was the plant sacred to her
(since she created it). She was the protector of Civilized Life, Handicrafts,
and Agriculture. She was also the Goddess of Teachers. She was the
inventor of the BRIDLE. She was the first one to tame horses for men to use.
She was ZEUS’s favorite child. She was often described as “gray-eyed” or
“flashing-eyed.” ATHENS was her city. She was close with Odysseus, the
most intelligent man in the world. She also invented the PLOW and RAKE.

APHRODITE, VENUS

(Sex Symbol ng Olympus.) She was the Goddess of Love and Beauty.
She had two different versions of birth:

1. The daughter of ZEUS and LETO

2. Sprung from the foam that formed after the blood from URANUS’s
genital went to the sea.

All, mortal and god alike, were charmed with her beauty and each one
demanded her for his wife. CUPID (or EROS) was her son. ZEUS gave her
to HEPHAESTUS in gratitude for the service he had rendered in forging
thunderbolts (lowkey arranged marriage para tumigil nang umasa at mag-
nasa yung mga suitors ni Aphrodite, haba ng hair). She possessed an
embroidered girdle called CESTUS which had the power of inspiring love.
Her favorite birds were SWANS, DOVES, and SPARROWS. The ROSE and
MYRTLE were sacred to her.

HERMES, MERCURY

(Favorite God ni Sir Russel.) Magaling din yung God na ‘tong tumakbo-
takbo, may pagka-uto-uto. Hermes was the messenger and herald of the
Gods. He was an eloquent God and the God of Speech and Travelers. He
was the son of ZEUS and MAIA (daughter of Atlas). He presided over
commerce, wrestling, and other gymnastic exercises, and even thieving. He
wore a winged cap and shoes. In his hand was a rod entwined with two

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serpents called the CADUCEUS. He was graceful and swift in motion, the
shrewdest and the most cunning. A master THIEF. He was said to be the
inventor of the Lyre of Apollo. There were 9 chords in honor of the nine
muses:

CLIO Muse of History

URANIA Muse of Astronomy
MELPOMENE Muse of Tragedy
THALIA Muse of Comedy
TERPSICHORE Muse of Dance
CALLIOPE Muse of Epic Poetry
ERATO Muse of Love-Poetry
POLYHYMNIA Muse of Hymns for the Gods
EUTERPE Muse of Lyric Poetry

They lyre was made from a tortoise shell that had holes on the opposite
sides where the 9 cords of linen were inserted through them. He gave the
lyre to APOLLO after a quarrel and in exchange received the CADUECUS
from APOLLO.

ARES, MARS

(Kabit ni Aphrodite, ang pangit kasi ni Hephaestus futa.) Ares was the
God of War, the son of ZEUS and LETO. He was very violent and had a a
terrible temper. Other Gods and Goddesses could not stand him. He is the
lover of APHRODITE. VULTURE was his bird and the DOG was his animal.
His sister is ERIS (or ENYO), and together, parang silang Bonnie and Clyde,
here to destroy you and your life. So don’t try and mess with them.

HEPHAESTUS, VULCAN and MULCIBER

(Yung pinaka-kinakaawaan sa Mt. Olympus. Siya yung example ng

“Don’t Judge a Book by its Cover” kasi bagaman siya yung pinakapanget at
pinakadisabled na God, siya naman yung pinakamabait at isa sa mga smarty
and handy Gods sa Olympus.)

The God of Fire and the Chief Workman of the Gods. He is the son of
ZEUS and HERA. He was lame, deformed, and ugly since birth that his
parents were ashamed of Him. There was an account that right after giving
birth to Hephaestus that Hera was so disgusted na tinapon niya si

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Hephaestus sa earth kaya mas lalo pa naging panget. Sabi-sabi rin mas
naging panget siya kasi prinoprokektahan niya si Hera habang nag-aaway
sila ni Zeus kaya bugbog sarado wala na pinsh na.

He made a golden throne for his mother where in he chained HERA

there para mambabae pa si ZEUS. But in spite of that, Hephaestus is a
peace-loving God, very kind, and together with Athena, the patron of
handicrafts, the arts, agriculture, the smiths (oo si Will Smith dejk), and the
weavers (yung gumagawa ng hair extension HO HO HO jk lang).

HESTIA, VESTA

(Palagi yatang nasa bahay ‘to eh.) She is the sister of Zeus, the
Goddess of the HEARTH, the symbol of the Home. Since palagi siyang nasa
bahay, virgin din siya. SERYOSO.

DIONYSUS, BACCHUS

(Futa palagi lang umiinom to ng Wine. Rich kid amp. Huwag tularan,
mag-aral ka na lang.) He was born in Thebes and was the son of ZEUS and
SEMELE. He was the God of Wine and Merrymaking (magpakasaya kayu,
perpek niyo na exam kasi binabasa niyo to~). He was the only God who
parents were not both Gods. He represents not only the intoxicating power
of wine, but its social and beneficent influences likewise.

MYTHOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF ILIAD

ZEUS, the God of all Gods, seemed to have realized that the earth was
getting terribly overcrowded. To solve the problem of overpopulation,
devising a great war that would sweep the people of Greece was called the
Trojan War (Sir Russel be like: If you were Zeus, would you do the same?
Why?).

A minor goddess, THETIS, was married to a mortal, PELEUS. Prior to that,

ZEUS and THETIS were in love. But there was a prophecy foretold to ZEUS
where in if they had an offspring with THETIS, that child would dethrone
ZEUS as King of Mt. Olympus (Leche may Hera ka na kasi, bat ka pa
nambababae. PANINDIGAN MO YUNG MAHAL MO). So, he ordered
PELEUS to marry THETIS (uto-uto dejk). Out of their marriage, Achilles, the
greatest Greek warrior was born.

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PELEUS and THETIS invited all the Gods for a celebration except ERIS,
Goddess of Discord. ERIS was so angry that she decided to make more
chaos by bringing a golden apple to the wedding banquet. The GOLDEN
APPLE was the apple of HERA, the apple of the HESPERIDES that had an
inscription “FOR THE FAIREST.” ERIS threw the golden apple and there
were three goddesses who claimed it. HERA, ATHENA, and APHRODITE.

The three goddesses went to ZEUS for him to judge among them. But ZEUS
didn’t like the idea of choosing one from among them since he didn’t want
them to fight. So, he opened the gates of Mt. Olympus and saw
ALEXANDROS or PARIS, the Prince of Troy. PARIS lived at MT. IDA, a
mountain far away from TROY since there was a prophecy that he would be
the cause of the downfall of the country. So KING PRIAM and QUEEN
HECUBA sent PARIS there.

The Goddesses rushed to Earth and circled ALEXANDROS, trying to bribe

him. The propositions of the goddesses in change for the golden apple are
as follows:

HERA Fame and Riches

ATHENA Glory and Renown in War
APHRODITE The Most Beautiful Woman in the World

ALEXANDROS gave the Golden Apple to APHRODITE since WOMEN are

the real WEAKNESS of MAN.

During that time, HELEN was considered as the most beautiful woman in the
world. She had thousands of suitors. She was ranked second to Aphrodite,
the Goddess of Love, in terms of Beauty. Her most famous suitors were
ACHILLES, ODYSSEUS, and AGAMEMNON. She was afraid to choose one
from among her suitors since it might lead to chaos. ODYSSEUS, the most
intelligent man in the world, decided to suggest taking an oath along with
HELEN’s thousands of suitors. The oath was to “defend her from all injury
and avenger her cause if necessary.” In the end, HELEN chose MENELAUS,
the brother of Agamemnon and the King of Sparta. HELEN is now called as
“Helen of Sparta.”

Now, APHRODITE, the Goddess of Love and Beauty, as a reward from

receiving the Golden Apple from PARIS gifted HELEN to him knowing that
HELEN is already married to MENELAUS. So, APHRODITE told her son,

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CUPID to shoot an arrow at HELEN to make her repel love and fall in love
with the person she sees first. After getting hit by CUPID’s arrow, HELEN
saw PARIS and immediately fell in love. HELEN decided to be with PARIS
and they thought to go back to TROY. HELEN is now “Helen of Troy.” PARIS
did bring HELEN back to TROY and fulfilled the prophecy, “Paris would be
the cause of the downfall of TROY.”

Immediately after, MENELAUS, the King of Sparta decided to call all her
suitors to fulfill their oath “… and avenger her cause if necessary.” Many
suitors came except for ODYSSEUS (who is now happily married to
PENELOPE and had a son named TELEMACHUS) and ACHILLES (who
was stopped by THETIS knowing ACHILLES would perish if he would come
to Troy.)

ACHILLES is the invulnerable demi-god who became so since THETIS

bathed him in the River of STYX that could give anyone immortality. THETIS
was holding ACHILLES’ heel and that became his weakness.

MENELAUS send PALAMEDES to urge ODYSSEUS to participate in the

war. When PALAMEDS came to ITHACA, ODYSSEUS, the King of Ithaca
and decided to act like a mad man. PALAMEDS saw ODYSSEUS ploughing
with ox and ass accompanying him to sow salt. PALAMEDES, who was also
intelligent, decided to put TELEMACHUS in the soil that made ODYSSEUS
immediately set aside his plough. ODYSSEUS joined the war.

THETIS brought ACHILLES to the Court of King Lycomedes. ACHILLES

acted as a daughter of Lycomedes. ODYSSEUS pretended to be a merchant
selling women’s accessories and ornaments. ODYSSEUS was tasked with
finding ACHILLES. For this to happen, ODYSSEUS decided to put arms or
weapons that made the daughters disgusted, except for one and that was
ACHILLES. ACHILLES then joined the war.

The thousands of suitors prepared for combat for two years. They assembled
their fleet on the PORT OF AULIS, BOEOTIA. KING PRIAM, the King of Troy,
though an old man was once a wise prince that strengthened their state by
good government at home and by having numerous alliances with his
neighbors. The TROJANS are the strong enemies of the GREEKS.

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 POPULAR SOLDIERS IN THE WAR
GREEKS BOTH TROJANS
Hector
Trojan Equivalent of
Hera Zeus
Achilles and Brother of
Paris and Deiphobus
Athena Apollo Paris
Glaucus
Poseidon
Cousin of Paris
Agamemnon
Sarpedon
King of Mycenae and
Cousin of Paris
Commander In-Chief
Deiphobus
Achilles Brother of Paris and
Hector
Ajax
Gigantic in size and of
Aphrodite
great strength but dull
in intellect
Diomede/s
Ares
Second to Achilles
Nestor
Oldest Grecian Soldier Artemis
and Model of Counsel
Odysseus
Known for his Sagacity
Menelaus

In hunting, AGAMEMNON killed the sacred stag of ARTEMIS. When

ARTEMIS found out, she visited the Grecian fleet with pestilence (plague or
sakit) at Aulis, Boeotia. ARTEMIS produced a calm (wind) that made the
Grecian Army unable to sail to the port of Troy.

CALCHAS, the soothsayer (prophet), announced to the Greek Army that the
only way that could appease ARTEMIS’ wrath was to offer a virgin woman
at her altar. The woman offered was the daughter of AGAMEMNON,
IPHIGENIA. She was sent under the pretense that she would be married
with ACHILLES. When IPHIGENIA was about to be offered, ARTEMIS was

15
moved with pity that made her snatch IPHIGENIA away, left a hind at her
altar, and brought IPHIGENIA to Tauris to be the priestess of her altar.

The Greek Fleet are now ready to sail and went to the port of Troy. They
must first defeat the alliance that surround Troy whom KING PRIAM built.

On the first onset (meeting) of the Greeks and the Trojans, there was a
prophecy that the first soldier that would be killed would mean victory to that
country (kung sino yung unang mamamatay, kung taga-Troy siya KUNYARI,
yung army na yun yung mananalo sa gyera). The first soldier killed by
HECTOR was PROTESILAUS. PROTESILAUS left his wife at home,
LAODAMIA who was dearly and compassionately attached to him. When
she heard about the news, LAODAMIA prayed to ZEUS that she would be
given 3 hour conversation with her husband. ZEUS then asked the
assistance of HADES to assist LAODAMIA in going to the underworld. After
the conversation, LAODAMIA committed suicide. When she died, a
CYPRESS tree was said to have grown from her tomb and it was believed
that it was PROTESILAUS, overlooking the war.

HECTOR had a wife named ANDROMACHE. They had a son named

ASTYANAX.

For 9 years, there was no decisive result as to who will win the war. But,
there was an event fatal for the Greeks. It was the CONFLICT BETWEEN
AGAMEMNON and ACHILLES.

Since the Greek already defeated the alliances of Troy, the women of Troy
(?) became the Greek Soldier’s captives or slaves. CHRYSES, the priest of
Apollo begged the Greeks to release his daughter, CHRYSEIS but
AGAMEMNON did not approve. As an act of revenge, CHRYSES prayed to
APOLLO and wished that pestilence would be sent to the Greeks for them
to release his daughter. APOLLO granted CHRYSES’ prayer. The Greeks
then had a council meeting and ACHILLES boldly charged or blamed
AGAMEMNON for what happened. AGAMEMNON out of anger agreed to
release CHRYSEIS. But AGAMEMNON took BRISEIS away from
ACHILLES. Ultimately, ACHILLES decided to withdraw from the war out of
anger and upon her THETIS’ request.

THETIS then told ZEUS to afflict for what happened. THETIS wished that the
Trojans would be granted success in the war.

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 Math Reviewer
SEQUENCES AND SERIES

A Number Sequence is a list of numbers having a first number, second

number, a third number, and so on called the terms of the sequence. There
are two types of sequences:

FINITE A sequence having a finite number of terms (1, 2, and 3)

INIFINTE A sequence that has an infinite number of terms (1, 2, 3, …)

Sequences are usually given by stating their general or nth term.

Example 1:

Find the 1st term to 5th term:

𝑎𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 2.

𝑎1 = 3(1) + 2 = 5
𝑎2 = 3(2) + 2 = 8
𝑎3 = 3(3) + 2 = 11
𝑎4 = 3(4) + 2 = 14
𝑎5 = 3(5) + 2 = 17

Example 2:

Find the 9th term and 13th term:

𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛2 − 1

𝑎9 = 2(9)2 − 1 𝑎13 = 2(13)2 − 1

𝑎9 = 2(81) − 1 𝑎13 = 2(169) − 1
𝑎9 = 162 − 1 𝑎13 = 338 − 1
𝑎9 = 161 𝑎13 = 337

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DETERMINE THE GENERAL RULE:

To determine the general rule of a number sequence:

𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1

Example 1: Example 2:

Find the general rule of the number Find the general rule of the number
sequence; 5, 10, 15, 20. sequence; 3, 9, 15, 21.

𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
𝑑 = 10 − 5 𝑑 =9−3
𝑑=5 𝑑=6

ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE AND SERIES

(PROGRESSION)

An arithmetic sequence is a sequence whose terms have a common

difference. The common difference is always represented by “d.” The
common difference is the same as finding the general rule.

The Formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

The Formula in finding the sum of arithmetic sequence given the nth term
(used only if the first term and last terms is present) is
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2

The Expanded formula in finding the sum (used only is the last term is NOT
given) is
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2

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Example 1:

Find the 10th term of the arithmetic sequence: 2, 9, 16, 23, …

Find the common difference;

d=9–2
d=7

Use the first formula, substitute, then solve:

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎10 = 2 + (10 − 1)7
𝑎10 = 2 + (9)7
𝑎10 = 2 + 63
𝑎10 = 65

Example 2:

In the arithmetic sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, … , find the term that has the value
of 301.

Just like what Ma’am Mariel said, we should try playing with the formula.

d =3
1st term =4
n = 301
𝑎𝑛 =?

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
301 = 4 + (𝑛 − 1)3
301 − 4 = 3𝑛 − 3
297 + 3 = 3𝑛
300 3𝑛
=
3 3
100 = 𝑛

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Example 3:

For the arithmetic sequence: 1, 2, 3, … 98, 99, 100. Find the sum.

Since the first term and last term is given, we use the second formula.
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
2
100
𝑆𝑛 = (1 + 100)
2
𝑆𝑛 = 50(101)
𝑆𝑛 = 5,050

Example 4:

Find the sum of the arithmetic sequence if the first term is 2, the nth term is
14, and the common difference is 3.

When the last term is not give, we use the third formula.
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
2
14
𝑆𝑛 = (2(2) + (14 − 1)3)
2
𝑆𝑛 = 7(4 + (13)3)
𝑆𝑛 = 7(4 + 39)
𝑆𝑛 = 7(43)
𝑆𝑛 = 301

ARITHMETIC MEAN

Arithmetic Mean has the same function as an average.

Example 1:

Insert four arithmetic means between 20 and 50.

Determine first the number of terms. n = 2+4

20
Find the common difference next (ileft out si d)

𝑎6 = 20 + (6 − 1)𝑑
50 = 20 + 5𝑑
50 − 20 = 5𝑑
30 5𝑑
=
5 5
6=𝑑

After finding the common difference, just add it to the first term.

𝑚 = 𝑎1 + 𝑑
𝑚 = 20 + 6

Continue adding until we get…

20, 26, 32, 38, 44, 50

Example 2:

Josh spent Php 150.00 on August 1, Php 170.00 on August 2, Php 190.00
on August 3 and so on. How much did John spend on August 31?

𝑑 = 20
𝑎1 = 150
𝑛 = 31
𝑎31 = ?

𝑎31 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎31 = 150 + (31 − 1)20
𝑎31 = 150 + (30)20
𝑎31 = 150 + 600
𝑎31 = 750

Example 3:

Find the example of x when the arithmetic mean or average of 3𝑥 + 1 and

4𝑥 + 9 is 2𝑥 + 11.

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2𝑥 + 11 − (3𝑥 + 1) = 4𝑥 + 9 − (2𝑥 + 11)
2𝑥 + 11 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 4𝑥 + 9 − 2𝑥 − 11
−𝑥 + 10 = 2𝑥 − 2
−𝑥 − 2𝑥 = −10 − 2
−3𝑥 −12
=
−3 −3
𝑥=4

Substitute the value of x to the values in the problem.

3(4) + 1 = 13
2(4) + 11 = 19
4(4) + 9 = 25

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Geometric Sequence is a sequence in which each term is obtained by

multiplying the proceeding term by a fixed number. It is also called as
Geometric Progression

FORMULA FOR THE NTH TERM OF A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE:

The nth term, of 𝑎𝑛 of a geometric sequence with first term 𝑎1 and

common ratio 𝑟 is given by the formula:

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑟) 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 (𝑟)𝑛−1

The common ratio is solved by dividing the second term to the first term
of the sequence:
𝑎2
𝑟=
𝑎1

To find the sum of the geometric sequence:

𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟

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Example 1:

Find the sum of the first 12 terms of the geometric sequence: 3, -9, 27, -81,
243, …

Use the third formula:

𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
−9
r= = −3
3
3(1 − (−3)12 )
𝑆12 =
1 − (−3)
3(1 − 531441)
𝑆12 =
1+3
3(−531440)
𝑆12 =
4
−1594320
𝑆12 =
4
𝑆12 = −398580

Example 2:

Find the 8th term and 11th term of each geometric sequence: 6, 18, 54, 162,
…

Find the common ratio,

18
r= =3
6

Use the 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 (𝑟)𝑛−1 formula,

𝑎8 = 6(3)8−1 𝑎11 = 6(3)11−1

𝑎8 = 6(3)7 𝑎11 = 6(3)10
𝑎8 = 6(2187) 𝑎11 = 6(59049)
𝑎8 = 13,122 𝑎11 = 354294

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 CHALLENGE YOURSELF
1. Find the 7th and 10th term:
1
𝑎𝑛 =
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 3)
2. The 3rd term of an arithmetic sequence is 8 and the 16th term is 47. Find
the common difference, first term, and the 71st term.
3. Find the value of n of the arithmetic sequence if the first term is 3, the
sum is 165, and the common difference is 3.

4. Evaluate the sum: 24+26+28+30+…+52+54.

5. What is next in the number sequence: 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 32, ___.

6. The 3rd term and the 9th term of an arithmetic sequence are 8 and 44
respectively. Find the first term of the sequence.

7. If 𝑎𝑛 = (3 − 𝑛)𝑛 + 5𝑛, what is the 4th term of the sequence?

8. Find the 50th term of the sequence: 24, 37, 50, …

9. If the ninth term of the arithmetic sequence is 58 and the twenty-fourth

term is 313, what is the sixteenth term of the sequence?

10. Monique tries to save money to buy a new oven for her kitchen. She
saves Php 15.00 on the first day, Php 25.00 on the second day, Php
35.00 on the third day and so on until the 30th day. Can she buy the oven
in the 30th day if the price is Php 4,000.00? If not, how much more does
she need?

11. Find the value of x such that the terms 12𝑥 + 3, 7𝑥 − 2, and 4𝑥 + 5 will
form an arithmetic sequence.

12. What is the common ratio of the geometric sequence 0.5, 0.1, 0.02,
0.04,…?

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 Araling Panlipunan Reviewer
KONTEMPORARYONG ISYU

Ang KONTEMPORARYO ay ang mga pangyayaring nagaganap sa

kasalukuyan. Ang ISYU naman ay ang mga paksa, tema, o suliraning
nakaaapekto sa ating lipunan. Sa ibang salita, ang KONTEMPORARYONG
ISYU ang tawag sa mga pangyayari o suliraning nakaaapekto,
gumagambala, at nagbabago sa kalagayan ng ating pamayanan, bansa, o
mundo sa kasalukuyang panahon.

Ang mga maaaring tema ng isyu ay ang sumusunod:

1. Lipunan 6. Kapaligiran
2. Karapatang Pantao 7. Edukasyon
3. Relihiyon 8. Pananagutang Pansibiko
4. Ekonomiya 9. Pagkamamamayan
5. Politika

Ito ang mga hakbang upang magsuri ng Kontemporaryong Isyu:

a. Kahalagahan e. Personal na Damdamin

b. Pinagmulan f. Epekto
c. Perspektibo o Pananaw g. Maaaring Gawin
d. Mga Pagkakaugnay

Ang dalawang maaaring pagkukunan ng Kontemporaryong Isyu ay

PRIMARYA at SEKUNDARYANG SANGGUNIAN.

Primaryang Sanggunian

Ang pinagkunan ng impormasyon ay may orihinal na tala ng mga

pangyayaring isinulat o ginawa ng mga taong NAKARANAS sa mga
ito.

Mga Halimbawa:

a. Sariling Talaarawan d. Larawan

b. Dokumento e. Accounts
c. Ulat ng Saksi f. Talambuhay

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 g. Talumpati j. Ulat ng Gobyerno o
h. Sulat Pahayagan
i. Guhit

Sekundaryang Sanggunian

Ang mga impormasyon o interpretasyon batay sa primarying

sanggunian o ibang sekundaryang sanggunian na inihanda o isinulat
ng mga taong WALANG KINALAMAN sa mga pangyayaring itinala.

Mga Halimbawa:

a. Aklat
b. Biography
c. Articles
d. Kuwento ng Hindi Nakasaksi sa Pangyayari
e. Komentaryo
f. Encyclopedia
g. Political Cartoons

Ang KATOTOHANAN ay ang mga totoong pahayag o pangyayari na

pinatutunayan sa tulong ng mga aktwal na datos. Ang OPINYON naman ay
nagpapahiwatig ng saloobin at kaisipan ng tao tungkol sa inilahad na
katotohanan.

Sa pagsusuri ng mga impormasyong may kinalaman sa agham

panlipunan, kailangang malaman kung ito ay walang kinikilingan o dapat
WALANG BIAS. Ang mga paglalahad ay dapat manatiling balanse.

Ang HINUHA o “inferences” ay isang pinag-isipang hula o educated

guess tungkol sa isang bagay. Ang PAGLALAHAT o “generalization” ay ang
hakbang kung saan binubuo ang mga ugnayan ng mga hindi magkakaugnay
na impormasyon bago makabuo ng kongklusyon. Ang KONGKLUSYON
naman ay ang desisyon, kaalaman, o ideyang nabuo pagkatapos ng pag-
aaral, obserbasyon, at pagsusuri ng mahahalagang ebidensiya o kaalaman.

26
 CLE Reviewer
1. St. Ezekiel Moreno - He always showed a great concern for
his neighbor like caring for the sick and
lifting those who are lowly. He is the
PATRON SAINT of CANCER PATIENTS.
2. Robin Hood - An excellent shooter that robbed the rich
to help the poor.
3. St. Nicholas of Tolentine - He was known for his great compassion
and charity towards his brothers and
other people. His fidelity to the common
life is admired by all. He was the first
member of the Augustinian Order and the
PATRON SAINT of the SOULS in
PURGATORY. When it is his feast day,
the church gives bread.
4. Baal - The False Demi-God the people were
worshiping during the time of Elijah.
5. Elijah - A prophet, he went to Mt. Carmel to
prove to the people that God was real,
and Baal was a fraud.
6. Mt. Carmel - The place where Elijah went to, and an
apparition of Mama Mary to Simon
Stock was held on that mountain. It was
where the power of the true God was
tested.
7. Crow - The black bird that gave bread to Elijah
at Mt. Carmel.
8. Prayer - “Prayer is a relationship with God.”
9. Time - “What is love without time?”
10. Body, Blood, Soul, - Present in all tabernacles of the world.
Divinity of Jesus Christ
11. Pishon, Gihon, Tigris, - The four rivers surrounding Eden.
Euphrates
12. Onyx - Onyx, Bidellium, and Gold are present
at the River of Pishon. They are the
precious stones found there.

27
13. Eden - Paradise, where Adam and Eve lived.
14. St. Rita - The patron saint of sterility, abuse
victims, loneliness, marriage difficulties,
parenthood, widows, the sick, bodily ills,
and wounds.
15. Bernardo - The brother of Paulo Mancini
16. Paulo - The husband of St. Rita
17. Twin - Kambal, hoho
18. Fernardo - The past name of St. Anthony of Padua
before being baptized.
19. Giuletto - The friend of St. Anthony of Padua.
20. Teresia - The lover of St. Anthony of Padua.
21. St. Francis of Assisi - The companion of St. Anthony of Padua.
He fetched St. Anthony of Padua to
heaven.
22. Widow - Namatayan ng Asawa
23. Abba - Another name for Father
24. St. Teresa of Avila - She said that prayer is an intimate and
personal connection with God motivated
by love.
25. Adoration, Contrition, - The four basic types of Prayer.
Thanksgiving,
Supplication
26. St. Teresa of Calcutta - She justified the statement, “The service
we give to our neighbor is
commensurate to the time spent with
God in prayer.”
27. Holy Spirit - Basbasan sana tayo…
28. St. Monica - The mother of St. Augustine. She is the
patroness of Married Women, Wives,
and Spouses in Difficult Marriages. She
prayed for 18 years for the conversion of
her son.
29. Abraham - The Father of All Nations, The Voice of
the Desert.
30. Jacob - Father of Joseph
31. Fiat - Together with the Magnificat, both are

28
 prayers to Mama Mary. This was Mama
Mary’s prayer when she was visiting
Elizabeth
32. Lectio Divina - A method of meditative Bible Reading
that is composed of Lectio, Meditatio,
Oration and Actio.
33. Psalms - The masterwork of Prayer in the Old
Testament. It was the prayer book of the
Bible
34. Eucharist - The unlimited source and summit of
Christian Life for a real commitment to
peace.
35. Hail - “Hail Mary” hohoho

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