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Chapter 4

SHORT AND LONG QUESTIONS

Q.1 Define data communication.
Ans: Data Communication:
Data communication is the transmission of data betwee�, l\vo i:;oiPIS A daia
communication system is a collection of hardware: 3r,d softwar� arrang.:,c tc
communicate int..., .-.�ation from one ioc:3tio'l to another.
Q.2 Define data, data transmission, analog signals �nd digital si!)n3ls
Ans: Basic Terms of Data Communication:
The following terms are associated with data ccmnwr.icati::>n.
• Data • Data transm!!:si.:,n
• Anaiog s:gnal • Di;i!al s:gna!
Data:
Data ,nez,ins any typ8s 0/ raw facts and fiau�es 'Nh'cr. car� t::e pr·:ivided o:.
input to t�e computer for pro-::.e$S;r.!J. Da•a ca�1 be i� the forrn ot te'.'(t, s-::-,1:1d
graphics. image or video.
Data transmission:
Data tra,,�in1ss ion ":1N'ns sen�ing informaiic-r. f,·orri o:,e place t? ot'"l-:r us:!"g
computer net>11or!-:� and d?ta c:irn111ur.ir.aii0n systems. !n corr,i;,uter teci1:1ol09y, ,t
means sending streams cf hits er t-ytes from one pl.-ce to a'lother us,ng corir-':!r
wire. Fibre optics. satellite communi,.atinn, etc.
Analog and Digital Signals:
A signal is a v;,r!a•i0n of physir:a! auantity with lime. The physi r.al qi.;antily
can be temperature, pr.;!5.sure, rat,:, of heart bt>at. etc:. An el�ctri-:al signp.l i� 3
change 111 voltage or current with time.
Electrical signals can be divided into two main types, ani1!cg an-:1 digital s;gnal:;..
Analog signals are continuous. They vary ccntinuc'.ls?y within a range
Analog transmission uses signals that are exactly the same as s0un,;J waves.
• Digital signals consist of binary digit O and 1 to represent information. These
signals are transmitted by a wries of "ON" and "OFF' signals by pulses
of
electricity or light The "ON" ,;ignal represents binary 1 and ·or F'' sion:it
binary 0. -

Q.3 Define transmission media.

Ans: Transmission Media:
Transmission medi3 provide the means by which data travels horn source to
destination in other words, it Is the pathway for transmitting data.

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Q.4 Describe types of transmission media.

Ans: Types of Transmission Media:
There are two types of transmission media, Guided Media and Unguided
Media
Guided Media:
Guided media uses cabling system that guides the data signals along a
specific path Differ�nt types of guided media are twisted pair, coaxial cable and
Fibre optic cable.
Unguided Media:
Unguided media signals travel through open space and nothing guides them
along any spe cif�ic�p�a�t=h=.
�
:i ��������������� !:!!!�
Point To Ponder
Why do satellites stay in orbit and never fall on the earth?
Ans: This is the law of inertia. The force of gravity acts upon a high
speed satellite to deviate ,ts trajectory from a straight-line inertial path. Indeed,
a satellite is accelerating towards the Earth due to the force of gravity. Finally,
a satellite does fall towards the Earth; only it never falls into the Earth.
Q.5 Define amplification.
Ans: Amplification:
Amplification refers to strengthening of signal to solve the problem of
att�nuation in data transmission.
Amplifier:
An amplifier is a device used in data communication that receives weak
signals, amplifies it and then retransmits.
Q.6 List the communication devices.
Ans: Communication Devices: •
A communication device is hardware that is used for transmission of
in formation from one place to another between computers and other devices.
The followi'1g communication devices are commonly used in computer
networks in data communication systems.
•
•
• Dial-up Modem Network Interface Card
• Router Switch/Access Point
--- --- - - - -.
For Your Information
The first dial-up modem was built in 1962. It had a speed of 300 bita per
second.
·-----
Do You.Know?
-- - -
Wireless network card provides an easy way to create a wireleu networ1(
but it 1s slow and less reliable than wired network card.
Q.7 List the data transmission terminologies.
Ans: Communication Terminologies:
Communication Terminologies refers to terms or words that are related with
data transmission or characteristics of communication channel.

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Data Transmission Terminologies:

The following terms are used to detennine the data transmission capabilities
of a transmission media such as telephone line, coaxial cable, etc.
• Data rate • Baud rate
• Bandwidth • Signal to Noise Ratio
Q.8 Describe Slgnal-to-Nolse Ratio.
Ans: Signal-to-Noise Ratio:
Signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of signal power to the noise power that
causes errors in data transmission. In other words, it means the ratio of useful data
transmission to errors caused by noise over a transmission medium.
The measurement of Signal-to-noise ratio defines the data transmission
quality of a communication medium.
If a transmission line has Signal-to-noise ratio higher than 1: 1 that means
more signal transmission than noise.
Q.9 Use appropriate formulae to determine the characteristics of a
communication channel
OR
Describe the Characteristics.of Communication Channel.
Ans: Characteristics of Communication Channel:
The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted over a communication
line is a characteristic of transmission media. If more bits per second are transmitted
than the line is capable of, some information will be lost due to transmission errors.
The baud rate can be calculated as:
Baud rate = Number of stgnal changes per second
The baud rate and data transmission rate measured as bits per seconds are
not always the same.
For example, the Baud rate of a transmission line that uses modem is 28
kbps. If the electrical signal has two states to represent binary digits O and 1, then the
Baud rate and data rate are the same.
If the electrical signal has four states to represent 00, 01, 10 and 11 as
mentioned earlier, then Baud rate and data rate will not be the same.
Data rate wUI be calallated as:
Data rate = Z x Baud rate = 2 x 28 = 56 kbps

•
I KEY POINTS
D ata communication refers to transmission of infonnation from one location
i
to another using copper wires, Fibre optics, satellites, etc.
• A data communication system is a collection of hardware and software
arranged to communicate information from one location to another.
• Analog signals are continuous. They vary continuously within a range.
Analog transmission uses signals that are exactly the same as sound waves.
• Digital signals consist of binary digit O and 1 to represent information. These
signals are transmitted by a series of "ON" and "OFF" signals by pulses of

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electricity or light. The "ON'' signal represents binary f and "OFF" signal
binary 0.
• Transmission medium is the physical pathway over which message is
transmitted from sender to receiver.
• Protocol is a set of rules between two communication devices that govern
the process of data communication.
• In asynchrcnous transmission, time interval between each character 1s not
the same. Each character is transmitted with additional start and stop bits.
• In synchronous transmission. time interval between e�ch character is always
the same. It does not require start or stop bits.
• Guided media uses cabling system that guides the data signals alo!'lg a
specific path.
• Unguided media signals travel through open space and !'lathing guides them
along any specific path.
• f;adio waves are electromagnetic waves that are propagated by antenna$
• Satellite is an object that is placed in an orbit around the earth and revolves
around it with speed that is same as the rotational speed of earth for
communication.
• Attenuation is signal fall off with distance in guided or unguided media.
• Distortion refers to signal change in shape or form as it travels through
communication lines.
• Cross talk refers to undesired signals that enter the path of the transmitted
signal due to electromagnetic radiation.
• A Network lnterfac;e Card (NIC) is used to connect computers together to
create computer network and make commu:iication betv.een computers
possible.
• A router is a communication device used to connect computers together in
different networks.
• A switch is used for connecting computers together in wired local area
network whereas access point connects computers in wireless local area
network.

EXERCISE
Q1. Select the best answer for the following MCQs.
1. In which type of data transmission start/stop bits are used?
A. Synchronous transmission 8. Asynchronous transmission
c. Satellite transmission 0. Microwave transmission
ii. In which of the following transmission, the time interval between
the characters is always the same?
A. Synchronous transmission B. Asynchronous transmission
c. Satellite transmission D. Microwave transrnission
iii. Which of the following transmission media uses light waves for
transmittii,g information?
A Coaxial cable 8. Twisted pair cable

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electricity or light. The "ON'' signal represents binary f and "OFF" signal
binary 0.
• Transmission medium is the physical pathway over which message is
transmitted from sender to receiver.
• Protocol is a set of rules between two communication devices that govern
the process of data communication.
• In asynchrcnous transmission, time interval between each character 1s not
the same. Each character is transmitted with additional start and stop bits.
• In synchronous transmission. time interval between e�ch character is always
the same. It does not require start or stop bits.
• Guided media uses cabling system that guides the data signals alo!'lg a
specific path.
• Unguided media signals travel through open space and !'lathing guides them
along any specific path.
• f;adio waves are electromagnetic waves that are propagated by antenna$
• Satellite is an object that is placed in an orbit around the earth and revolves
around it with speed that is same as the rotational speed of earth for
communication.
• Attenuation is signal fall off with distance in guided or unguided media.
• Distortion refers to signal change in shape or form as it travels through
communication lines.
• Cross talk refers to undesired signals that enter the path of the transmitted
signal due to electromagnetic radiation.
• A Network lnterfac;e Card (NIC) is used to connect computers together to
create computer network and make commu:iication betv.een computers
possible.
• A router is a communication device used to connect computers together in
different networks.
• A switch is used for connecting computers together in wired local area
network whereas access point connects computers in wireless local area
network.

EXERCISE
Q1. Select the best answer for the following MCQs.
1. In which type of data transmission start/stop bits are used?
A. Synchronous transmission 8. Asynchronous transmission
c. Satellite transmission 0. Microwave transmission
ii. In which of the following transmission, the time interval between
the characters is always the same?
A. Synchronous transmission B. Asynchronous transmission
c. Satellite transmission D. Microwave transrnission
iii. Which of the following transmission media uses light waves for
transmittii,g information?
A Coaxial cable 8. Twisted pair cable

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C. Telephone line D. Fibre optic cable

Iv. Which of the following Is used for short distance communication?
A. Radio signals B. Microwave
C. Infra-red D. Satellite communication
v. In which of the following impairment, the strength of signal falls
off with distance?
A Distortion 8. Attenuation
C. Cross talk D. Noise
vi. Which of the following impairment refers to undesired signals that
enter the path of the transmitted signal due to electromagnetic
radiation?·
A. Distortion B. Attenuation
C. Cross talk D. Noise
vii. Which of the following device is used for connecting computers
together in wireless local area network?
A. Dial-up modem 8. Router
C. Switch D. Access point
viii. Which of the following device is used for connecting computers
together in wired local area network?
A. Dial-up modem B. Router
C. Switch D. Access point
ix. Which of the following device forwards information from one
network to another by selecting the best pathway available?
A Dial-up modern B. Router
C. Switch D. Access point
x. What represents the overall data transmission capacity of a
computer network?
A Data rate 8. Bandwidth
C. Signal strength D. Baud rate
Answers
i. B ii. A iii. D iv. C v.B
vi. C vii. D viii. C ix. B x.B
Q2. Wnte short answers of the following questions.
i. Differentiate between analog and digital signals.
Ans: Difference between analog and digital signals:
Analog signals:
Analog signal is in continuous form. It varies continuously within a range as
shown in Fig (a). For example, sound is an analog signal. Analog transmission
uses signals that are exactly the $clme as sound waves.
Digital signals:
Digital signals are not continuous. They switch between two discrete low
and high voltage levels as shown in Fig (b). In digital computers, low voltage '1evel
represents binary O and high voltage level represents binary 1. Information
represented in digital form can be easily transmitted by series of "ON' and "OFF"
signals by pulses of electricity. A pulse "ON" can represent 1 and the absence of
pulse "OFF" can represent 0.

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I -
(b)
r....
(a)
(a) Analog and (b) Digital Signals
OR (Second Answer)
o·tt
I erence b etween anaI100 an d d.101" ta l Sig
. naI s:
Analog signal Digital signal
.
Basic An analog signal IS a A digital signal is a discrete
continuous wave that wave that carries information
chanoes over a time period. in binary form.
Representation An analog signal IS A digital signal is
represented by a sine wave. represented by square
waves.
Description An analog signal is A digital signal is described
described by the amplitude, by bit rate and bit intervals.
per iod or frequency, and
phase.
Range Analog signal has no fixed Digital signal has a finite
ranoe. ranoe i.e. between O and 1.
Distortion An analog signal IS more A digital signal is less prone
prone to distortion. to distortion.
Transmit An analog signal transmit A digital signal carries data in
data in the form of a wave. the binary form i.e. 0 and 1.
Example The human voice is the best Signals used for
example of an analog transmission in a computer
s ianal. are the digital signal.
Ii. Why digital signals are used in computer systems?
Ans: Information represented in digital form can be easily transmitted by series of
'ON" and "OFF" signals by pulses of electricity. A pulse 'ON" can represent 1 and
the absence of pulse "OFF" can represent 0.
Multiple bit (0, 1) streams are used in a computer network. Digital data can
be compressed relatively easily, thereby increasing the efficiency of transmission.
That is why digital signals are used in computer systems.
Iii. Name the properties of a good communication system.
Ans: Characteristics of a Good Communication System:
Following are the properties of a good communication system
Delivery:
Data communication system must deliver the message to the correct
destination. Message must be received by only the device or user to whom it is sent.
For example, when e-mail is sent to a person, it is received only by the
person to whom it is addressed. This is managed by the protocol used in the data
communication system.

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Accuracy:
System must deliver the message accurately without any change. If incorrect
data 1s transmitted by the system, it may not be usable by the receiver.
For example, when data is transmitted over a long distance, it may get
corrupted due to transmission errors. The data that is not correctly received at
the destination is retransmitted from the source. This is ensured by the protocol
used in the data communication system.
Timeliness:
The system must deliver the data without significant delay in a timely
manner It is very important in real time transmission such as video conferencing
that video and audio are delivered as soon as they are produced. Data delivered
late may be useless.
Some real time systems require immediate transmission of data within
limited time.
For example, a computerized real time system is used to monitor the
temperature in an oil refinery. If the temperature is getting too high, it must be
transmitted immediately otherwise there can be an explosion.
iv. Give any three reasons why guided communication medium is more
reliable than unguided medium.
Ans: The purpose of Guided media is to reduce cross talk and electromagnetic
interference and make the transmission more reliable.
It provides high quality transmission at extremely fast speed. It can transmit
trillions of bits per second.
Guided media is not affected by electromagnetic fields and can transmit both
analog and digital signals
Guided media is used for data transmission over long distance.
Unguided Media has multipath interference. due to reflections from land, water,
natural and human-made objects
That is why guided communication medium is more reliable than unguided
medium.
v. What is mearit by transmission impairment?
Ans: Transmission Impairments:
The errors that occur during data communication from one point to another
are called transmission impairments.
When a signal is transmitted over a communication medium, it may have
different types·of impairments. Impairments occur due to imperfect characteristics of
communication medium. As a consequence. the received and the transmitted
signals are not always the same.
Types of impairments:
The types of impairments in communication media are:
i. Attenuation ii. Amplification
111. Distortion iv, Cross talk
vi. Differentiabt between attenuation and distortion.
Ans: Attenuation:
Attenuation is the fall of signal strength with the distance as signal travels
through the communication media. If the attenuation is too much, the receiver may
not be able to detect1he signal at all.

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- Onginal ignal·---- ---· - tt��t�i signai ______

s A Ampiifie,f's,gna!-I
I

Point l Transllllssion medium Point 2 Point 3

L
--- . ·- ---·----�-·---------·--------------------
Alten,1ation in data communication
Distortion:
Distortion refe;s to change in shape or frequency of digital signal when ii is
transmitted over a comm;.;nication Jin.::-. Fig (a), shows the trar ,smitted signal and Fig
(b). stiows the distorte:d r�ceived signal.
Communication line delays the signal frequency by different amounts
because different frequency components travel cJt dift'erent speed. Therefore,
various frequency components of a signal are received at different delays. This

II I LL
causes distortio;, in digital signals.

(a)
L (o)
Distortion in digital signal
vii. What is cross talk?
Ans: Cross Talk:
Cross talk occurs In gui•1ed rncd;a. Ar, signal is transmined through a wire,
unde:,sired signals enter the path of ihe transmitted signal due to electromagnetic
rad:at1on It iS caused because of pulling se•,eral wires together in a single cable.
Sometimes, user can hear another conversion in the background when
talking on the pllone. This happens by the coupling between two wires that are
close to each other.
viii. What is Dial-up modem? Why i� it used?
Ans: Dial-up Modem:
Dial-up modem. provides Internet connection through te:ephone line.
Ma:,omum speed of Dial-up modem is 56 Kilobits per second which is very slow. It is
being replaced by faster DSL connection for Internet. .A. Dial-up rncdem Is shown In Fig.

Dial - up modem

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Uses of Dial-up Moden1:

A telephone line is used for voice transmission which is analog signal. A
modem converts digital computer signal to analog form for transmission over
telephone line as shown in rig. This process is called modulation.
..----...
telephone line
compuw
J�mj-----l�J-
' I -----
1 I
I I
�\f\,-
---�A
M-f-u-u-r-
I I

digital signal : analog signal : digital signal

I I

T1·ansmission of data using modem

Another. modem at the receiving end, converts the analog signal back to
digital form wh:ch is calied demodulatior:i
Modern is abbreviation of Modulator-Demodulator.
ix. Define data rate and baud rate.
Ans: Data Rate:
Data rate is the speed with which data can be transmitted from one
device to another. It rs generally measured in Kilobits (thousand bits) or
Megabits (million bits) per second.
Note: The abbreviation kbps, is used for kilobits per second and mbps for
m1!11on bits per second
Baud Rate:
Baud is the rate of change of electrical signals per second during data
communications. An electrical signal can have two or more than two states to
represent binary digits 0 and 1.
If an electrical signal has two states to represent binary digits then one state
represents binary 0 and the other binary 1. In this case the baud rate and the
number of bits transferred per second (data rate) are the same.
If an electrical signal has four states then each state can represent two
binary digits
For example, the analog signals generated by modem can have four
voltage levels such as 1. 2, 3 and 4 Volts. There are four states of analog signal one
for each voltage level. These four voltage levels can be used to represent 00, 01, 1 o
and 11. These will double the bit transfer rate.
x. Define bandwidth.
Ans: Bandwidth:
Bandwidth describes the overall data transmission capacity of a medium or
channel. It represents the amount of data that passes through a network connection
per unit of time

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Bandwidth 1s also measured in bits per second like data rate.

Q3. Write long answers of the following questions.
i. Describe the components of communication system with the help
of diagram.
Ans: Components of a Communication System:
Communication system consists of the following five basic components as
shown in Fig.

.+-___
+-f_o_)_M_rssa-g___
c _

�-
� (4) Transmission Medium
•
(I) Snider
(2) Receiver

l (.5) Protocol
•
1
••
Components of a communication system
Sender • Receiver

• Message • Transmission Medium

Protocol
Sender:
It is the device which sends the message. In other words, it is the source of
message that can be a computer, telephone handset, etc.
Receiver:
It is the device which receives the message. In other words it is the
destination of message that can be a computer, radio, telephone handset, etc.
Message:
It is the data to be transmitted. It can be text, graphics, image, sound or
video.
Transmission Medium:
It is the physical pathway (also known as channel) over which the message
is sent from sender to receiver. Some examples of transmission media are coaxial
cable. Fibre optic cable, microwaves, etc.

Protocol:
It is the set of rules between the two communicating devices that governs
the process of data communication. Without a protocol, two devices may be
connected but they cannot communicate with each other.
ii, Explain asynchronous and synchronous transmission .modes with
examples.
Ans: Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission modes:
Asynchronous and synchronous transmissions are the methods by which
characters are transferred between components within the computer or between the
computer and an external network.

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Asynchronous Transmission:
Tne transn11ss1on mode in wt1ich time interval between each character is not

�-0--.,.--1
\he same Is known as asynchronous trnnsmission This is shown in Fig.
C i---.----1 ll 1--------1 A

Tune

TWJe bctweeu chaiactas is variable

Asyndu·onuus transmission
• In asynchronous transmission, each character is transmitted with additional
control information Control information consists of additional start and stop
bits. Start bit indicates that transmission is about to start and stop bit
indicates that it 1s cibout tu stop.
• Start bit Is \:lenerally O i:lnd stoµ bit is 1.
• Between the star1 and stop bits, the bits representing a character are
transmitted at uniform time intervals.
• Asynchronous tiansmission is slow because of the additional bits transmitted
with each character. It 1s suitable for low speed connection between system
unit and keyboard or mouse.
Synchronous Transmission:
The transmission mode, in which time interval between the characters is
always the same, Is known as synchronous transmission. This is shown in Fig.

TUI1e
Tlllle betwef.'l characters is constant
Synchronous transmission
• In synchronous transmission, there is no control information added with the
characters.
• Data consisting of Os and 1s is transmitted as one long stream of bits. The
receiver counts the bits as they arrive and recognizes the characters.
• �ynchronous transmission is faster than asynchronous transmission
because 1t does not require extra start and stop bits. Therefore, it is used for
fast data communication between computers in computer networks.
iii. Describe the following guided media.
a) Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber optic cable
Ans: a) Twisted pair cable:
Twisted pair cable is the most commonly used cable for data
communication It consists of pairs of copper wires twisted around one another as
shown In Fig.

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Twisted pair cable

Purpose of twisting the cables:
The purpose of twisting the cables is to reduce cross talk and
electromagnetic interference and make the transmission more reliable.
Telephone cable consists of two twisted insulated wires.
Computer network cable consists of 4 pairs of twisted cables
Transmission speed of twisted pair cable:
Transmission speed of twisted pair cable ranges from 2 million bits per
second to 10 billion bits per second.
b) Coaxial cable:
Coaxial cable is used for local area networks and cable television systems. It
consists of copper wire surrounded by insulating layer.
The insulating layer itself is surrounded by conductive layer as shown in Fig.

Center core
Coaxial cable
Purpose of Insulation:
Insulation reduces interference and distortion.
Transmission speed Coaxial Cable:
Transmission speed ranges from 200 million bits per second to more than
500 million bits per second.
c) Fiber optic cable:
Fibre optic cable consists of smooth hair-thin strands of transparent material.
In Fibre optic communication, the transmitter has a converter that converts electrical
signals into light waves. These light waves are transmitted over the Fibre optic
cable. Another converter is placed at the receiving end that converts the light waves
back to electrical signals.
Capacity of single Fibre optic cable:
A single Fibre optic cable can carry up to 50,000 communication lines. It
provides high quality transmission at extremely fast speed It can transmit trillions of
bits per second.

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It is not attected by electromagnetic fields and can transmit both analog and
digital signals
Note: Fiber optic cable is more expensive than twisted pair and coaxial cables It is
used for data transmission over long distance Fibre optic cable is shown in
Fig.

Fibre optic cable •

.. ..
-
�/
iv. Describe any three types of unguided media.
Ans: Unguided Media:
Unguided media signals travel through upen space and nothing guides them
along any specific path. They du nut use cables for data transmission.
Types of unguided media:
Unguided media can be classified into radio waves, microwave, infra-red and
satellite communication.
Radio Waves:
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that are propagated by antennas.
Radio transmission consists of a transmitter and a receiver.
A transmitter transmits a radio signal to a receiver which receives it. Radio
waves are used to transmit music. conversation, pictures and data. Data can be
transmitted over long distance using radio waves. These waves are invisible and
undetectable to human beings.

• The following are some applications of radio waves.

Radio and television broadcast as shown in Fig .

l� Satellite

Home

Television broadcast
• Cell phones communication as shown in Fig.

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Base Stativu I Switching Cc!1icr Base Slatioo 2

Cell phone communication

• Radio-controlled toys as shown in Fig.
I.
I

Radio controlled car

• Satellite communication
• Wireless networks and wireless Internet
Microwave:
Microwave signals travel through open space like radio waves. Microwaves
provide
· mucl1 faster t,ansrnission rate than telephone lines or coaxial cables.
Microwave antennas are installed on high buildings or high towers as shewn
in Fig The transmitting and the receiving sites must be within sight of one another.
Microwaves are used fer saieilitc communication and other long distance wireless
communications.

"'
l
Transmissioo Linc
- -...c::..

OJ•
Ant= Alllcnna
Microwave Transmission
Infra-red:
Infra-red waves are hght energy that we cannot see. It travels th1ough sµac;e:
at the speed of light. It is used for short distance communication.
Infra-red waves are usualiy used in remote c.cntrols for television, DVD
players and other similar devices. Infra-red wireless signals are disrupted by
persons or objects in between the transmitter and receiver but it does not get
interference of other radio signals.
it is also used 1n industrial, scientific and medical appliances and night-vision
devices. Infra-red communication betv,een television and remote control is shown in Fig.

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Infra - red communication

Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a wirelP.ss communication technology that uses radio waves to
connect portable electronic devices over short distance. It eliminates the need for
cable connection and provides fast and reliable transmission.
It supports networking of wide range of portable devices that work on low
battery. These devices include mobile phone, mouse, keyboard, wireless speaker,
wireless headset, tablet, laptop corpputer and personal computer.
Laptop computer has built-in Bluetooth but personal computer can use
Bluetoolh adapter to communicate·with Bluetooth devices.
The most common use of Bluetooth is connecting a mobile phone to a
wireless headset or to a laptop computer to transfer voice data. Bluetooth
technology can transmit text. image, voice and video
Satellite:
A satellite 1s an object that is placed in an orbit around the earth and
revolves around it with speed that is slightly faster than Earth's average orbital
speed for communiccition.
It is a wireless Receiver and Transmitter used for transmitting data over long
distanr.e at high speed. Ground stations beam signals through antennas to
satellites. Satellites amplify and retransmit the signals to another ground station
which can be located many thousands of miles away as shown in Fig.

Satellite

Si� Trumnitted to Sat�nitc

Sip) Transmitted from Satellite
from Eanb (Uplink) to urth (Downlink)

Transmitting E&rtb Station Receiving Earth Station

Satellite Communication

12
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Chapter 4

Drc1wback of satellite communication:

The main drawback of satellite r:ommunication is the high cost of placing the
satellite into its orbit. Satellites are launched by rockets or space shuttles and
precisely positioned in the space with an orbit speed that exactly matches with the
rotation speed of the earth.
v. Describe the functions of the following communication devices.
a) Router
b) Network Interface Card (NIC)
c) Switch/ Access point
Ans: a) Router:
Router is a communication device that is used when two networks have to
be connected for communication. They send information from one network to
another by selecting the best pathway available.
Types of routers:
There are two types of routers 1.e. wired and wireless.
A wireless router 1s shown in Fig. This router is used to connect wireless
devices such as laptop computer and mobile phone to Internet.
Wireleu rooter

b) Network Interface Card (NIC):

A Network Interface Card (NIC) or simply network card is used to connect
computers together to create computer network. It makes communication between
computers possible.
It is a card that is installed on the motherboard. In modern computers, it is
integrated on the motherboard.
Types of network cards:
There are two types of network cards, wired network card and wireless
network card. Wired and wireless network cards are shown in Fig.

(a) W•ed Network Card (b) W•eless Network Card

Network cards
c) Switch/ Access Point:
A switch/access point is used for connecting computers together in local
area network (LAN) Switch is used in wired networks whereas access point is used
in wireless networks.

13
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Chapter 4

A switch/access point receives information from a computer in the network,

inspects it and then transmits it appropriately to the destination computer. A sw1t<::h
and an access point are shown in Fig.

�
(a) S....tch

(b) Acceu poiDI

Switch and access point

Lab Activities
Activity 1:
Students should be shown twisted pair, coaxial and fibre optic
cables and their usage in data communication.
Activity 2:
Students should be shown communication devices such as network
card, router, switch, etc.

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