2016 Conference on Advances in Signal Processing (CASP)

Cummins College of Engineering for Women, Pune. Jun 9-11, 2016

Detection of Transmission Line Faults Using Discrete

Wavelet Transform
Suman Devi Nagendra K. Swarnkar Sheesh Ram Ola Om Prakash Mahela
Apex Institute of Apex Institute of Apex Institute of Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut
Engineering & Technology, Engineering & Technology, Engineering & Technology, Prasaran Nigam Ltd.
Jaipur, India Jaipur, India Jaipur, India Jodhpur, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Since 1945, electric power systems have been method for fault detection and analysis of High Voltage
extremely important due to huge increase in the electric energy transmission lines. A fault detection method for heat loss at a
demand. As a result, power transmission lines have been rapidly work-shop level has been presented in [7]. Zahra et al. [8],
developed in number and length. Any disturbance or the tripping proposed a new set of time-frequency features for fault-type
of transmission line may lead to failure of supply in wide area. identification, fault-loop status supervision and fault-zone
This requires the effective protection of these lines. The analysis
of faults with different loads helps in the detection of transients
detection modules in a compensated transmission line with a
which ultimately helps in the localization, detection and unified power-flow controller. An intelligent identification
classification of power system faults to provide efficient scheme for transient faults in transmission system using Gabor
protection system. This paper presents a discrete wavelet Transform (GT) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has
transform (DWT) based methodology for detection of been proposed by the authors in [9]. Usama et al. [10],
transmission line faults. The investigated faults include line to presented the design and implementation of a wavelet
ground fault, double line fault, double line to ground fault, and analysis-based fault detection and identification. Noori et al.
three phase faults. The detailed study of detection of faults has [11], proposed a novel approach for fault detection in
been carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. transmission lines based on the adaptive cumulative sum
Keywords—Discrete wavelet transform; MATLAB/Simulink;
mother wavelet; power system; transmission line; transmission line
method, whose structure is adaptive with the current passing
fault. through the corresponding line. Gomes et al. [12], presented a
new model to functionally represent the phases of a
transmission line. The detection and classification strategy has
I. INTRODUCTION
been developed from the analysis of model parameters and
The identification of location of transmission line fault in a were evaluated using a set of simulated faults and a real
power grid is of great importance to facilitate self-healing of database. A novel filter based ANN approach for short-circuit
the system and for maintaining reliability of power supply [1]. faults detection, classification and location in power
Further, the continuous power systems expansion and load of transmission lines has been reported in [13]. Anamika et al.
varying nature have imposed high requirements in protecting [14], proposed a fault detection and classification scheme for
equipments, mainly related with speed and accuracy. These transmission line protection using Wavelet transform (WT)
are important factors for fault clearance. If a fault is not and linear discriminate analysis (LDA).
properly detected and removed, widespread damage or a
power system blackout may take place [2]. The behaviour of This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform based
protective devices may change with the various types of loads methodology for the detection of transmission line faults. The
faults investigated include the ground (LG) fault, double line
such as linear and non-linear loads connected with the
fault (LL), double line to ground fault (LLG), three phase fault
distribution system [3]. The transmission line protection involving ground (LLLG).
schemes are divided into three stages: (i) fault detection and
classification, (ii) fault zone estimation or fault location and This paper is organized as follows. The introduction has
(iii) decision logic and subsidiary modules [4]. Therefore, the been presented in the Section I. Section II describes the
detection of faults is essential part of protection scheme. proposed test system. The discrete wavelet transform based
proposed methodology has been detailed in the Section III.
The various techniques for detection of transmission line The simulation results and their discussions are presented in
faults have been proposed in the literature. Krishnanand et al. section IV. Finally, the conclusions presented in Section V.
[5], presented a pattern recognition approach for current
differential relaying of power transmission line. The proposed II. PROPOSED TEST SYSTEM
scheme is evaluated for current differential protection of a
transmission line fed from both ends for a variety of faults, The proposed test system consisting of three-phase voltage
fault resistance, inception angles and significant noise in the source, transmission line and three-phase load has been
provided in the Fig. 1. The three-phase resistive-inductive
signal using computer simulation studies. In [6], authors
(RL) load is considered in this study. The details of load are
carried out the research to develop an accurate real-time

978-1-5090-0849-0/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 133

provided in the Table I. The transmission line considered in discriminate between voltage signal during the faulty
this study is 100 km long. It has been considered in two parts conditions and without faulty conditions. The voltage signal is
each having a length of 50 km. These two parts are designated decomposed using DWT with db4 as mother wavelet up to
as TRL-1 and TRL-2. The fault under investigation has been level 4. The detail coefficients and approximate coefficients
created at middle of the transmission line i.e. at a distance of have been summed up over a moving window of 32 samples.
50 km from both the generator as well as load. The positive The detail coefficients and approximate coefficients have been
and zero sequence resistances of the transmission line are plotted for each fault to detect the transmission line faults. The
0.01273 and 0.3864 ohm/km respectively. The positive and relative maximum values of the detail coefficients can be
zero sequence inductances of the transmission line are utilized to discriminate the various types of the faults.
0.9337x10-3 and 4.1264x10-3H/km respectively whereas the
positive and zero sequence capacitances are 12.74x10-9 and IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.751x10-9 F/km respectively. The voltages are measured on
the load. Therefore all the voltages illustrated in the simulation The load is connected to the three-phase generator using
results are measured on the load terminal (Bus B-2). The the transmission line. The simulation is carried out for 10
three-phase source considered in the study generates the cycles. In each case study the fault is created at the 2nd cycle.
power at 50 Hz and 25 kV. The voltages are measured at load terminal in each case study.
The rated voltage is 25 kV and same voltage level is
considered at all points of the system. Four different types of
transmission line faults such as line to ground fault, double
line fault, double line to ground fault and three-phase fault
have been investigated in the presence of linear load (RL
load). The voltages for all the three-phases have been
considered for detection of the faults. The voltage of each
Fig. 1. Proposed test system for the study of fault analysis. phase have been decomposed using the discrete wavelet
transform with db4 as mother wavelet upto level 4. The detail
TABLE 1. LOAD DATA coefficients (cD) upto level 4 and approximate coefficient
S. No. Parameter RL Load (cA) at level 4 have been provided for each case of study. The
1 Frequency 50 Hz relative magnitude of the detail coefficients clearly
2 Voltage 25 kV discriminate the different types of faults.
3 Active power 1000 kW
4 Reactive power 1000 kVAr
A. Phase to Ground Fault
The phase to ground fault is created on the phase-A. The
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY three-phase voltage waveforms during the phase to ground
The wavelet transform (WT) decomposes a signal into fault are provided in Fig. 3. It is evident from the Fig. 3 that
different scales with different levels of resolution by dilating a voltage on faulty phase decreases and reduces to zero while the
voltage in healthy phases rises slightly at the time of
single prototype function. It provides local representation of
occurrence of the fault. The transients in voltages of all the
signal in both time and frequency [15]. The discrete wavelet
phases have also been observed during the faulty period.
transform (DWT) is implemented by filter bank technique
known as multi resolution analysis (MRA). In DWT, the low 5000
pass (LP) and high pass (HP) filters produce two sets of
V o lt a g e ( V )

coefficients: high frequency and low frequency components

followed by dyadic decimation (down-sampling). The multi- 0
Phase-A
resolution analysis of the signal using DWT is detailed in the Phase-B
Fig. 2. The choices of filter h and g coefficients with four are Phase-C
called analysing by daubechies wavelet with four filter -5000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
coefficients (db4) [16]. A and d represent the approximation Time (s)
and detail coefficients respectively.
Fig. 3. Three-phase voltages during phase to ground fault with R-L load.

The voltage of phase-A has been decomposed using the

DWT up to level 4 with db4 as mother wavelet. The detail and
approximate coefficients are provided in the Fig. 4. The
approximate coefficient at level 4 (cA4) clearly indicates that
the voltage in phase-A decreases to zero after the occurrence
of the fault. It has been observed that the detail coefficient at
Fig. 2. Signal decomposition using DWT all levels of decomposition has finite value at time of fault
occurrence and zero value at all other times. The detail
A. Proposed Algorithm coefficient cD4 has a very high value of 1500 at the time of
This algorithm uses the information of the voltage fault. This helps in detection of phase to ground fault and also
obtained from the wavelet analysis by using DWT to helps in the discrimination of this fault from the other faults.

134
 Original Signal 5 Original Signal 5
x 10 cA4 x 10 cA4
2000 4 5000 4
0 2 0 2

-2000 0 -5000 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 500 1000 1500 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
cD4 4 cD3 4 cD3
x 10 cD4
1500 200 x 10 100
1500
1000 1000
100 50
500 500
0 0 0 0
0 500 1000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
cD2 cD1 cD2 cD1
15 3
5 0.5
10 2
5 1
0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 5000 10000 1000 2000 3000 4000 0
2000 4000 6000 8000

Fig. 4. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-A Fig. 6. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-C
voltage. voltage.

The wavelet transform based decomposition of voltage of

B. Double Line Fault
phase-B has been provided in Fig. 5. It has been observed
from the approximate coefficient that the voltage does not The double line fault is simulated with fault between
vary significantly in the healthy phase. The high values of the phases A and B. The voltage waveforms during the fault are
detail coefficients have been observed at the time of fault shown in Fig. 7. The voltage magnitude in both the phases A
occurrence. However, the values of theses coefficients are and B decreases during the faulty conditions and are in same
less than that of the faulty phase which discriminates the phase. However, the voltage of healthy phase remains the
healthy phases from the faulty phase. The detail coefficient at unaffected during the faulty conditions.
level 4 (cD4) is approximately 1000 which is less than the
2000
1500 which has been observed with the faulty phase. This
Voltage (V)

helps in discrimination of faulty phase from healthy phases.

0
Original Signal 5 Phase-A
x 10 cA4
5000 Phase-B
4
Phase-C
-2000
0 2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (s)
-5000 0 Fig. 7. Three-phase voltages during double line fault with R-L load.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
cD4 cD3
The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-A has been
4
x 10 100
1000
provided in Fig. 8. It can be observed from the approximate
50
500 coefficient (cA4) that the voltage in the faulty phase
0
0 500 1000
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 decreases. The high values of the detail coefficients have been
cD2 cD1 observed at the time of fault occurrence. The detail coefficient
5 0.5 at level 4 (cD4) has a value of 700 which is less than that with
the LG fault. This helps in the discrimination of this fault from
the LG fault.
0 0 5
1000 2000 3000 4000 2000 4000 6000 8000 Original Signal x 10 cA4
2000 4
Fig. 5. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-B
0 2
voltage.
-2000
The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-C has been 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0
500 1000 1500
provided in Fig. 6. It has been observed from the approximate cD4
x 10
4
150
cD3

coefficient that the voltage does not vary significantly in the 100
500
healthy phase and it is same as that with the phase-B. The high 50
values of the detail coefficients have been observed at the time 0
0
of fault occurrence. However, the values of theses coefficients 0 500 cD2 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
cD1
2000 2500

are less than the faulty phases and same as the phase-B. This 20 3

clearly discriminates the healthy phase from the faulty phase. 10

2

The detail coefficient at level 4 (cD4) is approximately 1000 1

0 0
which is less than the 1500 that observed with the faulty phase 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
and same as that in the phase-B. Therefore, it is concluded that Fig. 8. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-A
voltage.
during the LG fault the detail coefficients in the faulty phase
are high as compared to the healthy phases and in both the The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-B has been
healthy phases these are same. This helps in the discrimination provided in Fig. 9. This can be observed that the detail
of faulty phase from the healthy phases.

135
coefficients as well as approximate coefficients are same as the faulty conditions. However, the voltage of healthy phase
that with the voltage of phase-B during the LL fault. remains the unaffected during the faulty conditions.
Original Signal 5
x 10 cA4 2000
2000 4

Voltage (V)
0 2 0
Phase-A
Phase-B
-2000 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Phase-C
-2000
cD4 4 cD3 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
x 10 200 Time (s)
1000
Fig. 11. Three-phase voltages during double line to ground fault with R-L
500 100
load.
0 0
0 200 400 600
cD2
800 1000 1200 500 1000 1500
cD1
2000 2500 The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-A is
20 4 detailed in the Fig. 12. It can be observed from the
10 2 approximate coefficient (cA4) that the voltage in the faulty
phase reduces to zero. The high values of the detail
0
1000 2000 3000 4000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 coefficients have been observed at the time of fault
occurrence. The detail coefficient at level 4 (cD4) has a value
Fig. 9. Discrete wavelets transform based decomposition of phase-B of 800 which is less than that with the LG fault and higher
voltage. than that for the double line fault. This helps in the
discrimination of this fault from the LG and LL faults.
The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-C with
double line fault is shown in Fig. 10. It can be observed from Original Signal 5
x 10 cA4
2000 4
the approximate coefficient that the voltage does not vary
0
significantly in the healthy phase during the faulty period. 2

The values of the detail coefficients are very small as -2000

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
compared to that in the phases A and B which can be cD4 x 10
4
cD3
neglected. This clearly discriminates the healthy phase from 1000 200

the faulty phase. The detail coefficient at level 4 (cD4) is 0.2 500 100

only. Therefore, it is concluded that during the LL fault the 0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
detail coefficients in the faulty phases are high as compared to cD2 cD1
4
the healthy phase. This helps in the discrimination of faulty 20

phase from the healthy phase. Further, the detail coefficient of 10 2

the faulty phase is also less than that with the LG fault. This 0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
clearly discriminates these two types of faults. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Original Signal x 10
5
cA4 Fig. 12. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-A
2000 4 voltage.
0 2 The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-B is shown
-2000 0
in Fig. 13. It is evident that the detail coefficients as well as
0 0.5 1
cD4
1.5 2
4
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
cD3
approximate coefficient are same as that with the voltage of
0.2 x 10 0.02 phase-B during the LLG fault.
0.1 0.01
0 Original Signal 5
cA4
0 2000 x 10
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 500 1000 1500 2000 4
-3 -4
x 10 cD2 x 10 cD1
0 2
2 1
-2000 0
1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
cD4 4 cD3
1000 x 10 150
0 0
1000 2000 3000 4000 2000 4000 6000 8000 100
500
Fig. 10. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-C 50
voltage. 0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
cD2 cD1
3
C. Double Line to Ground Fault 10
2
5
The double line to ground fault is simulated by 1
0 0
simultaneous grounding the phases A and B. The voltage 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
waveforms during the fault are shown in Fig. 11. The voltage
magnitude in both the phases A and B reduces to zero during Fig. 13. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-B
voltage.

136
 5
The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-C with 2000
Original Signal
4
x 10 cA4

double line fault is shown in Fig. 14. It can be observed from 0 2

the approximate coefficient that the voltage does not vary
-2000
significantly in the healthy phase during the faulty period. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
The values of the detail coefficients are quite high but low as
4
cD4 x 10 cD3
1000 200
compared to the faulty phase i.e. phases A and B. The detail 500 100
coefficient at level 4 (cD4) is 400. This clearly discriminates
0 0
the healthy phase from the faulty phases. Therefore, it is 0 200 400 600
cD2
800 1000 1200 0 500 1000 1500
cD1
2000 2500

concluded that during the LLG fault the detail coefficients in 20 4

the faulty phases are high as compared to the healthy phase. 10 2

This helps in the discrimination of faulty phase from the 0

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
healthy phase. Further, the detail coefficients of the faulty
phase during the LLG fault are high as compared to the LL
fault but less than the LG fault. This helps in the Fig. 16. Discrete wavelets transform based decomposition of phases-A, B
and C voltages.
discrimination of this fault from other faults.
5
The maximum values of the detail coefficients for the faulty
5000
Original Signal
4
x 10 cA4 phases have been provided in the Table 2. It is evident that the
detail coefficient at level 4 gives a clear discrimination in the
0 2 different types of faults in the power system. Further the detail
-5000 coefficients can also be utilized to discriminate a healthy
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
4
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 phase from the faulty phase.
cD4 x 10 cD3
400 40

200 20 TABLE 2. MAXIMUM VALUES OF DETAIL COEFFICIENTS IN FAULTY PHASE

0 0 S. No. Type of Fault cD1 cD2 cD3 cD4

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
cD2 cD1 1 LG 2.5 14 190 1500
4 0.4 2 LL 2.5 12 140 700
3 LLG 3 15 160 800
2 0.2
4 LLLG 3 16 200 1000
0 0
1000 2000 3000 4000 2000 4000 6000 8000 V. CONCLUSION
Fig. 14. Discrete wavelet transform based decomposition of phase-C A discrete wavelet transform based methodology using db4
voltage.
as mother wavelet has been presented in this paper. The detail
D. Double Line to Ground Fault and approximate coefficients have been calculated by summing
Three phase fault involving ground has been simulated by over a window of width 32 samples. It has been observed that
at the time of occurrence of fault the detail coefficients have
grounding all the three phases simultaneously. The voltage high values and their values are zero for all the other times.
waveforms are shown in Fig. 15. It is evident that voltage in This helps in the clear detection of the fault. Further, it has also
all the three phases reduces to zero. been observed that the values of detail coefficients are different
2000 for different types of the faults. Therefore, the faults can be
discriminated from each other. The values of detail coefficient
V olta ge (V)

0 at the highest level of decomposition (level 4) are found to be

Phase-A
most effective in the discrimination of faults from each other.
Phase-B
Phase-C
These coefficients can also be utilized for the discrimination of
-2000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
faulty phase from the healthy phase. The values of approximate
Time (s) coefficients at the highest level of decompositions help in the
analysis of voltage magnitude during the faulty conditions for
Fig. 15. Three-phase voltages during three-phase fault with R-L load. both the faulty phases as well as healthy phases. Therefore, it is
concluded that DWT transform with dB4 mother wavelet and
The wavelet decomposition of voltage of phase-A is using a moving window can be effective in the detection of
detailed in the Fig. 16. Since the fault is symmetrical, hence power system faults which helps in designing a suitable online
the approximate as well as detail coefficients are found to protection relaying system.
have same values in all the three phases. Therefore, the plots
related to phase-A is shown only. It can be observed from the
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