EE105 – Fall 2015
Microelectronic Devices and Circuits
Prof. Ming C. Wu
[email protected]
511 Sutardja Dai Hall (SDH)
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Invention of Transistors - 1947
Bardeen, Shockley, and Brattain Point contact Ge bipolar
at Bell Labs - Brattain and transistor
Bardeen invented the bipolar
transistor in 1947.
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1
The First Integrated Circuits - 1958
R. N. Noyce Jack Kilby
Fairchild Semiconductor Texas Instruments
Co-Founder of both Invented IC during his first year at TI
Fairchild and Intel
(deceased 1990) (Nobel Prize 2000)
“Unitary Circuit” made of Si “Solid Circuit” made of Ge
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Moore’s Law
Memory chip density Microprocessor complexity
versus time versus time
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2
Moore’s Paper in 1965
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Moore’s Law in 1965
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Moore’s Argument
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Intel Core i7 Microprocessor
(4 Cores)
~ 1.1 Billion Transistors
Most powerful processor has about 10B transistors today.
Most powerful FPGA has 20B+ transistors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count
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4
7nm Transistors by IBM
Working research prototype chip with 7nm transistors
http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/09/technology/ibm-announces-computer-chips-more-
powerful-than-any-in-existence.html
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FinFET
• Invented at Berkeley !
• Hisamoto, D.; Wen-Chin
Lee; Kedzierski, J.;
Takeuchi, H.; Asano, K.;
Kuo, C.; Anderson, Erik;
Tsu-Jae King; Bokor, J.;
Chenming Hu,
"FinFET-a self-aligned
double-gate MOSFET
scalable to 20 nm,"
IEEE Transactions on
Electron Devices, 2000
http://www.nytimes.com/
imagepages/2011/05/05/science/
05chip_graphic.html?
action=click&contentCollection=Sci
ence&module=RelatedCoverage&r
egion=Marginalia&pgtype=article
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5
Digital vs Analog
• Analog electrical signals
take on continuous values
• Digital signals appear at
discrete levels. Usually we
use binary signals which
utilize only two levels.
• One level is referred to as
logical 1 and logical 0 is
assigned to the other level.
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Why Analog?
• The “real” world is analog
– Analog is required to interface to just about anything
– Even to get two digital chips to talk to each other:
TX RX
1-12 (Elad Alon)
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Another Example: RF Transceiver
Source: Mehta et al, “An 802.11g WLAN
SoC”, JSSC Dec. 2005
• Analog needs to
provide gain +
filtering with low
noise and distortion
1-13 (Elad Alon)
Sensing
• Similar to communications – analog needed for signal
conditioning
1-14 (Elad Alon)
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Creative Touch Sensors
http://www.ivanpoupyrev.com/projects/touche.php
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Internet of Things (IoT)
sensory
swarm infrastructural internet of things
core
mobile access
Adapted from
Rabaey, ASPDAC, 2008
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Sensors in a Phone
Lots of sensors:
• 9DoF motion sensing,
– 3 axis accelerometer
– 3 axis gyroscope
– 3 axis compass
• 3 microphones,
• 2 image sensors,
• ambient light and proximity
sensors,
• archetypal touch screen
sensor.
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Inside iPhone4
Gyroscope
Accelerometer
www.memsjournal.com/2010/12/motion-sensing-in-the-iphone-4-mems-accelerometer.html
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Accelerometer in iPhone4
• Made by STMicroelectronics
• ASIC stacked on MEMS
• Wafer level packaging (WLP) for
MEMS
• 2 polysilicon layer surface
micromachining process
(pioneered at Berkeley Sensor
and Actuator Center, BSAC)
• EE 147, Intro to MEMS, covers a
lot more on this
www.memsjournal.com/2010/12/motion-sensing-in-the-iphone-4-mems-accelerometer.html
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Accelerometer in iPhone4
www.memsjournal.com/2010/12/motion-sensing-in-the-iphone-4-mems-accelerometer.html
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Differential Capacitive Accelerometer
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Differential Capacitive Sensing
x0 x0
C1 = C C2 = C
x 0 + δx x 0 − δx
For small displacement:
⎛ x0 x0 ⎞
C1 − C 2 = C ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
⎝ x0 + δx x0 − δx ⎠
− 2 x δx 2
= C 2 0 2 ≈ −C δx
x 0 − δx x0
C1 + C2 ≈ 2C
C1 δx
V0 = −VS + ⋅ 2VS V0 ≈ − VS
C1 + C 2 x0
C1 − C 2 Output voltage is linearly
= VS
C1 + C 2 proportional to the displacement
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ADXL Block Diagram – Open Loop
Vamp Vdemod VOUT
time
• Minimum detectable capacitance change: 20 aF (aF = 10-18F)
• Minimum detectable displacement: 0.02 nm (1/5 of hydrogen atom)
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What You Learned in EE40
• Resistors, capacitors, • Ideal OP Amp
inductors
• Time/frequency domain
• KCL, KVL analysis
• Bode Plot
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What You Will Learn in EE 105
Op Amp Circuit
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EECS 105 in the Grand Scheme
• Example: Cell Phone
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Circuit Simulation
• SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit
Emphasis)
– Developed at UC Berkeley!
– Outgrowth of CANCER (Computer Analysis of Nonlinear
Circuits, Excluding Radiation)
• We will use HSPICE in class (Read the Tutorial
online)
• Many other versions of SPICE
– LTSPICE free download from Linear Technology
http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/#LTspice
– However, GSIs will only focus on HSPICE, and answer
questions related to HSPICE
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