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LEACHING: 9. Tea percolation employs

1. A unit operation in which a soluble component is removed a. liquid-liquid extraction c. absorption

from an inert solid by a solvent which preferentially dissolves b. leaching d. adsorption

the soluble matter is known as 10. In a determination of the solution retention data, the mass

a. adsorption c. leaching fraction of the solute in the extract was determined to be 0.6.

b. solvent extraction d. sedimentation The corresponding underflow analysis showed retention of 0.6

2. Which of the following is the most commonly used leaching kg solvent per kg of inert solid. The mass fraction of solute in

solvent in vegetable oil industry? the underflow is most likely

a. phenol c. furfural a. 0.600 c. 0.360

b. hexane d. liquid SO2 b. 0.225 d. 0.375

3. Which of the following does not involve leaching? For numbers 12 to 13:

a. dissolving gold from ores In a salt recovery plant, rock salt is being leached to produce

b. dissolving pharmaceutical products from bark or roots industrial salt in a continuous counter current system consisting

c. dissolving sugar from the cells of the beet of two ideal stages using water as leaching medium. the

d. removing nicotine from its water solution by kerosene average composition of the rock salt is: inerts = 70%, soluble

4. In case of constant underflow extraction operation, the _ at all salts = 25%, moisture = 5%, all percentage by weight. The

solute concentration. underflow from each stage contains 0.3 kg of solution per kg of

a. solids are drained to the same extent inerts. The plant leaches 50 MT of rock salt per day using 50

b. ratio of the insoluble to solution is constant MT of water.

c. both (a) and (b) 11. The quantity of soluble salts recovered in MT/day is

d. neither (a) nor (b) a. 12.1 c. 13.1

5. With increase in temperature, the leaching rate increases b. 14 d. 11.2

because of the 12. The composition of salt in weight percent in the final
a. increased diffusivity. underflow is

b. decreased viscosity of liquid. a. 0.89% c. 0.98%

c. both (a) and (b) b. 0.78% d. 0.68%

d. neither (a) nor (b) 13. A slurry of flaked soybeans weighing 100 kg contains 75 kg

6. Leaching of sugar from sugar beets is done using inert solids and 25 kg of solution with 10 wt% oil and 90 wt%

a. hot water c. dilute H2SO4 solvent hexane. The slurry is contacted with 100 kg pure

b. hexane d. lime water hexane in a single stage so that the value of retention for the

7. The metal that is usually extracted from sea water is outlet underflow is 1.5 kg of insoluble solid per kg solvent in

a. Calcium c. Potassium the adhering solution. The composition of underflow leaving

b. Sodium d. Magnesium the extraction stage in percent by weight oil is

8. The unit operation by which soluble components of a liquid a. 1.5 b. 2.3

mixture are dissolved in a liquid immiscible with the insoluble c. 0.3 d. 0.8

component is
a. absorption c. leaching

b. adsorption d. solvent extraction 14. Seeds, containing 20% by mass of oil, are extracted in a

counter current plant, and 90% of the oil is recovered in a

solution containing 50% by mass of oil. If the seeds are

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extracted with fresh solvent and 1 kg of solution is removed in is to be treated. The strong solution produced is to consist of

the underflow in association with every 2 kg of insoluble 90% water and 10% CuSO4 by weight. The recovery of CuSO4

matter, how many ideal stages are required? is to be 98% of that in the ore. Pure water is to be used as fresh

a. 5 c. 7 solvent. After each stage, one ton of inert gangue retained 2

b. 3 d. 2 tons water plus the copper sulfate dissolved in that water.

15. Powdered limestone (CaCO3) containing 10000 ppm NaOH is Equilibrium is attained in each stage. The number of stages

to be washed in a two-step continuous counter current washing required is

system to remove most of the NaOH. Two cells and 100000 L a. 12 c. 10

of water per 10 MT/day of limestone fed are used. The slurry b. 8 d. 14

discharged and removed from the underflow contains 0.091 19. Tung meal containing 55% oil is to be extracted at a rate of

MT of water per MT CaCO3. Assuming complete mixing and 4000 kg/hr using n-hexane containing 5% wt oil as solvent. A

washing, the NaOH content of the washed and dried limestone counter current multiple stage extraction system is to be used.

in ppm is The meal retains 2 kg solvent per kg of oil free meal while the

a. 0.6 c. 0.8 residual charge contains 0.11 kg per oil free meal while the
b. 0.5 d. 0.4 product is composed of 15 weight percent of oil. The

For numbers 17 to 18: theoretical number of stages is

A counter current multiple contact extraction system is to treat a. 4 c. 3

50 tons/hr of wet beets with fresh water as the solvent. The b. 5 d. 6

beets have the following analysis: 20. The orebody of the Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga in the

Components Mass fraction Belgian Congo is composed of malachite (CuCO3 Cu(OH)2)

water 0.48 and gangue. Copper is extracted by crushing the ore to -20

pulp 0.40 mesh, agitating with a dilute solution of sulfuric acid, followed

sugar 0.12 by multiple-contact countercurrent washing to wash the gangue

The strong solution leaving the system is to contain 0.15 mass free of the copper-bearing solution. The rich solution from the

fraction sugar, 97% of the sugar in the sliced beets is to be washing system is treated for removal of dissolved iron and

recovered. Determine the number of extraction cells required, aluminum and then sent to the electrolytic cells for

assuming equilibrium between the underflow and overflow in precipitation of the copper. The dilute acid solution from the

each cell. cells is recycled to the agitators for treatment of more raw ore.

16. If each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of solution. The counter current washing operation uses Dorr thickeners for

a. 16 c. 14 the recovery of the rich solution. The slurry from the agitators,

b. 15 d. 10 with the copper in the solution as copper sulphate, is fed to the

17. If each ton of dry pulp retains 3 tons of water. thickeners at the rate of 300 tons per hour.

a. 16 c. 14 According to operating records, the underflow from each

b. 15 d. 10 thickener retains 1.22 tons of solution per ton of gangue, and

the streams have the following compositions in mass percent.

Feed to Strong Underflow

18. Roasted copper containing the ore as CuSO4 is to be extracted Thickener, Solution, Leaving
in a countercurrent stage extractor. Each hour, a charge % % System,
consisting of 10 tons gangue, 1.2 tons CuSO4 and 0.5 ton water
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mass % SOLVENT EXTRACTION:

CuSO4 6.10 6.69 1.0 1. Acetic acid will be most economically separated from a dilute

Gangue 14.92 --- solution of acetic acid in water by

99.0
Water 78.98 93.31 a. solvent extraction c. continuous distillation

b. evaporation d. absorption

Determine the number of equilibrium stages. 2. Liquid-liquid extraction is based on the differences in

a. 4 c. 1 a. solubility c. partial pressure

b. 6 d. 8 b. specific volume d. viscosity

3. In liquid extraction, if the selectivity is unity, then

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS a. separation of the constituents is the most effective.

1. Cod liver oil is obtained from crushed livers by extraction with b. no separation will occur.

an organic solvent. A sample that contains 0.335 kg of oil per c. amount of solvent required will be minimum.

each kg of exhausted liver is fed into a multistage extractor that d. solvent flow rate should be very low.

operates under countercurrent, where pure organic solvent is 4. Heats sensitive materials with very high latent heat of

employed. It is desired to recover 90% of the oil in the final vaporization may be economically separated using

overflow, with a composition 60% in weight of oil. If retention a. liquid extraction c. evaporation

of the solution is 2 kg per each 3.2 kg of insoluble solids, b. distillation d. absorption

calculate the number of ideal stages required to carry out the 5. In a single extraction process, 10 kg of pure solvent S is mixed

desired extraction. Calculations are made assuming that 100 kg with 30 kg of feed F containing A at a mass fraction xF = 0.2.

of food is introduced into the extractor. The mixture splits into an extract phase E and a raffinate phase

ANSWER: 6 R, containing A at xE = 0.50 and xR = 0.05 respectively.

2. A multiple contact extraction system is to treat 1.25 tons (2500 Calculate the total mass of the extract phase in kg.

lbs) per hour of dry black ash containing 40% Na2CO3 and 60% a. 8.89 c. 2.45

insoluble matter with 30 gpm of water. If 5% of the Na2CO3 b. 1.11 d. 5.73

remains unextracted, calculate the number of ideal stages by the 6. The distribution coefficient of solute A between solvents B and

absorption factor method. The mass ratio of insoluble matter to S is given by Y = 2.5X where Y = mass fraction of A / mass of

solvent in the underflow from the stage is 1:2. The number of S in extract and X = mass fraction of A / mass fraction of B in

ideal stages required is raffinate. S and B are mutually immiscible. A solution

ANSWER: 2 containing 25% A in B is to be extracted in a single stage

3. Tung meal containing 55 mass% oil is to be extracted at a rate contact with a recovery of 80%. The amount of S in kg

of 4000 lb per hour using 6000 lb per hour of n-hexane, required per 100 kg of solution is nearly

containing 5 mass% oil, as the solvent. A counter-current a. 100 c. 120

multiple-stage extraction system which is equivalent to two b. 150 d. 200

ideal stages is to be employed. the meal will retain 1 lb of

solution per pound of oil-free meal. the overflow will be a

mixture of solution and fine meal particles with an estimated

ratio of 0.05 lb of solids per lb of solution. Determine the % 7. In a liquid-liquid extraction, 10 kg of a solution containing 2 kg

recovery of the oil under the above conditions. of solute C and 8 kg of solvent A is brought into contact with

ANSWER: 92% 10 kg of solvent B. Solvent A and B are completely immiscible

in each other whereas solute C is soluble in both the solvents.

The extraction process attains equilibrium. The equilibrium

 page 4

relationship between the two phases is Y* = 0.9X, where Y* is a. 89.9 c. 96.5

the kg of C/kg of B and X is kg of C/kg of A. Choose the b. 92.16 d. 100

correct answer. For numbers 12 to 13:

a. the entire amount of C is transferred to solvent It is desired to extract acetone from a feed containing acetone

b. less than 2 kg but more than 1 kg is transferred to solvent B and water using chloroform as solvent in two cross current

c. less than 1 kg of C is transferred to B extraction stages as shown below.

d. no amount of C is transferred to B
4 6
8. Separation processes depends on the differences in a particular Solvent Solvent
property of the components of the mixture. For fractional
2 3
distillation, it is the difference in 1)__________ , for gas 1
Stage Stage
absorption, it is the difference in the 2)__________ in a I II
Feed Product
selective adsorbent and for liquid-liquid extraction it is based

on the 3)_______ of a particular component in an immiscible

solvent . 5 7

a. 1) volatility 2) solubility 3) solubility Assumed that the water and chloroform are immiscible. The

b. 1) selectivity 2) diffusibility 3) volatility following data are given for the process:

c. 1) volatility 2) diffusibility 3) solubility  The feed is an equimolar mixture of acetone and water.

d. 1) selectivity 2) volatility 3) solubility  The quantities of chloroform used in the two stages are

For numbers 9 to 10: equal.

Nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene from a water solution  60 mole % of the acetone in the feed is extracted in stage

containing 1% nicotine at 20 0C. Water and kerosene are 1.

essentially immiscible. The equilibrium distribution of a solute  The extract and raffinate phases existing from each stage

between immiscible solvents is expressed by the distribution are in equilibrium.

coefficient K, which is the ratio of the solute concentrations in  The equilibrium relation for the distribution of acetone is

the two phases. For the distribution of nicotine between given by (moles of acetone in water rich phase / moles of

kerosene and water, K=Y*/X = (kg nicotine/kg kerosene in water in water rich phase) = 2 (moles of acetone in

extract) / (kg nicotine/kg water in raffinate) =0.90. chloroform rich phase / moles of chloroform in

9. Determine the percentage extraction of nicotine if 100 kg of chloroform rich phase)

feed solution is extracted once with 150 kg of solvent. 12. Determine the quantity of chloroform used in each stage per

a. 43% c. 68% mole of feed.

b. 71% d. 57% a. 2.3 c. 2.0

10. Repeat for three ideal extractions using 50 kg solvent each. b. 1.5 d. 1.7

a. 43% c. 68%

b. 71% d. 57%

11. The distribution coefficient of solute A between solvents B and 13. What is the mole fraction of acetone in final product stream?

S is given by Y = 3X where Y and X are mass ratios of A to a. 0.12 c. 0.10

solvent in extract and in raffinate, respectively. B and S are b. 0.08 d. 0.14

mutually insoluble to each other. One hundred kg of a 30% For numbers 14 to 16:

solution of A and B is to be successively treated in two batch Benzoic acid is 9 times more soluble in water. The percent

contacts with 60 kg of solvent each time. The overall percent benzoic acid that will remain from a water solution of benzoic

recovery of A is very nearly acid is

 page 5

14. Equal quantity of chloroform and water is used is 20. A laboratory test is carried out into the extraction of acetic acid

a. 10% c. 15% from dilute aqueous solution, by means of methyl iso-butyl

b. 20% d. 30% ketone, using a spray tower of 47 mm diameter and 1080 mm

15. Twice as much as chloroform as water is used high. The aqueous liquor is run into the top of the tower and the

a. 2.6% c. 3.5% ketone enters at the bottom. The ketone enters at the rate of

b. 5.3% d. 6.0% 0.0022 m3/sm2 of tower cross-section. It contains no acetic

16. If extraction as in Problem 13 were followed by an extraction acid, and leaves with a concentration of 0.21 kmol/m3. The

as in Problem 14 is aqueous phase flows at the rate of 0.0013 m3/sm2 of tower

a. 0.53% c. 0.63% cross-section, and enters containing 0.68 kmol acid/m3. What is

b. 0.35% d. 0.73% the corresponding value of the overall HTU, based on the

17. An aqueous solution containing 1.5 K mole X/ m3 is fed at 36 ketone phase? Using units of kmol/m3, the equilibrium

ml/s to the top of pat column of height 1.60 m and cross relationship under these conditions may be taken as:

sectional area of 0.0045 m2 and it leaves at the bottom with Concentration of acid in the ketone phase = 0.548

1.4 kmole/m3. An organic solvent, B, containing 0.008 K mole (Concentration in the aqueous phase).
X/m3 flows counter to the aqueous phase at 9 ml/s. the a. 1.75 m c. 1.94 m

equilibrium relationship is, b. 1.81 m d. 1.63 m

Cxorganic = 0.3 Cxaqueous

Determine: The log mean concentration difference for the ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS

transfer. 1. A liquid mixture of acetaldehyde and toluene contains 8 lb of

a. 0.1625 kmol/m3 c. 0.178 kmol/m3 acetaldehyde and 90 lb of toluene. Part of the acetaldehyde in

b. 0.182 kmol/m3 d. 0.194 kmol/m3 this solution is to be extracted using pure water as the

For numbers 18 to 19: extracting agent. The extraction is to be performed in two

Tests are made on the extraction of acetic acid from a dilute stages, using 25 lb of fresh water for each stage. The raffinate

aqueous solution by means of a ketone in a small spray tower layer from the first stage is treated by fresh water in the second

of diameter 46 mm and effective height of 1090 mm with the stage. The extraction takes place at 170C and the equilibrium

aqueous phase run into the top of the tower. The ketone enters equation is Y=2.2X may be employed. Assuming toluene and

free from acid at the rate of 0.0014 m3/sm2, and leaves with an water is immiscible, what would be the weight percent of

acid concentration of 0.38 kmol/m3. The concentration in the acetaldehyde in a mixture of the extracts from both stages if

aqueous phase falls from 1.19 to 0.82 kmol/m3. The each of the extractions were theoretically perfect?

equilibrium conditions are expressed by: Concentration of acid ANSWER: 8.96%

in ketone phase = 0.548 (Concentration of acid in aqueous

phase).

2. In order to extract acetic acid from a dilute aqueous solution

18. Calculate the overall extraction coefficient based on the with isopropyl ether, the two immiscible phases are passed

concentrations in the ketone phase. counter currently through a packed column 3 m in length and

a. 0.00138/s c. 0.00425/s 75 mm in diameter. It is found that if 0.5 kg/m2 of the pure

b. 0.00222/s d. 0.00397/s ether is used to extract 0.25 kg/m2s of 4.0 percent acid by mass,
19. Determine the height of the corresponding overall transfer unit. then the ether phase leaves the column with a concentration of

a. 1.53 m c. 1.02 m 1.0 per cent acid by mass. Calculate: (a) the number of overall

b. 1.17 m d. 1.49 m transfer units, based on the raffinate phase, and (b) the overall

extraction coefficient, based on the raffinate phase. The

 page 6

equilibrium relationship is given by: (kg acid/kg isopropyl a. simple rectification c. extractive distillation

ether) = 0.3 (kg acid/kg water). b. batch distillation d. flash distillation

ANSWER: KRa = 0.461 kg/m3-s and HOR = 5.33 6. Increasing the operating pressure of a distilling column

3. In the extraction of acetic acid from an aqueous solution with a. does not make a difference in components separation

benzene in a packed column of height 1.4 m and of cross b. makes separation difficult

sectional area of 0.0045 m2. Determine the overall transfer c. sharpens separation

coefficient and the height of the transfer unit. d. requires less heat in the feed heater

Acid concentration in inlet water phase = 0.690 kmol/m3 7. Strictly speaking, the relative volatility of most ideal binary

Acid concentration in outlet water phase = 0.685 kmol/m3 solution is

Flowrate of benzene phase =1.27 x10-3 m3/m2-s a. not affected by temperature

Inlet benzene phase concentration = 0.0040 kmol/m3 b. greatly affected by temperature

Outlet benzene phase concentration = 0.0115 kmol/m3 c. slightly affected by temperature

The equilibrium relationship for this system is: d. greatly affected by pressure

C*B/C*W=0.0247 8. Using the Antoine’s Equation, the vapor pressure of

ANS: KBa = 7.8x10-4 kmol/s-m3 and HOB = 1.63 m tetrahydrofuran at 800 C is estimated to be

a. 2000 torrs c. 1173 torrs

b. 1518torrs d. 2562 torrs

DISTILLATION: 9. For a mass transfer to take place, there must be

1. The physical separation of components in a miscible mixture a. concentration gradient

by simultaneous evaporation and condensation is b. more than two components involved

a. absorption c. extraction c. heat present

b. drying d. distillation d. enthalpy change

2. The ease of difficulty of separating components by distillation 10. Calculate the equilibrium compositions of the liquid and the

is determined by the vapor phases for the mixture of methyl alcohol in water at a

a. relative volatility temperature of 500C and under a pressure of 40 kPa. Assume

b. mole fraction that both the liquid and the vapor behave ideally. At 50 0C, the

c. viscosity vapor pressure of methyl alcohol is 53.32 kPa and that of water

d. weight fraction of the components is 12.33 kPa.

ANS: Liquid: 67.5% methyl alcohol

Vapor: 89.98% methyl alcohol

11. Determine the composition of the equilibrium vapor over a

3. The distillation process involves liquid mixture consisting of 10 mol % water, 50 mol % acetic

a. momentum transfer c. heat transfer acid and 40 mol % acetone at 800C, assuming that the

b. mass transfer d. heat and mass transfer component obey Raoult`s law. The vapor pressures of

4. In a batch distillation, the boiling point of the distillate product components at 800C are: water – 47.33 kPa, acetic acid – 27.32

compared to the residue is kPa and acetone – 219.77 kPa.

a. the same c. lower ANS: 4.45% water, 12.85% acetic acid and 82.70%

b. higher d. half 12. A liquid mixture of ethyl alcohol and water is in equilibrium

5. When the relative volatility of two miscible components is with a vapor containing ethyl alcohol and water at a total

close to 1.00, the components can be separated by pressure of 760 mmHg. A sample of the vapor indicates that it
 page 7

contains 3.3 mol of ethyl alcohol for every 1.7 mol of water. If a. 110 0C c. 110 0F

the liquid has a mol fraction of 0.52 ethyl, what is the relative b.105 0C d. 102 0C

volatility for the mixture? 18. A reboiler provides heat to the

a.1.59 c. 1.69 a. top c. the feed

b.1.79 d. 1.89 b. the intermediate reflux d. the bottom of a distilling

13. An equimolal mixture of benzene and toluene is subjected to a column

simple batch distillation at atmospheric pressure. For the 19. The temperature in distilling column, from bottom to top

purpose of this problem, assume α = 2.55. a. increases

a. If the distillation is discontinued when the mols of distillate b. maximum

amount to 60% of the mols charged, calculate: (i) the c. decreases

concentration of the distillate, (ii) the concentration of the d. between minimum & maximum

liquid left in the still and (iii) the amount of benzene in the 20. A 50 % by weight benzene – toluene mixture is fed to a column

distillate, expressed as percentage of the amount of benzene in at 180 0F and 1 atm. The condition of the feed is called

the charge. a. saturated liquid c. saturated vapor

ANSWER: (i) 63.9% benzene b. sub cooled liquid d. mixture of liquid and vapor

(ii) 70.8% toluene 21. The theoretical minimum reflux ratio in distillation column is

(iii) 76.6% attained if the column has

b. If the distillation be discontinued when 60% of the original is a. 1 plate c. 100 plates

in the distillate, calculate: (i) the concentration of the distillate, b. 10 plates d. infinite number of plates

(ii) the concentration of the liquid left in the still and (iii) the 22. The theoretical minimum reflux ratio in a distillation column is

mols of distillate, expressed as percentage of the mols of the reached if the column has

charge. a. 1 plate c. 100 plates

ANSWER: (i) 66.6% benzene b. 10 plates d. an infinite number of plates

(ii) 63.6% toluene 23. The percentage change in the boiling point of a 20 mole

(iii) 45.1% benzene – toluene solution when the pressure is increased from

14. In distillation, the cooled liquid stream returned to the 1 atm to 2 atm is

column to a cool plate or stage is called a. 10.5 % increase c. 25.5 % decrease

a. reboil c. feed b. 25.5 % increase d. 10.5% decrease

b. reflux d. bottoms

24. A distillation column separates 10000 kg/hr of a

15. In a distilling column, the highest pressure will be at benzene-toluene mixture as shown in the figure below. In the

a. the top figure xF, xD and xW represent the weight fraction of benzene in

b. the bottom the feed, distillate and residue respectively. The reflux ratio is

c. the feed plate a. 0.5 c. 0.6

d. between the feed plate and the top b. 1.0 d. 2.0

16. A heat transfer equipment to convert vapor to liquid is a/an

a. evaporator c. condenser

b. reboiler d. still

17. A binary mixture of two moles benzene and 8 moles of toluene

will boil at
 page 8

b. 15.4% d. 36.9%

30. A benzene-toluene feed with (40 mol% benzene and 60 mol%

benzene) to a distillation column is at a temperature of 20 0C.

The molar heat capacity of the feed is 159.2 kJ/kgmol-K. Molar

latent heats of vaporization of benzene and toluene are 30 813

and 33 325 kJ/mol, respectively. The bubble point of the

mixture is 95 0C. The slope of the q line is closest to

25. From a still containing 156 lbs of benzene and 736 lbs of a. 0 c. 3.7
toluene, distillation is carried out until the boiling point of the b. 1 d. -3.7
0C.
residue has risen to 106 Calculate the pounds of benzene 31. The HETP of a certain packed tower may be taken as 8 inches.
and toluene in the distillate and residue. A binary mixture with a constant relative volatility of 1.120 is
ANSWER: Bottom: 34.32 lb C6H6 and 409.25 lb C7H8 to be separated in this unit. The tower is used as an enriching
Distillate: 121.68 lb C6H6 and 326.75 lb C7H8 section, and the liquid concentration of the more volatile
For numbers 8 to 10: component in the still pot is maintained at a mole fraction of
It is planned to feed continuously 100 mol per hour of a 0.15. If the tower is packed to a height of 15 ft, what is the
solution containing 80 mol of A and 20 mol of B to an maximum composition of distillate obtainable under any
externally fired kettle by which there is good agitation due to conditions?
boiling. The residue and vapour will be withdrawn a. 0.84 c. 0.88
continuously, the vapour condensed, cooled and sent to storage. b. 0.71 d. 0.76
There is no return of residue or condensate to kettle, hence, this 32. Desorption is another term for
will be continuous simple distillation. It is planned to regulate a. dephlegmation c. stripping
the heat supply that D grams of distillate per hour will contain b. flash distillation d. rectification
72 mol of the more volatile component A which is five times 33. When the feed to the rectifying column is a saturated liquid, the
more volatile than B. feed line is
26. Calculate the mols of distillate per hundred moles of feed a. vertical c. inclined to the left
a. 85 c. 79 b. horizontal d. inclined to the right
b. 62 d. 90

27. What is the mole fraction of A in the distillate? 34. Which of the following is considered equivalent to one
a. 0.697 c. 0.912 theoretical stage in Mc-Cabe Thiele's method?
b. 0.788 d. 0.848 a. partial condenser c. total condenser
28. What is the mole fraction of A in the residue? b. reboiler d. both (b) and (c)
a. 0.533 c. 0.267 35. According to the Frenske equation, what will be the minimum
b. 0.375 d. 0.421 number of plates required in a distillation column to separate an
29. Glycerin is steam distilled at 182 0C under a 26 inch vacuum. A equimolar binary mixture of components A & B into an
test shows a steam consumption 1 lb/lb of glycerine distilled. overhead fraction containing 99 mole % A and a bottoms
What percentage excess steam referred to that theoretically fraction containing 98 mole % B? Assume that the relative
needed is actually used? Data: Vapor pressure of glycerine at volatility (αAB = 2) does not change appreciably in the column.
182 0F is 21 mm Hg. a. 5 c. 12
a. 22.8% c. 40.7% b. 9 d. 28
 page 9

a. cooling tower c. spray chamber

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS b. packed tower d. heated dryer

1. A plant has a batch of 100 moles of mixture containing 20 3. If the partial pressure of the vapor in a gas-vapor mixture is, for

mol% benzene and 80 mol% chlorobenzene, and it is desired to any reason, less than the equilibrium vapor pressure of the

rectify this mixture at atmospheric to obtain bottoms containing liquid at the same temperature, the mixture is

only 0.1 mol% benzene. It is agreed to assume that the relative a. saturated c. unsaturated

volatility is constant at 4.13. There is available suitable still and b. supersaturated d. sub-cooled

column, the latter containing equivalent of four perfect plates. 4. This is a steady state temperature reached by a small amount of

The run is to be made at total reflux. While the steady state is liquid evaporating into a large amount of unsaturated vapor-gas

being approached, a finite amount of distillate is held in the mixture.

reflux trap. When the steady state is reached and the bottoms a. wet-bulb temperature

contain 0.1% benzene, the content of the traps are drawn off b. dew-point temperature

and the desired fraction is removed from the still. What yield of c. saturation temperature

the bottoms of the specified purity can be obtained by the d. dry-bulb temperature
above procedure with the available equipment? For these 5. For dehumidification, when the top liquid flow rate is fixed and

preliminary calculations it is agreed to neglect the hold up of the top conditions of water and air enthalpy are known, the

the column compared to that of the still and reflux trap. limiting flow rate is considered to

ANS: 63.6 mols a. minimum air flow rate c. minimum water flow rate

2. A mixture of 50% toluene and 50% ethylene dichloride is b. maximum air flow rate d. none of these

distilled continuously in a column, the bottom product being 6. This is the temperature of a vapor-gas mixture as ordinarily

95% toluene and the top product 98% ethylene dichloride. The determined by immersion of a thermometer in the mixture.

bottom of the column contains a reboiler where the level may a. wet-bulb temperature

change. The liquid in this reboiler is of the bottoms b. dew-point temperature

composition. On the basis of 100 mole of feed, calculate the c. saturation temperature

amounts of the two streams discharged during a period when d. dry-bulb temperature

there is an accumulation of 5 mole of material in the reboiler.

ANSWER: D = 48.39 moles and W = 46.61 moles

3. Calculate the composition of the vapor in equilibrium with a 7. The temperature at which the moisture in humid air exerts a

liquid mixture of benzene, toluene, and water at 83.2 0C and partial pressure equal to its vapor pressure is called the

absolute pressure of 1 atm. Assume that Dalton’s law applies to a. dry-bulb temperature c. ambient temperature

the benzene and toluene and that these compounds are b. critical temperature d. dew point temperature

insoluble in water. 8. The ratio between partial pressure of water vapor in air and the

ANSWER: 53.2% H2O, 7.25% C6H6 and 39.55% C7H8 vapor pressure of the water at the air temperature multiplied by

100

a. absolute humidity

HUMIDIFICATION b. percentage saturation humidity

1. Air conditioning involves c. percentage absolute humidity

a. stripping c. humidification d. percentage relative humidity

b. dehumidification d. evaporative cooling 9. The height to diameter ratio of cooling tower is much less

2. The process which illustrates the principle of adiabatic compared to that of a gas absorber because

humidification is a. the liquid flow rate is larger compared to gas absorber

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b. the liquid flow rate is smaller temperature before being blown into the theatre. Cooling water

c. the gas flow rate is larger is available at 450F. Data: UGa = 150; L/S = 1150 and w/S =

d. the gas flow rate is smaller 1200.

10. In an air-water contact operation, when the temperature and 16. What should be the height of the tower?

humidity of the air both decrease the process is a. 7.85 ft c. 9.12 ft

a. dehumidification c. non-adiabatic humidification b. 6.27 ft d. 8.08 ft

b. adiabatic humidification d. water cooling 17. Calculate the diameter of the tower.

11. The relative humidity of unsaturated air-water vapor mixture is a. 15.7 ft c. 11.2 ft

always b. 12.6 ft d. 17.9 ft

a. equal c. less than 18. To what temperature is the air cooled in the tower?

b. greater than d. can not be determined a. 510F c. 720F

12. 1000 cfm of air (A) at 950F dry bulb, 740F wet bulb is mixed b. 640F d. 800F

with 2000 cfm of air (B) at 650F dry bulb, 540F wet bulb. For numbers 19 to 23:

Determine for the mixed stream: dry bulb temperature, wet 20000 cfm of air are to be cooled from 900 to 720F, by the use
bulb temperature and cfm of mixed stream. of a horizontal-spray type humidifier, employing a counter

ANSWER: Tdb = 74.70F, Twb = 610F and Q = 3014 cfm flow of air and water. The air has an initial humidity of 0.011

13. An adiabatic humidifier operates at atmospheric pressure under lb of water vapor per lb of dry air. The unevaporated water

such conditions that the air leaving the unit is saturated at the collects inside the apparatus, to be recirculated to the spray

adiabatic saturation temperature. If the air enters the humidifier nozzles, and make-up water at 700F, is fed to the pump. The

at 800F with a humidity of 0.05 lb of H2O per lb dry air, what spray chamber will operate substantially adiabatically, and

will be the humidity of the air leaving the unit? normal barometric pressure prevails within the apparatus.

a. . 0.03 c. 0.018 When spraying 1200 lb of water/hr-ft2 of cross section of the

b. 0.010 d. 0.028 spray chamber and employing an air rate of 2400 lb of dry

air/hr-ft2 of cross section, test data show that overall coefficient

of heat transfer UGa is 90 BTU/hr-0F mean difference-ft3 of

14. If 100 lb of dry air at 500F db and 500F wb is mixed with 300 lb spray chamber. Based on the data given, calculate:

of dry air at 1100F db and 800F wb, the resulting mixture will 19. Cross section of spray chamber, in sq ft

have a dry bulb temperature of a. 43.7 sq ft c. 51.6 sq ft

a. 800F c. 850F b. 35.5 sq ft d. 64.8 sq ft

b. 900F d. 950F 20. Pounds of water sprayed per hour

15. What is the wet bulb temperature of the resulting mixture for a. 42600 lb/hr c. 48400 lb/hr

the mixed air of Problem 13? b. 40100 lb/hr d. 46400 lb/hr

a. 850F c. 650F 21. Pounds of make-up water required per hour

b. 750F d. 700F a. 225 lb/hr c. 341 lb/hr

For numbers 15 to 17: b. 410 lb/hr d. 167 lb/hr

The air in a theater 120 by 70 by 40 ft is to be changed every 22. Length of spray chamber, in ft

10 minutes and it is to be supplied at 700F and 50% RH. The a. 12 ft c. 9 ft

extreme summer condition of the air outside is 950F and 70% b. 17 ft d. 15 ft

RH. It is planned to cool and dehumidify this air to the desired 23. Humidity of air leaving the chamber, as lb of water vapor/lb of

humidity by the use of coke packed tower. The air will leave dry air

the tower saturated and is to be reheated to the desired a. 0.018 c. 0.011

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b. 0.015 d. 0.012 water evaporated based on the total amount of water entering

For numbers 24 to 25: the tower.

The following data were obtained from a test on a forced-draft ANSWER: 27000000 cfh and 1.48%

cooling tower:
DRYING
Water entering per min 640 gpm
1. The vapor pressure exerted by the moisture contained in a wet
Temperature of water entering 109.90F
solid depends upon the
Temperature of leaving water 90.50F
a. nature of the moisture c. temperature
Humidity of entering air 0.012
b. nature of the solid d. all a, b, and c
Humidity of leaving air 0.031
2. To remove all the moisture from a wet solid requires exposure
Temperature of entering air 830F
to
Temperature of leaving air 950F
a. perfectly dry air c. highly humid air
Volume of tower 2200 ft3
b. air at high temperature d. none of these
24. Find the ft3 of air entering the tower per minute.
1. Milk is dried usually in a
a. 59500 cfm c. 62800 cfm
a. freeze dryer c. spray dryer
b. 45100 cfm d. 71900 cfm
b. tray dryer d. rotary dryer
25. Find the value of the coefficient UGain BTU/ft3-hr-0F.
2. Equilibrium-moisture curves of different solids
a. 19.5 c. 26.2
a. are different
b. 47.1 d. 33.2
b. are same

c. depend on the humidity of the gas

d. none of these

3. Detergent solution is dried to a powder in a

a. spray dryer c. spouted bed dryer

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
b. tunnel dryer d. pan open to atmosphere.
1. It is desired to design a coke-packed dehumidifier to cool 2000
4. In paper industry, paper is dried in
ft3 of saturated air/min from 130 to 650F. The operation is to be
a. tunnel dryer c. heated cylinder dryer
conducted at normal barometric pressure. Cooling water is
b. conveyor dryer d. festoon dryer
available at 550F and will be permitted to rise to 1100F. It is
5. Moisture content of a substance when at equilibrium with a
agreed to use a gas velocity of 12000 lb of dry air/hr-ft2 of total
given partial pressure of the vapor is called
cross section. UGa = 250 BTU/hr-0F mean difference-ft3 of
a. free moisture c. unbound moisture
spray chamber. Calculate to the height and diameter of the
b. equilibrium moisture d. bound moisture
tower required and the weight of cooling water per hour.
6. Calcium ammonium nitrate (a fertilizer) is dried in a
ANSWER: D = 2.71 ft, z = 6 ft and L = 15800 lb/hr
a. rotary dryer c. vacuum dryer
2. A water cooling system installed to cool 650 gpm to 870F gives
b. tunnel dryer d. none of these
the following data:
7. Moisture in a substance exerting an equilibrium vapor pressure
Temperature of entering water 1090F
less than that of pure liquid at at the same temperature is
Temperature of leaving water 870F
a. bound moisture c. unbound moisture
The air enters with a dry bulb of 750F and at 60%RH and a
b. critical moisture d. none of these
total pressure of 29.5 psia. The exit air is at 96 0F and 100%RH.
8. Drying of a solid involves
Calculate the volume of air entering and the percentage of
 page 12

a. only heat transfer 18. Air at a particular humidity is heated in a furnace. The new dew

b only mass transfer point

c. both heat and mass transfer a. decreases

d. none of these b. increases

9. Rotary dryer cannot handle c. depends on the extent of heating

a. free flowing materials c. dry materials d. remains unchanged

b. sticky materials d. granular materials 19. The critical moisture content in case of drying indicates

10. Sticky material can be dried in a a. beginning of falling rate period

a. tray dryer c. rotary dryer b. beginning of constant rate period

b. fluidized bed dryer d. none of these c. end of falling rate period

11. Moisture in a solid exerting an equilibrium vapor pressure d. none of these

equal to that of the pure liquid at the same temperature is 20. A slurry is to be dried to produce flaky solid. Which dryer

a. unbound moisture c. critical moisture would you recommend?

b. free moisture d. bound moisture a. spray dryer c. drum dryer

12. Refractory bricks are usually dried in a b. rotary dryer d. dielectric dryer

a. tray dryer c. tunnel dryer 21. For continuous drying of granular or crystalline material, the

b. conveyor dryer d. festoon dryer dryer used is

13. Heat sensitive materials like certain pharmaceuticals and food a. tunnel c. tray

stuff can be dried b. rotary d. none of these

a. in indirect tray dryer c. in spray dryer

b. by freeze drying d. none of these

14. Moisture contained by a substance in excess of the equilibrium 22. All moisture in a non-hygroscopic material is __ moisture

moisture is called a. free c. equilibrium

a. unbound moisture c. free moisture b. unbound d. bound

b. critical moisture d. bound moisture 23. During constant rate period, the rate of drying decreases with

15. In the constant rate period of the rate of drying curve for batch a. decrease in air temperature

drying b. increased air humidity

a. cracks develop on the surface of the solid c. both a and b

b. rate of drying decreases abruptly d. neither a nor b

c. surface evaporation of unbound moisture occurs For numbers 26 to 27:

d. none of these Wet leather enters a continuous drier at 45% moisture (wet) and

16. Dryer widely used in a textile industry is leaves at a rate of 200 lb/h with a moisture content of 25%

a. cylinder dryer c. conveyor dryer moisture (dry). Air at 1400F and 10% RH enters the drier, and

b. tunnel dryer d. festoon dryer leaves the drier at 1200F and 40% RH. Assume atmospheric

17. A solid material shows case hardening properties while drying. pressure on both inlet and outlet. Vapor pressures of water at

Which of the following should be controlled to control the 1200F and 1400F are 87.55 mmHg and 149 mmHg, respectively.

drying process? 24. Calculate the rate (lb/h) at which water is removed from the
a. flow rate of inlet air leather

b. relative humidity of outlet air a. 91 c. 186

c. humidity of inlet air b. 182 d. 291

d. temperature of the solid 25. Calculate the volumetric flow rate of air (ft3/hr)
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a. 34500 c. 65800 30. The production of a certain drier is 1 ton per hour and the

b. 41900 d. 77200 percentage of moisture on the wet basis reduced from 50 to

For numbers 28 to 29: 15%. The humidity of the air passing through the drier rises

Continuous, adiabatic rotary drier is being designed for the from 0.01 to 0.02, while the temperature falls from 155 to

production of 500 lb/hr of a product containing 2% moisture wet 1000F. The stock leaves and enters at 830F. Calculate the heat

basis from a feed containing 30% moisture. The air entering the lost to the surroundings in BTU per hour.

drier will have a dry bulb temperature of 230 0F and a wet bulb a. 298000 c. 426000

temperature of 1020F, and the air leaving the drier will be at a b. 394000 d. 541000

temperature of 1150F. Because of the small size of the crystals, For numbers 33 to 34:

the highest allowable air velocity is 10 lb/min-of bone dry air-sq A rotary counter-current drier is fed with wet sand containing

ft of cross section. 50% moisture and discharging sand containing 50% moisture

26. Calculate the pounds of bone-dry air required per minutes. and it’s discharging and containing 3% moisture. The entering

a. 115 c. 212 air is at 2200F and has an absolute humidity of 0.007. Wet sand

b. 182 d. 176 enters at 700F and leaves at 970F. The air leaves at 1000F. Wet
27. Calculate the cross sectional area of the drier in sq ft. sand input is 1200 lb/min. Radiation amounts to 10 BTU/lb dry

a. 14 c. 12 air. Specific heat of dry sand is 0.21.

b. 9 d. 5 31. Calculate the pounds of dry air passing through the drier.

a. 57600 lb da/min c. 33800 lb da/min

b. 29100 lb da/min d. 32500 lb da/min

28. A wet solid is dried from 36 to 8% moisture in 5 hours under

constant drying condition. The critical moisture is 14% and the 32. Determine the humidity of the air leaving the drier.

equilibrium moisture is 4%. All moisture contents are reported a. 0.0188 c. 0.0265

as percent on the dry basis. Calculate how much longer would b. 0.0249 d. 0.0157

be required, under the same drying conditions, to dry from 8 to 33. Air enters an adiabatic drier is at 1200 fpm through a 6 ft

5.5% water on a dry basis. diameter duct at 700F and 610F wet bulb temperature. It is

a. 2.2 hrs c. 1.6 hrs heated to 1750F before reaching the material to be dried and

b. 1.9 hrs d. 2.5 hrs leaves the drier at 1220F. The material enters at 700F with a

29. Sheet material measuring 3 ft square and 2 inches thick, is moisture content of 8%. Calculate:

dried from 50 to 2% moisture content (wet basis) under a. The number of lbs of water removed per pound of bone dry

constant drying conditions. The dry density of the material is air

30 lb/ft3 and its equilibrium moisture is negligible. Experiment ANSWER: 0.0125

showed that the rate of drying under the correct constant b. The number of cubic feet of air entering and leaving the

conditions was constant at 1 lb/ft2-hr between moisture reheater per minute

contents between 50 and 25%. Below 25% the rate decreased. ANSWER: 33900 cfm entering and 41200 cfm leaving

Calculate the total time required to dry the material from 50 to c. The number of lbs of water evaporated per hour

2% water. Assume the drying to take place from the two sides ANSWER: 1900 lb/hr
only. d. The number of lbs of material entering, leaving per hour

a. 4.25 hrs c. 5.12 hrs ANSWER: 10900 lb/hr entering and 9020 lb/he leaving

b. 3.97 hrs d. 6.58 hrs e. BTU requirement of drier per pound of water evaporated

ANSWER: 2050 BTU/lb H2O

 page 14

Leaving Air: dry bulb: 1220F

ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS wet bulb: 980F

1. A slab of paper pulp, 4 ft x 4 ft, by 1/4 in, is to be dried under ANSWER: 16500 lb/24-hr day and 2640000 ft3

constant drying conditions from 66.7% water to 35% water wet

basis. It is to be dried under such conditions that the drying rate

at the critical point will be 0.307 lb/hr-ft2. The dry material in

one slab weighs 5 lb. How long will the drying process take?

Equilibrium moisture content = 0.5% wet basis. Critical

moisture content = 1.675 lb H2O per lb dry stock.

ANSWER: 1.13 hrs

2. Under constant drying condition, a dryer produces 1080 kilos

of 8% wet from a 50% wet material in 6 hrs. The critical

moisture content of this material is 16%. In the market, this

product could be sold under 2 classes as follows:

GRADE MOISTURE CONTENT

PRICE/KILO

I 8% 20 centavos

II 5% 23 centavos

The plant must operate on a continuous 24 hrs basis and spends

P80.00 daily for heat, power, labor, fixed charges, etc. If the

raw material usually arrives at an average of 50% moisture

content and costs P0.12 per kilo received, which grade will you

produce? (% are in dry basis). Do not assume any change in the

construction and operating conditions, except the rate of feed.

ANSWER: It is better to produce the 5% grade

3. In a glass factory using sand as one of the basic materials, the

Chemical Engineer has to reduce the moisture content of the

sand from 45% (wet basis) to 2.5% (wet basis). The critical

moisture content is 7.6%. Drying rate at the critical point is

0.465 lb/hr-ft2 water evaporated. The average specific gravity

of the same is 1.28. If the hot air circulating drier contains 60

trays with an area of 20 sq ft per tray and the sand layer is 1 in

thick, calculate the capacity of the drier per 24 hours and the
cubic feet of air necessary.

Data:

Entering Air dry bulb: 2250F

wet bulb: 950F

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