J.Grainger and William D.

Stevenson
Example 2.1:

If 𝑁1 = 2000 and 𝑁2 = 500 and if 𝑉1 = 1200∠00 𝑉 and 𝐼1 = 5∠ − 300 𝐴 with and impedance
𝑍2 connected across winding 2, find 𝑉2 , 𝐼2 , 𝑍2 , and the impedance 𝑍2′ , which is defined as the value of 𝑍2 ,
which is defined as the value of 𝑍2 referred to the primary side of the transformer.

Solution:
𝑁 1 1
𝑁1 = 2000, 𝑁2 = 500, 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑁1 = 4; 𝑉2 = 𝑎 𝑉1 = 4 × 1200∠00 = 300∠00 𝑉; 𝐼2 = 𝑎𝑡 × 𝐼1 = 4 × 5∠ −
2 𝑡
𝑉2 300∠00
300 = 20∠ − 300 𝐴 ; 𝑍2 = 𝐼2
= 20∠−300 = 15∠300 Ω; 𝑍2′ = 𝑎𝑡2 × 𝑍2 = 16 × 15∠300 = 240∠300 Ω

Alternatively,

𝑉1 1200∠00
𝑍2′ = = = 240∠300 Ω
𝐼1 5∠ − 300

Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as the difference between the voltage magnitude at the load terminals of
the transformer at the full load and no load in percent full-load voltage with input voltage held constant.

|𝑉2,𝑁𝐿 | − |𝑉2,𝐹𝐿 |
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
|𝑉2,𝐹𝐿 |

Example 2.2:
A single-phase transformer has 2000 turns on the primary winding and 500 turns on secondary. Winding
resistances are 𝑟1 = 2.0 Ω, and 𝑟2 = 0.125 Ω. Leakage reactances are 𝑥1 = 8.0 Ω and 𝑥2 = 0.50 Ω. The
resistive load 𝑍2 = 12 Ω. If the applied voltage at the terminals of the primary winding is 1200 𝑉, find
𝑉2 and voltage regulation. Neglect magnetizing current.

Solution:
𝑁1
𝑁1 = 2000, 𝑁2 = 500; 𝑎𝑡 = = 4;
𝑁2
𝑟1′ = 2.0 + 16 × 0.125 = 4 Ω
𝑥1′ = 8 + 16 × 0.50 = 𝑗16 Ω
𝑍2′ = 16 × 12 = 192 Ω
1
𝑉1 = 1200 𝑉, 𝑉2,𝑁𝐿 = × 1200 = 300 𝑉
𝑎𝑡
1200∠00 1200∠00
𝐼1 = = = 6.10∠ − 4.670 𝐴
196 + 𝑗16 196.65∠4.670

𝑎𝑡 𝑉2,𝐹𝐿 = 6.10∠ − 4.670 × 192 𝑉

 1
𝑉2,𝐹𝐿 = × 192 × 6.10∠ − 4.670 = 292.8∠ − 4.570
4
300 − 292.8
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 2.45%
292.8
Example 2.3:
A single-phase transformer is rated 15 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 11.5 ∕ 69 𝑘𝑉. If the 11.5 kV winding (designated as winding
2) is short-circuited, the rated current flows when the voltage applied to winding 1 is 5.50 kV. The power
input is 105.8 kW. Find R, and X in ohms referred to the high-voltage winding.

Solution:
|𝑆1 | 15000
= |𝐼1 | = = 217.4 𝐴
|𝑉1 | 69
Then,
105800
|𝐼1 |2 𝑅1 = 105800 ⇒ 𝑅1 = = 2.24 Ω
217.42
5500
|𝑍1 | = = 25.3 Ω
217.5

𝑋1 = √|𝑍1 |2 − 𝑅12 = √25.32 − 2.242 = 25.20 Ω

Example 2.4:
A single phase transformer is rated 15 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 11.5⁄59 𝑘𝑉. The open circuit test with 11.5 kV applied
results in a power input of 66.7 kW and a current of 30.4 A. Find the values of 𝐺𝑐 and 𝐵𝑚 referred to the
high-voltage winding 1. What is the efficiency of the transformer for a load of 12 MW at 0.8 power
factor lagging at rated voltage?

Solution:
59
𝑎𝑡 = =6
11.5
Transfer shunt admittance 𝑌 = 𝐺𝑐 − 𝑗𝐵𝑚 from high-voltage side 1 to low-voltage side 2, multiply by 𝑎2
since we would divide by 𝑎2 to transfer impedance from side 1 to side 2.

|𝑉2 |2 𝑎2 𝐺𝐶 = (11.5 × 103 )2 × 36 × 𝐺𝑐 = 66.7 × 103

𝐺𝑐 = 14.0 × 10−6 𝑆
|𝐼2 | |𝐼2 | 1 30.4 1
𝑎𝑡2 |𝑌| = ⇒ |𝑌| = × 2= × = 73.4 × 10−6 𝑆
|𝑉2 | |𝑉2 | 𝑎𝑡 11,500 36

𝐵𝑚 = √|𝑌|2 − 𝐺𝑐2 = 10−6 √73.42 − 66.72 = 72.05 × 10 − 6

Under rated conditions the total loss is approximately the sum of the short-circuit and open-circuit test
losses, and since efficiency is the ratio of the output to the input kilowatts, we have
12000
𝜂= = 98.6%
12000 + (105.8 + 66.7)

Example 2.5:
A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance measured from the low-
voltage side is 0.06 ohms. Determine leakage reactance in p.u.

Solution:

103
𝑋𝑙 (𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 0.06 × (2.5 × ) = 𝑗0.012
1102
Example 2.6:

Zone A-Zone B: 10,000 kVA, 13.8/138 kV, leakage reactance 10%

Zone B-Zone C: 10,000 kVA, 138/69 kV, leakage reactance 8%

Zone C:

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝜙 = 10,000 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 = 69 𝑘𝑉
10,000
𝑍𝐿 (𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 300 × = 0.63 Ω
692 × 1000
Zone B:

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝜙 = 10,000 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 = 138 𝑘𝑉

138 2
𝑍𝐿′ =( ) (300) = 1,200 Ω
69
10,000
𝑍𝐿′ (𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 1,200 × = 0.63 Ω
1382 × 1000
Zone C:

𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1𝜙 = 10,000 𝑘𝑉𝐴

𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑁 = 13.8 𝑘𝑉

13.8 2
𝑍𝐿′′ = ( ) (1,200) = 12 Ω
138
10,000
𝑍𝐿′′ (𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 12 × = 0.63 Ω
13.82 × 1000
𝑋𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 0.63 + 𝑗(0.10 + 0.80) = 0.63 + 𝑗0.18 Ω

Example 2.7:
Three transformers, each rated 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV, are connected Wye-Delta with a balanced load of
0.6 ohms, Y-connected resistors. Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high voltage side of the
transformer and specify the base for low voltage side. Determine the per-unit resistance of the load on
the base for the low-voltage side. Then, determine the load resistance 𝑅𝐿 in ohms referred to the high-
voltage side and the per-unit value of the resistance on the chose base.

Solution:
 66𝑌
The rating of the transformer as a three-phase bank is 75 𝑀𝑉𝐴, √3 × 38.1𝑌⁄3.81Δ 𝑘𝑉 = 3.81Δ kV

LV-side
(𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝐿𝐿 )2 (3.81)2
The base impedance on the low voltage side is 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒3𝜙
= 75
= 0.1935 Ω

0.6
𝑅𝐿 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢. ) = = 3.10
0.1935
HV-side

662
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 58.1 Ω
75
66 2
𝑅𝐿′ = (0.6) ( ) = 180 Ω
3.81
58.1
𝑅𝐿′ (𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢. ) = = 3.10
180

Example 2.8:
A three-phase transformer is rated 400 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 220 𝑌⁄22 Δ 𝑘𝑉. The Y-equivalent short-circuit impedance
measured on the low-voltage side of the transformer is 0.121 ohms, and because of the low resistance,
this value may be considered equal to the leakage reactance. Determine the per-unit reactance of the
transformer and the value to be used to represent this transformer in a system whose base on the high-
voltage side of the transformer is 100 MVA, 230 kV.

Solution:
400
On its own ratings: 𝑍𝐿 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 0.121 × = 0.10
222

100 2202
On the chosen bases of the system: 𝑍𝐿 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝. 𝑢. ) = 0.10 × × 2 = 0.0228
400 230