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Control System Notes

Control engineering is an engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design control systems. It uses sensors and detectors to measure system outputs and provide feedback to achieve desired performance. Control engineering is a relatively new field that gained prominence in the 20th century with advancing technology. It uses mathematical modeling and control theory to develop controllers that can be implemented in physical systems. Control theory includes classical and modern divisions, with classical focusing on single-input single-output systems using time and frequency domain analysis, and modern using state space representation for multiple-input multiple-output systems.

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Akshata Pachhapurkar
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83 views

Control System Notes

Control engineering is an engineering discipline that applies automatic control theory to design control systems. It uses sensors and detectors to measure system outputs and provide feedback to achieve desired performance. Control engineering is a relatively new field that gained prominence in the 20th century with advancing technology. It uses mathematical modeling and control theory to develop controllers that can be implemented in physical systems. Control theory includes classical and modern divisions, with classical focusing on single-input single-output systems using time and frequency domain analysis, and modern using state space representation for multiple-input multiple-output systems.

Uploaded by

Akshata Pachhapurkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control engineering or control systems engineering is an engineering discipline that applies

automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments.[1]
The discipline of controls overlaps and is usually taught along with electrical engineering at
many institutions around the world.[1]

The practice uses sensors and detectors to measure the output performance of the process
being controlled; these measurements are used to provide corrective feedback helping to
achieve the desired performance. Systems designed to perform without requiring human input
are called automatic control systems (such as cruise control for regulating the speed of a car).
Multi-disciplinary in nature, control systems engineering activities focus on implementation of
control systems mainly derived by mathematical modeling of a diverse range of systems.

Overview Edit

Modern day control engineering is a relatively new field of study that gained significant attention
during the 20th century with the advancement of technology. It can be broadly defined or
classified as practical application of control theory. Control engineering has an essential role in
a wide range of control systems, from simple household washing machines to high-performance
F-16 fighter aircraft. It seeks to understand physical systems, using mathematical modeling, in
terms of inputs, outputs and various components with different behaviors; use control systems
design tools to develop controllers for those systems; and implement controllers in physical
systems employing available technology. A system can be mechanical, electrical, fluid,
chemical, financial or biological, and the mathematical modeling, analysis and controller design
uses control theory in one or many of the time, frequency and complex-s domains, depending
on the nature of the design problem.

Control theory​:
There are two major divisions in control theory, namely, ​classical and modern​, which have
direct implications for the control engineering applications. The scope of classical control theory
is limited to ​single-input and single-output (SISO) system design​, except when analyzing for
disturbance rejection using a second input. The system analysis is carried out in the time
domain using differential equations, in the complex-s domain with the Laplace transform, or in
the frequency domain by transforming from the complex-s domain. Many systems may be
assumed to have a second order and single variable system response in the time domain​. A
controller designed using classical theory often requires on-site tuning due to incorrect
design​ approximations. Yet, due to the easier physical implementation of classical controller
designs as compared to systems designed using modern control theory, these controllers are
preferred in most industrial applications. ​The most common controllers designed using
classical control theory are PID controllers.​ A less common implementation may include
either or both a Lead or Lag filter. The ultimate end goal is to meet requirements typically
provided in the time-domain called the step response, or at times in the frequency domain called
the open-loop response. The step response characteristics applied in a specification are
typically percent overshoot, settling time, etc. The open-loop response characteristics applied in
a specification are typically Gain and Phase margin and bandwidth. These characteristics may
be evaluated through simulation including a dynamic model of the system under control coupled
with the compensation model.

In contrast, modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with
multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. This overcomes the limitations of classical
control theory in more sophisticated design problems, such as fighter aircraft control, with the
limitation that no frequency domain analysis is possible. In modern design, a system is
represented to the greatest advantage as a set of decoupled first order differential equations
defined using state variables. Nonlinear, multivariable, adaptive and robust control theories
come under this division. Matrix methods are significantly limited for MIMO systems where linear
independence cannot be assured in the relationship between inputs and outputs. Being fairly
new, modern control theory has many areas yet to be explored. Scholars like Rudolf E. Kalman
and Aleksandr Lyapunov are well-known among the people who have shaped modern control
theory.

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