1. Why we can’t store AC in Batteries instead of DC?
2. Why Motor rated in kW instead of kVA?
3. Why Battery rated in Ah (Ampere hour) and not in VA.
4. The Main Difference between Active and passive Components (Very Easy
Explanation with Examples)
5. In Ideal case, the Charging current for 200Ah battery would be _______ ?
6. A capacitor passes AC and blocks DC – is this True or False?
7. Why Power is Zero (0), in Pure Inductive, Pure Capacitive or a circuit in which
Current and Voltage are 90 Degree out of phase?
8. Causes of Low power Factor (inductive load)
9. How to determine the suitable size of cable for Electrical Wiring Installation with
Solved Examples (in both British and Si System)
For Electrical wiring installation in a building, Total load is 4.5kW and total length of
cable from energy meter to sub circuit distribution board is 35 feet. Supply voltages
are 220V and temperature is 40°C (104°F). Find the most suitable size of cable from
energy meter to sub circuit if wiring is installed in conduits.
Solution:-
Total Load = 4.5kW = 4.5 x1000W = 4500W
20% additional load = 4500 x (20/100) = 900W
Total Load = 4500W + 900W = 5400W
Total Current = I = P/V = 5400W /220V =24.5A
Now select the size of cable for load current of 24.5A (from Table 1) which is 7/0.036
(28 Amperes) it means we can use 7/0.036 cable according table 1.
10. A (50/60 Hz) Transformer. Which one will give more Output? (When operates on
50 or 60 Hz frequency)
11. When Transformer operates on 50 Hz Frequency
12. Transformer = 100kVA, R=700Ω, L=1.2 H, f= 50 Hz.
13. XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 50 x 1.2 = 377 Ω
14. Impedance Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (7002+ 3772) = 795 Ω
15. Power factor Cos θ = R/Z = 700/795 =0.88
16. Transformer Output (Real Power)
17. kVA x Cos θ
18. 100kVA x 0.88
19. 88000 W = 88kW
20. Now,
21. When Transformer operates on 60 Hz Frequency
22. Transformer =100kVA, R=700Ω, L=1.2 H, f= 60 Hz.
23. XL = 2πfL = 2 x 3.1415 x 60 x1.2 = 452.4 Ω
24. Impedance Z = √ (R2+XL2) = √ (7002+ 452.4 2) = 833.5 Ω
25. Power factor = Cos θ = R/Z = 700/833.5 =0.839
26. Transformer Output (Real Power)
27. kVA x Cos θ
28. 100kVA x 0.839
29. =83900W = 83.9kW Output
30. Now see the difference (real power i.e., in Watts)
31. 88kW- 83.9kW = 4100 W = 4.1kW
32. In case of Short Circuit,_______Current will flow in the Circuit ?
33. If a 100Watts Bulbs ON for 10 hours, then what will be the amount of consumed
Electricity? (1KWH = 1 unit of electricity)
34. In inductive circuit, Why Current increases, when frequency Decreases?
35. Why the circuit Current (I) decrease, when Inductance (L) or inductive reactance
(XL) increases in inductive circuit?
36. Why the Circuit Power factor (Cos θ) Decreases, when Inductance (L) or inductive
reactance (XL) increases, In inductive circuit?
37. What is the difference between a battery and a capacitor?
There are many differences, but the major one is that Electrical Energy is stored in
battery or cell in the form of chemical energy, and transformed again in the form of
electrical energy, while in a capacitor, electrical charge or energy stored in the form of
electrostatic field.
38. Why A.C needs more insulation than D.C at same voltage level?
When we talk about DC, let say 220 Volt DC, it means the maximum value (peak
value) of the voltage is 220V, but when we talk about 220 Volt AC (As in our home
distribution system = single phase AC Supply = 220 V AC or 110V AC in the US),
then it is basically 220 RMS (Root Mean Square = √2) value, i.e. it is the RMS
value of 220V AC.
The peak value of AC voltage is equal to √2xVRMS = 1.414 x VRMS (where √2 =
1.414)
In other words. The peak value of AC voltage = VRMS / 0.707
Now, in our case, The peak value of 220V AC = 220V/0.707 or 220V x 1.414 =
311V AC peak.
Its mean 220VDC = 311V AC peak. That’s why AC Voltage needs more insulation
than DC voltages for the same rating of Voltage and Power.
39. What is The Difference between a VOLTAMETER and a VOLTMETER?
A VOLTA-METER is a device used to carry out electrolytes and a VOLTMETER is
a high resistance device used for measuring potential difference or voltage
between two points in an electrical Circuits.
40. Will a D.C Shunt Motor operate on an A.C Supply?
The Shunt winding has a large number of turns so that it has appreciable
inductance. When A.C is applied to a shunt motor, the large inductive reactance
of shunt winding will reduce the field current too much. Consequently, Shunt
motor will not usually run on A.C Supply.
41. Why the reactance of a system under fault condition is low and faults currents
may raise dangerously high value. ? (With simple example)
Because the total Power is same, and under fault condition (Short circuit)…There
is no load (Impedance (Z), or Reactance ( XL)= Resistance, and in case of no
load, there will be no reactance or resistance, so current will be high) in this
condition…So current will be too high, and when power is same, and current
increases, voltage will be decrease.
Example,
Suppose, (In normal condition)
P= 10 watt, V = 5 Volts, and Current = 2 Amp.
But in Short circuit Condition, (When current is too high)
Then,
P = 10 Watts, I= 10 A, so
V = P/I….. 10 Watts/10A=1 V.
In case of short circuit, there will be no load (load = may be inductive (XL) or
resistive) so when XL (We can say it resistance or opposition of current) = Zero,
then Current will be too high.
So we can see that, in case of short circuit, (Faults condition) XL (inductive
Reactance) =0, so Current increase, voltage decreases.
42. What is the difference between Power Transformers and Distribution
Transformers?
In brief, those transformers installed at the ending or receiving point of long and
high voltage transmission lines are the power transformers (mostly Step up). At
the other hand, The distribution transformers (generally pole mounted) are those
installed nearby the load terminals (City and villages) to provide utilization voltage
at the consumer terminals (mostly step down).
Below are some additional differences between power and distribution
transformers.
Power transformers are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step-
up and step down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are
generally rated above 200MVA.
Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a
means to end user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are
generally rated less than 200 MVA.
A power transformer usually has one primary and one secondary as well as one
input and output setup. A distribution transformer may have one primary and one
divided or “Tapped” secondary, or two or more secondaries.
Power transformers generally operate at nearly full – load. However, a distribution
transformer operates at light loads during major parts of the day.
The performance of the power transformers is generally analyzed by commercial
or maximum efficiency because they are designed for maximum efficiency at full
load. Whereas, the performance of a distribution transformer is judged by all day
efficiency of transformer because they are designed to be operated for maximum
efficiency at 60-70% load as they are normally doesn’t operate at full load all the
day as there are peak hours for load in 24 hrs which are not same at once all the
time.
The rating of a high transformer is many times greater than that of distribution
transformer.
In Power Transformer, the flux density is higher than the distribution
transformer.
Power transformers, primary winding always connected in star and secondary
winding in delta connections while in distribution transformers, primary winding
connected in delta and secondary in star connection. read more about
the comparison between star & delta connections.
In The Sub station, at the end of the transmission line, The power transformer
connection is in Star-Delta.(to step down the level of voltage)
At the beginning of the transmission line (H-T), the connection of the power
Transformer is in Delta – Star (to step up the level of voltage). Also, not that the
same connection i.e Delta – Star connection is used in three phase step down
distribution transformer as well
43. What is the difference between real ground and virtual ground?
Real ground is when a terminal is connected physically to the ground or earthed.
where as virtual ground is a concept used in Op-Amps in which a node a
assumed to have the potential that of the ground terminal.
44. What is the difference between AC and DC Resistance & How to calculate it?
45. What are the transformer losses?
TRANSFORMER LOSSES - Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss and
magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R).
Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. Copper
loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a measurable loss.
Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss,
however, is different for each frequency passed through the transformer.
46.
