Conceptual Physics

Fundamentals

Chapter 4:
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

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 Newton’s Laws of Motion
“I was only a scalar until you came along
and gave me direction.”
—Barbara Wolfe

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 This lecture will help you
understand:

• Newton’s First Law of Motion

• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Forces and Interactions
• Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• Vectors
• Summary of Newton’s Laws of Motion

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 Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

• Newton invented calculus

• described the laws of universal gravitation
(gravitas-weight) and the three laws of motion
• built the first reflecting telescope.

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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s First Law (the law of inertia)
• a restatement of Galileo’s concept of inertia
• states that every object continues in a state of
rest or of uniform speed in a straight line unless
acted on by a nonzero force

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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
example: dishes remain in their initial state of rest
when a tablecloth is whipped from beneath
them

Inertia is the property of objects to resist

changes in motion.
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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

A sheet of paper can be quickly withdrawn from under a

soft-drink can without the can toppling, because

A. gravity pulls harder on the can than on the paper.

B. the can has weight.
C. the can has inertia.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

A sheet of paper can be quickly withdrawn from under a

soft-drink can without the can toppling, because

A. gravity pulls harder on the can than on the paper.

B. the can has weight.
C. the can has inertia.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

If you swing a stone overhead in a horizontal circle and the

string breaks, the tendency of the stone is to follow a

A. curved path.
B. straight-line path.
C. spiral path.
D. vertical path.

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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

If you swing a stone overhead in a horizontal circle and the

string breaks, the tendency of the stone is to follow a

A. curved path.
B. straight-line path.
C. spiral path.
D. vertical path.

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 Newton’s First Law of Motion
The Moving Earth
• Theory of Earth revolving
around the Sun was
proposed by Copernicus, a
Polish astronomer in 1543
• Newton

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Isaac Newton was the first to connect the
concepts of force and mass to produce
acceleration.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law (the law of
acceleration)
• relates acceleration to force
• states that the acceleration produced by a net force on
an object is directly proportional to the net force, is in the
same direction as the net force, and is inversely
proportional to the mass of the object

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• in equation form:
acceleration = net force
mass

example: net force acting on object is doubled

object’s acceleration will be doubled

mass doubled acceleration halved

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Consider a cart pushed along a track with a certain force. If

the force remains the same while the mass of the cart
decreases to half, the acceleration of the cart

A. remains the same.

B. halves.
C. doubles.
D. changes unpredictably.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Consider a cart pushed along a track with a certain force. If

the force remains the same while the mass of the cart
decreases to half, the acceleration of the cart

A. remains the same.

B. halves.
C. doubles.
D. changes unpredictably.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Push a cart along a track so twice as much net force acts

on it. If the acceleration remains the same, what is a
reasonable explanation?

A. The mass of the cart doubled when the force doubled.

B. The cart experiences a force that it didn’t before.
C. The track is not level.
D. Friction reversed direction.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Push a cart along a track so twice as much net force acts

on it. If the acceleration remains the same, what is a
reasonable explanation?

A. The mass of the cart doubled when the force doubled.

B. The cart experiences a force that it didn’t before.
C. The track is not level.
D. Friction reversed direction.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
When acceleration is g—free-fall
• Newton’s second law provides an explanation
for the equal accelerations of freely-falling
objects of various masses
• acceleration is equal when air resistance is
negligible
• acceleration depends on force (weight) and
inertia
example: a double brick and a single brick fall at the same rate
accelerate equally

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

At one instant, an object in free-fall has a speed of 40 m/s.

Its speed one second later is

A. also 40 m/s.
B. 45 m/s.
C. 50 m/s.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

At one instant, an object in free-fall has a speed of 40 m/s.

Its speed one second later is

A. also 40 m/s.
B. 45 m/s.
C. 50 m/s.
D. none of the above

Comment:
We assume the object is falling downward.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

A 5-kg iron ball and a 10-kg iron ball are dropped from rest.
For negligible air resistance, the acceleration of the heavier
ball will be

A. less.
B. the same.
C. more.
D. undetermined.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

A 5-kg iron ball and a 10-kg iron ball are dropped from rest.
For negligible air resistance, the acceleration of the heavier
ball will be

A. less.
B. the same.
C. more.
D. undetermined.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

A 5-kg iron ball and a 10-kg iron ball are dropped from rest.
When the free-falling 5-kg ball reaches a speed of 10 m/s,
the speed of the free-falling 10-kg ball is

A. less than 10 m/s.

B. 10 m/s.
C. more than 10 m/s.
D. undetermined.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

A 5-kg iron ball and a 10-kg iron ball are dropped from rest.
When the free-falling 5-kg ball reaches a speed of 10 m/s,
the speed of the free-falling 10-kg ball is

A. less than 10 m/s.

B. 10 m/s.
C. more than 10 m/s.
D. undetermined.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
When acceleration of fall is less than g—
non-free fall
• occurs when air resistance is non-negligible
• depends on two things: speed and frontal surface area

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
example: A skydiver jumps from plane.
Weight is the only force until air resistance acts.

As falling speed increases, air resistance on diver builds

up, net force is reduced, and acceleration becomes less.

When air resistance equals the diver’s weight, net force

is zero and acceleration terminates.

Diver reaches terminal velocity, then continues the fall at

constant speed.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Terminal speed
• occurs when acceleration terminates (when air
resistance equals weight and net force is zero)

Terminal velocity
• same as terminal speed, with direction implied
or specified

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When a 20-N falling object encounters 5 N of air

resistance, its acceleration of fall is

A. less than g.
B. more than g.
C. g.
D. terminated.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When a 20-N falling object encounters 5 N of air

resistance, its acceleration of fall is

A. less than g.
B. more than g.
C. g.
D. terminated.

Comment:
Acceleration of a nonfree-fall is always less than g. Acceleration
will actually be (20 N – 5 N)/2 kg = 7.5 m/s2.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

If a 50-N person is to fall at terminal speed, the air

resistance needed is

A. less than 50 N.
B. 50 N.
C. more than 50 N.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

If a 50-N person is to fall at terminal speed, the air

resistance needed is

A. less than 50 N.
B. 50 N.
C. more than 50 N.
D. none of the above

Explanation:
Then, F = 0 and acceleration = 0.

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

As the skydiver falls faster and faster through the air, air
resistance

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

As the skydiver falls faster and faster through the air, air
resistance

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through

the air, net force

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through

the air, net force

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through

the air, her acceleration

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

As the skydiver continues to fall faster and faster through

the air, her acceleration

A. increases.
B. decreases.
C. remains the same.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
A situation to ponder…

Consider a heavy and light person jumping

together with the same-size parachutes
from the same altitude.

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 A situation to ponder…
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Who will reach the ground first?

A. the light person

B. the heavy person
C. both will reach at the same time
D. not enough information

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 A situation to ponder…
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Who will reach the ground first?

A. the light person

B. the heavy person
C. both will reach at the same time
D. not enough information

Explanation:
The heavier person has a greater terminal velocity. Do you know
why?

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Coin and feather fall
• feather reaches terminal velocity very quickly and falls
slowly at constant speed, reaching the bottom after the
coin does
• coin falls very quickly and air resistance
doesn’t build up to its weight over
short-falling distances, which is why
the coin hits the bottom much sooner
than the falling feather

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When the air is removed by a vacuum pump and the

activity is repeated,

A. the feather hits the bottom first, before the coin hits.
B. the coin hits the bottom first, before the feather hits.
C. both the coin and feather drop together side-by-side.
D. not enough information

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 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When the air is removed by a vacuum pump and the

activity is repeated,

A. the feather hits the bottom first, before the coin hits.
B. the coin hits the bottom first, before the feather hits.
C. both the coin and feather drop together side-by-side.
D. not enough information

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 Air Resistance

How to be a flying squirrel: Jeb Corliss "Grinding the Crack"

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 Forces and Interactions
Interaction
• is between one thing and another
• requires a pair of forces acting on two objects
example: interaction of fingers and
wall pushing on each other
force pair—you push on wall; wall
pushes on you

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law (law of action and
reaction)
states that whenever one object exerts a force
on a second object, the second object exerts an
equal and opposite force on the first.

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

A soccer player kicks a ball with 1500 N of force. The ball

exerts a reaction force against the player’s foot of

A. somewhat less than 1500 N.

B. 1500 N.
C. somewhat more than 1500 N.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

A soccer player kicks a ball with 1500 N of force. The ball

exerts a reaction force against the player’s foot of

A. somewhat less than 1500 N.

B. 1500 N.
C. somewhat more than 1500 N.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Action and reaction forces
• one force is called the action force; the other
force is called the reaction force
• are copairs of a single interaction
• neither force exists without the other
• are equal in strength and opposite in direction
• always act on different objects

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• reexpression of Newton’s third law: to every
action there is always an opposed equal
reaction
example: tires of car push back against the road while
the road pushes the tires forward

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Simple rule to identify action and reaction
• identify the interaction—one thing interacts with
another
– action: object A exerts a force on object B
– reaction: object B exerts a force on object A
example: action—rocket (object A) exerts force on
gas (object B)
reaction—gas (object B) exerts force on
rocket (object A)

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When you step off a curb, Earth pulls you downward. The
reaction to this force is

A. a slight air resistance.

B. nonexistent in this case.
C. you pulling Earth upward.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When you step off a curb, Earth pulls you downward. The
reaction to this force is

A. a slight air resistance.

B. nonexistent in this case.
C. you pulling Earth upward.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Action and Reaction on Different Masses
cannonball: F/m = a
cannon: F/m = a

• the same force exerted on a small mass

produces a large acceleration
• the same force exerted on a large mass
produces a small acceleration

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When a cannon is fired, the accelerations of the cannon

and cannonball are different because the

A. forces don’t occur at the same time.

B. forces, although theoretically the same, in practice are not.
C. masses are different.
D. ratios of force to mass are the same.

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When a cannon is fired, the accelerations of the cannon

and cannonball are different because the

A. forces don’t occur at the same time.

B. forces, although theoretically the same, in practice are not.
C. masses are different.
D. ratios of force to mass are the same.

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
A situation to ponder…

Consider a high-speed bus colliding head-on

with an innocent bug. The force of impact
splatters the unfortunate bug over the
windshield.

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 A situation to ponder…
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Which is greater, the force on the bug or the force on the

bus?

A. bug
B. bus
C. both are the same
D. cannot say

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 A situation to ponder…
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Which is greater, the force on the bug or the force on the

bus?

A. bug
B. bus
C. both are the same
D. cannot say

Comment:
Although the forces are equal in magnitude, the effects are very
different. Do you know why?

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Two people of equal mass on slippery ice push off from

each other. Will both move at the same speed in opposite
directions?

A. yes
B. yes, but only if both push equally
C. no
D. no, unless acceleration occurs

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Two people of equal mass on slippery ice push off from

each other. Will both move at the same speed in opposite
directions?

A. yes
B. yes, but only if both push equally
C. no
D. no, unless acceleration occurs

Explanation:
However they push, the result is equal-magnitude forces on equal
masses, which produces equal accelerations; therefore, there are
equal changes in speed.

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Myth busters video

– two cars head on crash test

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Defining Your System
• consider a single enclosed
orange
– applied external force
causes the orange to
accelerate in accord with
Newton’s second law
– action and reaction pair of
forces is not shown

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• consider the orange and the apple pulling on it
– action and reaction do not cancel (because
they act on different things)
– external force by apple accelerates the
orange

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• consider a system comprised of both the orange and the
apple
– the apple is no longer external to the system
– force pair is internal to system, which doesn’t cause
acceleration
– action and reaction within the system cancel
– with no external forces, there is no acceleration of
system

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• consider the same system, but with external
force of friction on it
– same internal action and reaction forces
(between the orange and apple) cancel
– a second pair of action-reaction forces
(between the apple’s feet and the floor) exists

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 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
– one of these acts by the system (apple on the
floor) and the other acts on the system (floor
on the apple)
– external frictional force of floor pushes on the
system, which accelerates
– second pair of action and reaction forces do
not cancel

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When lift equals the weight of a helicopter, the helicopter

A. climbs down.
B. climbs up.
C. hovers in midair.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When lift equals the weight of a helicopter, the helicopter

A. climbs down.
B. climbs up.
C. hovers in midair.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

When lift is greater, the helicopter

A. climbs down.
B. climbs up.
C. hovers in midair.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

When lift is greater, the helicopter

A. climbs down.
B. climbs up.
C. hovers in midair.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

A bird flies by

A. flapping its wings.

B. pushing air down so that the air pushes it upward.
C. hovering in midair.
D. inhaling and exhaling air.

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

A birds flies by

A. flapping its wings.

B. pushing air down so that the air pushes it upward.
C. hovering in midair.
D. inhaling and exhaling air.

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Slightly tilted wings of airplanes deflect

A. oncoming air downward to produce lift.

B. oncoming air upward to produce lift.
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Slightly tilted wings of airplanes deflect

A. oncoming air downward to produce lift.

B. oncoming air upward to produce lift.
C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B

Explanation:
When a wing diverts air downward, it exerts a downward force on
the air. The air simultaneously exerts an upward force on the
wing. The vertical component of this upward force is lift. (The
horizontal component is drag.)

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Compared with a light-weight glider, a heavier glider would

have to push air

A. downward with greater force.

B. downward with the same force.
C. downward with less force.
D. none of the above

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 Newton’s Third Law
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Compared with a light-weight glider, a heavier glider would

have to push air

A. downward with greater force.

B. downward with the same force.
C. downward with less force.
D. none of the above

Explanation:
The force on the air deflected downward must equal the weight of
the glider.

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 Vectors
Vector quantity
• has magnitude and direction
• is represented by an arrow
example: velocity, force, acceleration

Scalar quantity
• has magnitude
example: mass, volume, speed
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 Vectors
Resultant
• the sum of two or more vectors
– for vectors in the same direction, add arithmetically
– for vectors in opposite directions, subtract
arithmetically
– two vectors that don’t act in the same or opposite
direction
• use parallelogram rule
– two vectors at right angles to each other
• use Pythagorean theorem: R2 = V2 + H2

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 Vectors
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Referring to the figure, which of the following are true

statements?

A. 50 N is the resultant of the 30 and 40-N vectors.

B. The 30-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N
vector.
C. The 40-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N
vector.
D. All of the above are correct.

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 Vectors
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Referring to the figure, which of the following are true

statements?

A. 50 N is the resultant of the 30 and the 40-N vectors.

B. The 30-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N
vector.
C. The 40-N vector can be considered a component of the 50-N
vector.
D. All of the above are correct.

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 Vectors
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Referring to the figure, which of the following are true

statements?

A. 100 km/h is the resultant of the 80 and 60-km/h vectors.

B. The 80-km/h vector can be considered a component of the
100-km/h vector.
C. The 60-km/h vector can be considered a component of the
100-km/h vector.
D. All of the above are correct.

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 Vectors
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Referring to the figure, which of the following are true

statements?

A. 100 km/h is the resultant of the 80 and 60-km/h vectors.

B. The 80-km/h vector can be considered a component of the
100-km/h vector.
C. The 60-km/h vector can be considered a component of the
100-km/h vector.
D. All of the above are correct.

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 Vectors
Vector Components
• vertical and horizontal components of a
vector are perpendicular to each other
• determined by resolution

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 Vectors
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

You run horizontally at 4 m/s in a vertically falling rain that

falls at 4 m/s. Relative to you, the raindrops are falling at an
angle of

A. 0 .
B. 45 .
C. 53 .
D. 90 .

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 Vectors
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

You run horizontally at 4 m/s in a vertically falling rain that

falls at 4 m/s. Relative to you, the raindrops are falling at an
angle of

A. 0 .
B. 45 .
C. 53 .
D. 90 .

Explanation:
The horizontal 4 m/s and vertical 4 m/s combine by the
parallelogram rule to produce a resultant of 5.6 m/s at 45 .

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Summary of Newton’s Three
Laws of Motion
• Newton’s first law of motion (the law of inertia)
– An object at rest tends to remain at rest; an object in motion
tends to remain in motion at constant speed along a straight-line
path.

• Newton’s second law of motion (the law of acceleration)

– When a net force acts on an object, the object will accelerate.
The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass.

• Newton’s third law of motion (the law of action and

reaction)
– Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the
second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley