Learn Python Language Fundamentals in Simple Way Bu Uday Kumar Sah (Djuday)
Learn Python Language Fundamentals in Simple Way Bu Uday Kumar Sah (Djuday)
LANGUAGE
FUNDAMENTALS
In Simple Way
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Introduction
Python is a general purpose high level programming language.
Python was developed by Guido Van Rossam in 1989 while working at National
Research Institute at Netherlands.
But officially Python was made available to public in 1991. The official Date of Birth for
Python is : Feb 20th 1991.
Java:
C:
1) #include<stdio.h>
2) void main()
3) {
4) print("Hello world");
5) }
Python:
print("Hello World")
Java:
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4) {
5) int a,b;
6) a =10;
7) b=20;
8) System.out.println("The Sum:"+(a+b));
9) }
10) }
C:
1) #include <stdio.h>
2)
3) void main()
4) {
5) int a,b;
6) a =10;
7) b=20;
8) printf("The Sum:%d",(a+b));
9) }
Python:
1) a=10
2) b=20
3) print("The Sum:",(a+b))
Guido developed Python language by taking almost all programming features from
different languages
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Where we can use Python:
We can use everywhere. The most common important application areas are
Features of Python:
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4) Platform Independent:
Once we write a Python program,it can run on any platform without rewriting once
again.
Internally PVM is responsible to convert into machine understandable form.
5) Portability:
Python programs are portable. ie we can migrate from one platform to another
platform very easily. Python programs will provide same results on any paltform.
6) Dynamically Typed:
In Python we are not required to declare type for variables. Whenever we are
assigning the value, based on value, type will be allocated automatically.Hence Python
is considered as dynamically typed language.
But Java, C etc are Statically Typed Languages b'z we have to provide type at the
beginning only.
This dynamic typing nature will provide more flexibility to the programmer.
8) Interpreted:
We are not required to compile Python programs explcitly. Internally Python
interpreter will take care that compilation.
If compilation fails interpreter raised syntax errors. Once compilation success then
PVM (Python Virtual Machine) is responsible to execute.
9) Extensible:
We can use other language programs in Python.
The main advantages of this approach are:
We can use already existing legacy non-Python code
We can improve performance of the application
10) Embedded:
We can use Python programs in any other language programs.
i.e we can embedd Python programs anywhere.
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11) Extensive Library:
Python has a rich inbuilt library.
Being a programmer we can use this library directly and we are not responsible to
implement the functionality. Etc.
Limitations of Python:
1) Performance wise not up to the mark because it is interpreted language.
2) Not using for mobile Applications.
Flavors of Python:
1) CPython:
It is the standard flavor of Python. It can be used to work with C lanugage Applications.
2) Jython OR JPython:
It is for Java Applications. It can run on JVM
3) IronPython:
It is for C#.Net platform
4) PyPy:
The main advantage of PyPy is performance will be improved because JIT compiler is
available inside PVM.
5) RubyPython
For Ruby Platforms
6) AnacondaPython
It is specially designed for handling large volume of data processing.
Python Versions:
Python 1.0V introduced in Jan 1994
Python 2.0V introduced in October 2000
Python 3.0V introduced in December 2008
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Current versions
Python 3.6.1 Python 2.7.13
IDENTIFIERS
A Name in Python Program is called Identifier.
It can be Class Name OR Function Name OR Module Name OR Variable Name.
a = 10
By mistake if we are using any other symbol like $ then we will get syntax error.
cash = 10 √
ca$h =20
123total
total123 √
3. Identifiers are case sensitive. Of course Python language is case sensitive language.
total=10
TOTAL=999
print(total) #10
print(TOTAL) #999
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Identifier:
1) Alphabet Symbols (Either Upper case OR Lower case)
6) There is no length limit for Python identifiers. But not recommended to use too
lengthy identifiers.
Note:
4) Eg: __add__
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RESERVED WORDS
In Python some words are reserved to represent some meaning or functionality.
Such types of words are called reserved words.
Note:
2. Except the following 3 reserved words, all contain only lower case alphabet symbols.
True
False
None
Eg: a= true
a=True √
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DATA TYPES
Data Type represents the type of data present inside a variable.
In Python we are not required to specify the type explicitly. Based on value provided,
the type will be assigned automatically.Hence Python is dynamically Typed Language.
1) Int
2) Float
3) Complex
4) Bool
5) Str
6) Bytes
7) Bytearray
8) Range
9) List
10) Tuple
11) Set
12) Frozenset
13) Dict
14) None
10
a = 10 a
a = 20
20
a
a = 10
b = 10 10
b
1) type()
to check the type of variable
2) id()
to get address of object
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3) print()
to print the value
Note:
In Python2 we have long data type to represent very large integral values.
But in Python3 there is no long type explicitly and we can represent long values also by
using int type only.
1) Decimal form
2) Binary form
3) Octal form
4) Hexa decimal form
Eg: a = 0B1111
a = 0B123
a = b111
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III) Octal Form (Base-8):
The allowed digits are : 0 to 7
Literal value should be prefixed with 0o or 0O.
Eg: a = 0o123
a = 0o786
Eg: a = 0XFACE
a = 0XBeef
a = 0XBeer
Note: Being a programmer we can specify literal values in decimal, binary, octal and hexa
decimal forms. But PVM will always provide values only in decimal form.
a=10
b=0o10
c=0X10
d=0B10
print(a)10
print(b)8
print(c)16
print(d)2
Base Conversions
Python provide the following in-built functions for base conversions
1) bin():
We can use bin() to convert from any base to binary
1) >>> bin(15)
2) '0b1111'
3) >>> bin(0o11)
4) '0b1001'
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5) >>> bin(0X10)
6) '0b10000'
2) oct():
We can use oct() to convert from any base to octal
1) >>> oct(10)
2) '0o12'
3) >>> oct(0B1111)
4) '0o17'
5) >>> oct(0X123)
6) '0o443'
3) hex():
We can use hex() to convert from any base to hexa decimal
1) >>> hex(100)
2) '0x64'
3) >>> hex(0B111111)
4) '0x3f'
5) >>> hex(0o12345)
6) '0x14e5'
The main advantage of exponential form is we can represent big values in less
memory.
***Note:
We can represent int values in decimal, binary, octal and hexa decimal forms. But we
can represent float values only by using decimal form.
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1) >>> f=0B11.01
2) File "<stdin>", line 1
3) f=0B11.01
4) ^
5) SyntaxError: invalid syntax
6)
7) >>> f=0o123.456
8) SyntaxError: invalid syntax
9)
10) >>> f=0X123.456
11) SyntaxError: invalid syntax
j2 = -1
a + bj
j=
Real Part Imaginary Part
Eg: 3 + 5j
10 + 5.5j
0.5 + 0.1j
In the real part if we use int value then we can specify that either by decimal, octal,
binary or hexa decimal form.
But imaginary part should be specified only by using decimal form.
1) >>> a=0B11+5j
2) >>> a
3) (3+5j)
4) >>> a=3+0B11j
5) SyntaxError: invalid syntax
1) >>> a=10+1.5j
2) >>> b=20+2.5j
3) >>> c=a+b
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4) >>> print(c)
5) (30+4j)
6) >>> type(c)
7) <class 'complex'>
Note: Complex data type has some inbuilt attributes to retrieve the real part and
imaginary part
c = 10.5+3.6j
c.real 10.5
c.imag 3.6
We can use complex type generally in scientific Applications and electrical engineering
Applications.
b = True
type(b) bool
Eg:
a = 10
b = 20
c = a<b
print(c) True
True+True 2
True-False 1
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5) str Data Type:
str represents String data type.
A String is a sequence of characters enclosed within single quotes or double
quotes.
s1='durga'
s1="durga"
By using single quotes or double quotes we cannot represent multi line string
literals.
s1="durga
soft"
For this requirement we should go for triple single quotes(''') or triple double
quotes(""")
s1='''durga
soft'''
s1="""durga
soft"""
We can also use triple quotes to use single quote or double quote in our String.
''' This is " character'''
' This i " Character '
Slicing of Strings:
1) slice means a piece
2) [ ] operator is called slice operator, which can be used to retrieve parts of String.
3) In Python Strings follows zero based index.
4) The index can be either +ve or -ve.
5) +ve index means forward direction from Left to Right
6) -ve index means backward direction from Right to Left
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
d u r g a
0 1 2 3 4
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1) >>> s="durga"
2) >>> s[0]
3) 'd'
4) >>> s[1]
5) 'u'
6) >>> s[-1]
7) 'a'
8) >>> s[40]
1) >>> s[1:40]
2) 'urga'
3) >>> s[1:]
4) 'urga'
5) >>> s[:4]
6) 'durg'
7) >>> s[:]
8) 'durga'
9) >>>
10)
11) >>> s*3
12) 'durgadurgadurga'
13)
14) >>> len(s)
15) 5
Note:
1) In Python the following data types are considered as Fundamental Data types
int
float
complex
bool
str
2) In Python, we can represent char values also by using str type and explicitly char type
is not available.
1) >>> c='a'
2) >>> type(c)
3) <class 'str'>
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3) long Data Type is available in Python2 but not in Python3. In Python3 long values also
we can represent by using int type only.
4) In Python we can present char Value also by using str Type and explicitly char Type is
not available.
TYPE CASTING
֍ We can convert one type value to another type. This conversion is called Typecasting
or Type coersion.
֍ The following are various inbuilt functions for type casting.
1) int()
2) float()
3) complex()
4) bool()
5) str()
֍ int():
We can use this function to convert values from other types to int
1) >>> int(123.987)
2) 123
3) >>> int(10+5j)
4) TypeError: can't convert complex to int
5) >>> int(True)
6) 1
7) >>> int(False)
8) 0
9) >>> int("10")
10) 10
11) >>> int("10.5")
12) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '10.5'
13) >>> int("ten")
14) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'ten'
15) >>> int("0B1111")
16) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '0B1111'
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Note:
֍ float():
We can use float() function to convert other type values to float type.
1) >>> float(10)
2) 10.0
3) >>> float(10+5j)
4) TypeError: can't convert complex to float
5) >>> float(True)
6) 1.0
7) >>> float(False)
8) 0.0
9) >>> float("10")
10) 10.0
11) >>> float("10.5")
12) 10.5
13) >>> float("ten")
14) ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'ten'
15) >>> float("0B1111")
16) ValueError: could not convert string to float: '0B1111'
Note:
1) We can convert any type value to float type except complex type.
2) Whenever we are trying to convert str type to float type compulsary str should be
either integral or floating point literal and should be specified only in base-10.
֍ complex():
We can use complex() function to convert other types to complex type.
Form-1: complex(x)
We can use this function to convert x into complex number with real part x and imaginary
part 0.
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Eg:
1) complex(10)==>10+0j
2) complex(10.5)===>10.5+0j
3) complex(True)==>1+0j
4) complex(False)==>0j
5) complex("10")==>10+0j
6) complex("10.5")==>10.5+0j
7) complex("ten")
8) ValueError: complex() arg is a malformed string
Form-2: complex(x,y)
We can use this method to convert x and y into complex number such that x will be real
part and y will be imaginary part.
֍ bool():
We can use this function to convert other type values to bool type.
1) bool(0) False
2) bool(1) True
3) bool(10) True
4) bool(10.5) True
5) bool(0.178) True
6) bool(0.0) False
7) bool(10-2j) True
8) bool(0+1.5j) True
9) bool(0+0j) False
10) bool("True") True
11) bool("False") True
12) bool("") False
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֍ str():
We can use this method to convert other type values to str type.
1) >>> str(10)
2) '10'
3) >>> str(10.5)
4) '10.5'
5) >>> str(10+5j)
6) '(10+5j)'
7) >>> str(True)
8) 'True'
֍ In Python if a new object is required, then PVM won’t create object immediately. First
it will check is any object available with the required content or not. If available then
existing object will be reused. If it is not available then only a new object will be
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created. The advantage of this approach is memory utilization and performance will be
improved.
֍ But the problem in this approach is, several references pointing to the same object, by
using one reference if we are allowed to change the content in the existing object then
the remaining references will be effected. To prevent this immutability concept is
required. According to this once creates an object we are not allowed to change
content. If we are trying to change with those changes a new object will be created.
1) >>> a=10
2) >>> b=10
3) >>> a is b
4) True
5) >>> id(a)
6) 1572353952
7) >>> id(b)
8) 1572353952
9) >>>
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6) bytes Data Type:
bytes data type represens a group of byte numbers just like an array.
1) x = [10,20,30,40]
2) b = bytes(x)
3) type(b) bytes
4) print(b[0]) 10
5) print(b[-1]) 40
6) >>> for i in b : print(i)
7)
8) 10
9) 20
10) 30
11) 40
Conclusion 1:
The only allowed values for byte data type are 0 to 256. By mistake if we are trying to
provide any other values then we will get value error.
Conclusion 2:
Once we creates bytes data type value, we cannot change its values,otherwise we will get
TypeError.
Eg:
1) >>> x=[10,20,30,40]
2) >>> b=bytes(x)
3) >>> b[0]=100
4) TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment
Eg 1:
1) x=[10,20,30,40]
2) b = bytearray(x)
3) for i in b : print(i)
4) 10
5) 20
6) 30
7) 40
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8) b[0]=100
9) for i in b: print(i)
10) 100
11) 20
12) 30
13) 40
Eg 2:
1) >>> x =[10,256]
2) >>> b = bytearray(x)
3) ValueError: byte must be in range(0, 256)
Eg:
1) list=[10,10.5,'durga',True,10]
2) print(list) # [10,10.5,'durga',True,10]
Eg:
1) list=[10,20,30,40]
2) >>> list[0]
3) 10
4) >>> list[-1]
5) 40
6) >>> list[1:3]
7) [20, 30]
8) >>> list[0]=100
9) >>> for i in list:print(i)
10) ...
11) 100
12) 20
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13) 30
14) 40
list is growable in nature. i.e based on our requirement we can increase or decrease the
size.
1) >>> list=[10,20,30]
2) >>> list.append("durga")
3) >>> list
4) [10, 20, 30, 'durga']
5) >>> list.remove(20)
6) >>> list
7) [10, 30, 'durga']
8) >>> list2=list*2
9) >>> list2
10) [10, 30, 'durga', 10, 30, 'durga']
Eg:
1) t=(10,20,30,40)
2) type(t)
3) <class 'tuple'>
4) t[0]=100
5) TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
6) >>> t.append("durga")
7) AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
8) >>> t.remove(10)
9) AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'remove'
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10) Range Data Type:
range Data Type represents a sequence of numbers.
The elements present in range Data type are not modifiable. i.e range Data type is
immutable.
Form-1: range(10)
generate numbers from 0 to 9
Eg:
r = range(10)
for i in r : print(i) 0 to 9
Eg:
r = range(10,20)
for i in r : print(i) 10 to 19
Eg:
r = range(10,20,2)
for i in r : print(i) 10,12,14,16,18
We can access elements present in the range Data Type by using index.
Eg:
r = range(10,20)
r[0] 10
r[15] IndexError: range object index out of range
Eg:
r[0] = 100
TypeError: 'range' object does not support item assignment
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Eg:
1) >>> l = list(range(10))
2) >>> l
3) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Eg:
1) s={100,0,10,200,10,'durga'}
2) s # {0, 100, 'durga', 200, 10}
3) s[0] TypeError: 'set' object does not support indexing
֍ set is growable in nature, based on our requirement we can increase or decrease the
size.
1) >>> s.add(60)
2) >>> s
3) {0, 100, 'durga', 200, 10, 60}
4) >>> s.remove(100)
5) >>> s
6) {0, 'durga', 200, 10, 60}
1) >>> s={10,20,30,40}
2) >>> fs=frozenset(s)
3) >>> type(fs)
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4) <class 'frozenset'>
5) >>> fs
6) frozenset({40, 10, 20, 30})
7) >>> for i in fs:print(i)
8) ...
9) 40
10) 10
11) 20
12) 30
13)
14) >>> fs.add(70)
15) AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'
16) >>> fs.remove(10)
17) AttributeError: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'remove'
֍ Eg: d = {101:'durga',102:'ravi',103:'shiva'}
֍ Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated. If we are trying to
insert an entry with duplicate key then old value will be replaced with new value.
Eg:
1) >>> d={101:'durga',102:'ravi',103:'shiva'}
2) >>> d[101]='sunny'
3) >>> d
4) {101: 'sunny', 102: 'ravi', 103: 'shiva'}
5)
6) We can create empty dictionary as follows
7) d={ }
8) We can add key-value pairs as follows
9) d['a']='apple'
10) d['b']='banana'
11) print(d)
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Note:
1) In general we can use bytes and bytearray data types to represent binary information
like images, video files etc
2) In Python2 long data type is available. But in Python3 it is not available and we can
represent long values also by using int type only.
3) In Python there is no char data type. Hence we can represent char values also by using
str type.
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bytes To represent a Immutable >>> list=[1,2,3,4]
sequence of byte >>> b=bytes(list)
values from 0-255 >>> type(b)
<class 'bytes'>
bytearray To represent a Mutable >>> list=[10,20,30]
sequence of byte >>> ba=bytearray(list)
values from 0-255 >>> type(ba)
<class 'bytearray'>
range To represent a range Immutable >>> r=range(10)
of values >>> r1=range(0,10)
>>> r2=range(0,10,2)
Eg:
def m1():
a=10
print(m1())
None
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Escape Characters:
In String literals we can use esacpe characters to associate a special meaning.
1) >>> s="durga\nsoftware"
2) >>> print(s)
3) durga
4) software
5) >>> s="durga\tsoftware"
6) >>> print(s)
7) durga software
8) >>> s="This is " symbol"
9) File "<stdin>", line 1
10) s="This is " symbol"
11) ^
12) SyntaxError: invalid syntax
13) >>> s="This is \" symbol"
14) >>> print(s)
15) This is " symbol
1) \n New Line
2) \t Horizontal Tab
3) \r Carriage Return
4) \b Back Space
5) \f Form Feed
6) \v Vertical Tab
7) \' Single Quote
8) \" Double Quote
9) \\ Back Slash Symbol
....
Constants:
Constants concept is not applicable in Python.
But it is convention to use only uppercase characters if we don’t want to change value.
MAX_VALUE = 10
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