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DSP Summary Notes

The document discusses digital signal processing and discrete time signals and systems. It covers topics like discrete time signals, sampling theory, discrete Fourier transforms, FIR and IIR filters, and digital signal types. It also discusses properties of linear time invariant systems and operations on sequences like addition, multiplication and convolution.

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Bomber Killer
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
123 views

DSP Summary Notes

The document discusses digital signal processing and discrete time signals and systems. It covers topics like discrete time signals, sampling theory, discrete Fourier transforms, FIR and IIR filters, and digital signal types. It also discusses properties of linear time invariant systems and operations on sequences like addition, multiplication and convolution.

Uploaded by

Bomber Killer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DSP summary notes

Embedded electronic systems are computing systems which are dedicated to an application domain
and located into a technical environment.

The core idea of the course is:

• discrete time signals and systems: what is discrete time signal and what is the importance of
it in modern world industrial systems. what are the properties of discrete time signals and
systems.

• Linear time invariant systems and properties

• Sampling theory, what is sampling and its application, techniques of sampling a signal.

• A/D and D/A conversion, its application, techniques we used to convert signals and the
science behind of it.

• Discrete Fourier transform, Z transform and what are the application of this transform in
modern world? how to convert a given signal to z and Fourier transform? What is the
advantage of transforming a given signal to z and to Fourier transform? What is the
advantage one over the other?

• Linear time invariant (LTI) structures and FIR and IIR filters. Design procedures in detail for
both of the filters and the advantage one over the other? Techniques of each filters in
modern world.

• Discrete time Fourier transform and FFT.

In digital signal processing we talk about signals. Everything is represented in the form of signals in
the form of binary(0 and 1 ). We can represent speed, position, temperature, acceleration, mass,
pressure, force , torque, stress, strain, vibration, refraction of light, transmitted data etc . so in DSP
every parameter is a signal and then we take into consideration the signal we have whether it is
speed or velocity or any other kind of measuring quantity . even if every thing is described in form of
signal the nature of the signal is divided into two :-

Signal : it is the information that describes the behaviour of some phenomenon.

• Deterministic signals are generated by rotating


Deterministic signal :-
machines, musical instruments, and electronic function generators.
Deterministic signals are those signals whose values are completely specified for any given
time. Thus, a deterministic signal can be modelled by a known function of time I .

• Random signals :-are also called non deterministic signals are those signals that take random
values at any given time and must be characterized statistically.

• A continuous-time signal :is a signal that can be defined at every instant of


time. A continuous-time signal contains values for all real numbers along the
X-axis.
• Discrete-time Signal: Signals that can be defined at discrete instant of time.
It is obtained by sampling of the continuous time signals.

• Digital Signal: It is discretized signal in time and quantized in amplitude.


So the difference from discrete time signal is a matter of quantization in
amplitude. It is in encoded form for transmission of the signal.

• Causal , non-causal, anti-casual : if the signal is zero on all negative values we said casual, if
the signal available in both negative and positive time it is non causal . But the signal which
has values only on its negative side is anti-causal. graphically it represents like as follow.

Causal non-causal anti -causal

Note: - The above are some kind of signal types.

The digital signal processing types: -

• Offline (Batch) processing: - signal acquisition from the outside world and processing can
occur at different time. Which means the data /information collection and processing may
perform at distinct time period. Which means time is not an issue (Biomedical signals,
photographic image processing).

• Online processing (Real time processing): - signal acquisition system and processing must be
finished with in a given time. Here timing is an issue to give immediate decision about the
phenomenon and the result used for immediate purpose.

• Hard real time: = missing the dead line may cause catastrophic consequences (sensor
data, actuator).

• Soft real time:= meeting a deadline is desirable for performance reason but doesn’t
cause catastrophic problem .
System : = it is the mathematical model for the physical phenomenon. Which can able to produce
output from the given input using unique transformation operator. Which is transforming of the
input signal to output that is using the input quantity and applying a unique method (transformation
operator) to get the desired result. So, expressing this input - output transformation in the form of
mathematical model is a system to the given phenomenon. Here the input as well as the output is
represented in the form of signal but different form of the signal.

Properties of system

• Linearity: =

• Shift time invariance: =

• Causality:

• Stability

Why digital is better than analog ?

• Flexibility

• Robustness

• Predictablity

• Performance

• Development time

• Precision
Limitation of digital system:=

• Bandwidth limited by ADCs and DACs sampling rate

• Limited dynamic range

• Round off and quantization errors

Note : - DSP processing algorithm relies on Multiply- And – Accumulate (MAC) operation

Y = For(I = 1,i < count, i++){

Sum+= m[i] *n[i]

Note:= a general key requirement for performance is parallelism. DSP technologies can be run both
on normal microprocessors and more dedicated platforms because of the increment of parallelism.

Chapter Two

Linear – Time – Invariant Discrete Time systems

Linear Time Invariant discrete time signals and systems

There are some basic sequences to describe the properties of a signals:

1. Discrete time pulse(Kroneck delta) :


2. Unit step sequence:-

3. Real Exponential Sequence:-

4. Complex Exponential sequence :

5. Sinusoidal Sequence:-

Def:= A sequence is periodic with period N if : the same terms are repeated over and over:

Example of periodic sequences are :

1. The sequence of powers of −1 is periodic with period two:−1, +1, −1, +1, −1, +1
which is (-1)n where n = any integer number
2. 1:7=0,142857142857142857 with period 6
Operations on sequences are : addition , product , multiplication, division, time shifting , and energy

sequence .

Impulse response can be finite or infinite (FIR or IIR). Here impulse response is the out put of the
system which means with the given input there will be a response from the transformational
operater. So impulse response is the output of the given system .
Convolution Sum

Sum of impulses expressed like as: =

Note:- Signals are sum of impulses because impulse response is the response of the system to an
input .

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