Ebooks doTERRA Essential Oil Chemistry Handbook
Ebooks doTERRA Essential Oil Chemistry Handbook
Ebooks doTERRA Essential Oil Chemistry Handbook
3
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Essential Oils
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD...............................................................................................................i
THE dōTERRA OIL CHEMISTRY WHEEL..................................................... ii
FOREWORD
Dear friends,
I, like you, have a passion for essential oils. They have played a
significant role in both my professional and personal life for many
years. I remain convinced that the benefits of essential oils are
unique and almost universally applicable to all who choose to
experience them.
With kindness,
i
THE dōTERRA OIL
CHEMISTRY WHEEL
The dōTERRA Oil Chemistry Wheel is a tool designed to help indi-
viduals better understand the chemistry behind essential oils. In un-
derstanding the basic chemistry of each oil, individuals can more
fully understand when and how to use the oils to achieve a desired
benefit.
The dōTERRA Oil Chemistry Wheel is now divided into two wheels,
each with two sides. The first wheel gives information on oils high
in monoterpenes (oils that have a 10-carbon backbone). One side
of the monoterpene wheel describes oils with lifting properties, and
the other side presents oils with leveling properties. The second
wheel contains information about oils high in sesquiterpenes (oils
that have a 15-carbon backbone) on one side, with a legend on the
opposite side. In each of the chemistry wheels, the oils are further
organized by functional group, with the top one or two chemical
constituents listed under each oil. The four sides of the two chemis-
try wheels are presented in the following pages.
ii
The doTERRA Oil Chemistry Wheel
Restoring: These are oils for emotional and physical support. They are
meant to help revive, strengthen, and rejuvenate the body and the senses.
Uplifting: These oils are meant to be inspiring. They encourage feelings of
exhilaration and refreshment.
Energizing: These oils are used to bring feelings of motivation and
activation. They tend to be brisk, naturally stimulating oils that help wake
up the mind and body.
iii
Restoring: These are oils for emotional and physical support. They are
meant to help revive, strengthen, and rejuvenate the body and the senses.
Clarifying: As the name implies, these are oils that help to “make clear.”
Topically they are used for improved skin tone and appearance, and
aromatically they can be used to help settle and resolve ambiguous,
uncertain feelings.
Calming: These are classic oils for feelings of relaxation, both physically
and mentally. These oils are typically used for stress relief, meditation, and
preparation for sleep.
iv
The doTERRA Oil Chemistry Wheel
Soothing: These are oils that help ease and alleviate issues, both emotional
and physical. They are meant to reassure and console as needed.
Stabilizing: These are oils that help steady the nerves, helping you feel that
you are on an even keel. By analogy, stabilizing oils encourage a person’s
feelings and emotions to go from a rocking boat to standing on solid ground.
v
Terpene Backbone Type: Specifies the carbon backbone structure of
the chemical constituents in the oil. Usually the backbone type is either
monoterpene or sesquiterpene.
Functional Group: Indicates the presence of a specific arrangement of
atoms within the constituent molecule that has distinct chemical properties.
Chemical Constituent Name: The chemical names for the main compounds
found in each oil.
Essential Oil: Gives the names of the dōTERRA oils with the backbone,
functional group, and constituent composition that fit into the chemical
categories explained above.
vi
The doTERRA Oil Chemistry Wheel
vii
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Essential Oils
CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO
ESSENTIAL OILS
1.1 WHAT ARE ESSENTIAL OILS?
Essential oils are called “essential” because they are the “essence”
of a plant. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that essential oils were
essential for life, giving them the moniker that has stuck even to the
present day. Modern references define an essential oil as the essence,
or extract, that is the source of a plant’s aroma and flavor. For example,
peppermint plants smell like peppermint because of the essential
oil contained in their leaves and stems. Oranges smell like oranges
because of the essential oil contained in the peel.
Why do plants produce essential oils? Essential oils are a critical part
of a plant’s immune system. Plants produce essential oils to protect
themselves against environmental threats. The parts of a plant with the
greatest amount of essential oil are usually the parts with the greatest
risk for invasion by microorganisms: the bark, sap, leaves, seeds, and
fruit rinds. The compounds found in essential oils have all sorts of
biological activities. They are known to protect against environmental
threats, soothe the body, and even calm the mind.
4
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Essential Oils
5
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
6
Chapter 2: Essential Oil Organic Chemistry
7
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
building blocks called isoprene units, which have five carbons. There
are three main kinds of terpenes: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes,
and diterpenes. Diterpenes are sometimes present in essential oils,
but only in very small amounts. Their large molecular weight keeps
them from evaporating during steam distillation. Monoterpenes and
sesquiterpenes are the main compounds found in essential oils.
Due to their differences in size and structure, monoterpenes and
sesquiterpenes have different effects on the body.
Monoterpenes are found in
some amount in almost all
essential oils. They have a
structure of 10 carbon atoms
derived from two isoprene
units. Monoterpenes can have
a straight-chain backbone or
a single ring (see figure 2.3).
Due to their smaller size,
they tend to react quickly
to air and heat, and they Figure 2.3: Some common mono-
tend to be broken down more terpenes include limonene (top left),
gamma-terpinene (top middle), myrcene
quickly than their more complex (right), and para-cymene (bottom).
sesquiterpene counterparts.
Monoterpenes have strong effects on cell membranes because they
are small enough to fit between the fatty molecules that make up the
cell membrane. They are also small enough to completely pass through
it and affect targets inside the cell. There are believed to be well over
2,000 varieties of monoterpenes, each with its own unique biological
activity.
Sesquiterpenes have a structure of 15 carbon atoms derived from
three isoprene units. Because of their higher molecular weights,
sesquiterpenes are less volatile than monoterpenes and are
therefore less prevalent in essential oils overall. It is believed that
there are over 10,000 different varieties of sesquiterpenes.
9
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
10
Chapter 3: The Functional Groups and Their Functions
3.1 ALCOHOLS
An alcohol is any molecule with an
alcohol functional group. An alcohol
group consists of an oxygen atom Figure 3.1: An alcohol group
bound to both the carbon backbone
on one end and a hydrogen atom on the other end (see figures 3.1
and 3.2). In general, alcohol molecules have names ending with the
suffix –ol. For instance, menthol, terpinen-4-ol, citronellol, geraniol,
and linalool are examples
of monoterpene alcohols.
Santalol, isovalencenol,
khusimol, cedrol (also
known as eudesmol), and
patchoulol (also known
as patchouli alcohol) are
sesquiterpene alcohols. One
exception to this naming rule
is the compound eucalyptol, Figure 3.2: An example of an alcohol group
which is actually an epoxide found in menthol, a monoterpene alcohol
found in peppermint oil
(a type of ether).
Properties of Alcohol Containing Constituents
Aromatic: Relaxing aromas, helps soothe anxious feelings
Topical: Repellant activity, cleansing properties, helps the skin
look young and healthy
Internal: Supports the circulatory system, calms the nervous
system*
Oils high in monoterpene alcohols: Melaleuca, Geranium,
Coriander, Basil, and Lavender
11
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
3.2 ALDEHYDES
An aldehyde is a molecule with
an aldehyde group. An aldehyde
group is characterized by a carbon
double bonded to an oxygen (see Figure 3.3: An aldehyde group
monoterpene aldehydes.
Properties of Aldehyde Containing Constituents
Aromatic: Calming, relaxing, and protecting
Topical: May reduce the appearance of blemishes, keep skin
looking healthy, support oral health and hygiene, and provide a
warming sensation to the skin
Internal: Supports the health of the cardiovascular, digestive,
immune, and nervous systems. Many essential oils high in
aldehydes are also known to support healthy metabolism.*
Oils high in monoterpene aldehydes: Cassia, Cinnamon, Melissa,
Lemongrass, and Lime
12
Chapter 3: The Functional Groups and Their Functions
3.3 ALKENES
An alkene is a molecule with no functional groups present and at least
one double bond between any two of the carbons in its backbone.
Alkene molecules usually have names that end with the suffix –
ene. For instance, alpha-pinene, sabinene, limonene, and gamma-
terpinene are examples of monoterpene alkenes. Germacrene D,
beta-caryophyllene, zingiberene, and alpha-cedrene are examples
of sesquiterpene alkenes. Each of the molecules in figures 2.3 and
2.4 are alkenes: they have no other functional groups and at least
one double bond between carbons. In fact, most of these molecules
have many double bonds.
Monoterpene and sesquiterpene alkenes are well-known for their
antioxidant properties.* The large number of double bonds and the
existence of ring structures in these molecules makes them excel-
lent at accepting the lone electrons contained in free radicals.
Properties of Alkene Containing Constituents
Aromatic: Many unique and pleasant fragrances
Topical: Antioxidant benefits for the skin and the tissues
Internal: Antioxidant benefits for the internal organs, may also sup-
port the nervous, immune, digestive, reproductive, integumentary,
and circulatory systems*
Oils high in monoterpene alkenes: Frankincense, Douglas Fir, Blue
Tansy, Lemon, and Wild Orange
Oils high in sesquiterpene alkenes: Ylang Ylang, Black Pepper,
Copaiba, Melissa, and Ginger
3.4 ESTERS
An ester is a functional group that results from the reaction between
an alcohol and an acid. Esters have a central carbon atom double
bonded to an oxygen atom, single bonded to the backbone, and
single bonded to a second oxygen atom (see figures 3.5 and 3.6).
13
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
14
Chapter 3: The Functional Groups and Their Functions
3.5 ETHERS
An ether is a molecule with an
oxygen atom bonded between
two carbons (see figures 12 and
13). In order to be an ether, the
two flanking carbons must only Figure 12: An ether group
have bonds with other carbons
(or hydrogen). Ethers are sometimes found in the main carbon chain
or in ring structures, appearing as if an oxygen had replaced a carbon
in the backbone. They can also be found in the peripheral parts of
some molecules. Ethers are not
very common in monoterpenes.
The monoterpene ether eucalyptol,
also known as 1,8-cineole, is the
most common ether found in
essential oils. Anisole is another
common monoterpene ether.
Sesquiterpenes, on the other hand,
are more likely to contain ether
groups. For instance, curzerene and
Figure 13: An example of an ether
furanoeudsema-1,3-diene are two group in the compound eucalyptol,
sesquiterpene ethers. the main constituent of Eucalyptus oil
3.6 KETONES
A ketone is a molecule with a
carbon atom double bonded to
an oxygen atom (see figures 3.7
and 3.8). The two carbons flanking
this carbon must not be bonded
to any atoms other than carbon
(or hydrogen). Ketone molecules
Figure 3.7: An ketone group
usually have names that end
with the suffix –one. For instance,
menthone and carvone are
ketones. Camphor is also
a notable ketone whose
name doesn’t follow the
normal pattern. Many
sesquiterpenes contain
ketones. Jatamansone,
rotundone, mustakone,
faurinone, davanone,
and leptospermone Figure 3.8: An example of a ketone group
are the names of a few found in Menthone, a constituent of
Peppermint oil.
sesquiterpene ketones.
Properties of Ketone Containing Constituents
Aromatic: Some are energizing and uplifting, others are stabiliz-
ing and grounding. Certain ketones can support feelings of open
airways.
Topical: Repellant properties, may help keep the skin looking clean
Internal: Varies on a case-by-case basis. Most monoterpene ke-
tones support digestive, gastrointestinal, and nervous system func-
16
Chapter 3: The Functional Groups and Their Functions
3.7 PHENOLS
Phenols are a special subtype of
alcohols. A phenol is an alcohol group (an
oxygen and a hydrogen) attached to a
benzene ring (see figures 3.9 and 3.10).
A benzene ring has six carbon atoms
arranged in a hexagon pattern and must
have exactly three double bonds inside
the ring. Because phenols are alcohols,
their names also end with the suffix
Figure 3.9: An phenol group
–ol. Thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol
are the most common
monoterpene phenols.
Sesquiterpene phenols are
fairly uncommon.
Properties of Phenol
Containing Constituents
Aromatic: Invigorating
aroma
Topical: Powerful cleans- Figure 3.10: An example of a phenol group in
ing properties on skin and the compound carvacrol, the primary
constituent of Oregano oil
surfaces
Internal: Antioxidant proper-
ties, support the proper function of cardiovascular, circulatory, di-
gestive, gastrointestinal, immune, nervous, and respiratory systems*
17
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
3.8 PHENYLPROPENES
A phenylpropene group is
characterized by a carbon in
a benzene ring bonded to a
second carbon that is then
bonded to a third carbon with
a double bond (see figures
Figure 3.11: A phenylpropene group
3.11 and 3.12). The third carbon
is single bonded to a fourth
carbon at the end of the
chain. Phenylpropenes
are usually found
in monoterpene
compounds, but they
are not common
in most essential
oils. Anethole and
chavicol (also known Figure 3.8: An example of a phenylpropene g roup in
as estragole) are the the compound anethole, the primary c onstituent of
Fennel oil. Note that anethole also has an ether
two most common group.
phenylpropenes.
Properties of Phenylpropene Containing Constituents
Aromatic: Energizing aroma
Topical: Support overall skin health and appearance
Internal: May support the cardiovascular system and promote
healthy blood flow*
Oils high in monoterpene phenylpropenes: Fennel, Myrtle, Anise,
Star Anise, and Basil
18
Chapter 3: The Functional Groups and Their Functions
3.9 CONCLUSION
Now that you’ve learned about functional groups and the terpene
backbone, you are ready to move on to Parts 2 and 3 of this book. Part
2 contains the most detailed chemical information publicly available
on every single oil currently offered by dōTERRA. Each oil’s func-
tional group content, terpene content, and constituent composition
is listed to help you characterize, compare, contrast, and categorize
oils at your convenience. Part 3 contains detailed information on the
chemical constituents mentioned in part 2. Part 3 details the usage
and benefits of nearly a hundred different constituents and explains
which oils those constituents can be found in, and in what quantities.
While Part 1 was primarily focused on the general concepts under-
lying essential oil chemistry, the rest of this book contains detailed
information on every dōTERRA oil and its chemical constituents.
19
PART 2: A-Z OIL CHEMISTRY
This part of the Oil Chemistry Handbook contains the most detailed
chemical information publicly available on each of dōTERRA’s
single oils. The oil name and botanical name are both included in
the header of each entry, with the suggested uses (Aromatic, Topi-
cal, and Internal) and skin sensitivity (Neat, Sensitive, or Dilute) on
the right side of the header. The middle section of each entry con-
tains information about the potential uses of each oil and the body
systems it may support.
Below the uses and body systems are two pie graphs represent-
ing the chemical composition of each oil, one characterizing its
functional group and the other giving information on the backbone
composition. To the right of these pie charts is a list of the main
constituents that consistently appear at levels at or above 5%. A
percentage range indicates the possible values for the percent
composition of constituent depending on the oil batch. Note that
the percent composition of the main constituents often does not
add up to 100%. This is because there are many additional com-
pounds present in smaller amounts.
One limitation of the information given here is that it doesn’t ad-
dress the topic of chemical diversity. Unfortunately, this aspect of
chemistry is impossible to convey in the form of a simple pie chart
or a short list of constituents. For example, Spikenard and Myrrh are
two incredibly diverse oils, each with potentially hundreds of differ-
ent compounds. It would require many pages to list the names of
all of their constituents. It is important to realize that the presence
of these minor constituents can often give an oil additional ben-
efits that are not associated with its main constituents. Because of
synergy and the interaction between oil constituents, the benefits
of the oils listed in this section may be different than a simple sum
of the benefits of their constituents taken from Part 3.
20
Another limitation is the ecological variance of oil composition.
The exact percent of constituent composition in an essential oil
depends on the geographical location, time of year, and even the
time of day the plants are harvested. The composition of an es-
sential oil isn’t always identical to the percentages presented in
this booklet. However, the percentages given here are considered
standard, meaning that they represent the most likely composi-
tion for each oil. In fact, dōTERRA’s staff of analytical chemists work
hard to ensure that every batch of oil matches these standards
within a reasonable margin.
We hope that you will enjoy having this valuable information at your
fingertips as you browse this reference on essential oil chemistry.
21
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
22 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Arborvitae – Blue Tansy
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 23
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
24 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Cardamom – Clary Sage
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 25
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
26 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Clove – Dill
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 27
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
28 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Douglas Fir – Ginger
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 29
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
30 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Grapefruit – Lavender
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 31
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
32 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Lemon – Melaleuca
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 33
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
34 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Melissa – Petitgrain
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 35
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
36 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Pink Pepper – Sandalwood (Indian)
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 37
Part 2: A-Z Oil Chemistry
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
38 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Siberian Fir – Turmeric
Tangerine Citrus reticulata
Uses: Skin clearing agent, promotes mental altertness and soothes
anxious feelings.
Body Systems: Cardiovascular, Immune, Nervous, Skin*
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use. 39
Vetiver Vetivera zizanioides
Uses: Calming, grounding effect on emotions. Immune-supporting
properties.*
Body Systems: Immune, Nervous
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
40 *Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds presented are not recommended for internal use.
Vetiver – Ylang Ylang
Monoterpene Alcohol Ester Phenol *These statements have not been evaluated by
the Food and Drug Administration. This product
Legend: Sesquiterpene Aldehyde Ketone Ether is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent
Other Alkene Phenylpropene any disease.
41
42
PART 3: ESSENTIAL OIL
CONSTITUENTS
This portion of the Oil Chemistry Handbook presents the chemical
properties of around 80 of the main chemical constituents found
in dōTERRA oils. The name, structure, chemical classification, uses,
and benefits of each compound are listed along with the oils in
which these compounds can be found, and in what percent com-
position. This section is designed to serve as an expansion of the
constituent details provided in the dōTERRA Oil Chemistry Wheel.
It is important to realize that this section of the handbook only
highlights the most abundant essential oil constituents. In reality,
there are hundreds of different monoterpene compounds and over
10,000 different kinds of sesquiterpenes. While most oils are mainly
composed of just a few of the compounds listed in Part 3, many
oils contain close to a hundred other minor constituents present in
small quantities. Interestingly, these minor constituents can make
a major contribution to an oil’s properties. Synergistic effects be-
tween minor constituents can also play an important role in how
the oil interacts with the body and other substances. The scientific
consensus from the current research is that an oil is much more
than the sum of its main compounds. This means that the benefits
of an essential oil may be different than the simple sum of the ben-
efits of its constituents.
Knowing the main constituents in an oil can help you determine
how it fits into a daily usage model and how it can be compared to
other oils. An oil with high levels of a certain constituent will likely
have the properties of that constituent. If a given constituent is use-
ful in a certain context, another oil also containing that constituent
would probably be useful in the same context. These are some of
the foundational principals that we hope you can take from the in-
formation contained in this section of the Oil Chemistry Handbook.
43
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Anethole O Phenylpropene
Sesquiterpene
Aromadendrene Alkene
O
Benzyl acetate Ester
O
alpha- Sesquiterpene
Bergamotene Alkene
Sesquiterpene
Bisabolene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
44 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Anethole - Bisabolene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Insect repellent
Jasmine 0.1-15%
• May promote feelings of open airways
• Copaiba 2-12%
Antioxidant*
• Basil 1-7%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 45
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
O
Bornyl acetate Ester
alpha- Sesquiterpene
Bulnesene Alkene
Monoterpene
Camphene Alkene
Camphor Ketone
Carvacrol Phenol
O H
Carvone Ketone
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
46 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Bornyl Acetate - Carvone
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Spearmint 20-80%
Soothing effect on the body and tissues.*
• Dill 40-65%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 47
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
beta- Sesquiterpene
Caryophyllene Alkene
Sesquiterpene
alpha-Cedrene Alkene
H
O
Cedrol Alcohol
Chamazulene Alkene
O
1,8-Cineole
Ether
(eucalyptol)
O
Cinnamal-
Aldehyde
dehyde
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
48 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
beta-Caryophyllene - Cinnamaldehyde
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Copaiba 45-65%
• Black Pepper 8-46%
• Soothing to the skin and tissues • Ylang Ylang 5-25%
• Yarrow 5-20%
• May reduce the appearance of blemishes • Melissa 1-22%
• Supports a healthy inflammatory response* • Magnolia 1-10%
• Clove 0.6-20%
• Strong antioxidant* • Thyme 0.1-15%
• Frankincense 0.1-10%
• Supports the digestive and circulatory systems* • Pink Pepper 0.1-10%
• Eucalyptus 55-85%
• Surface cleansing properties • Rosemary 30-60%
• May support healthy respiratory system • Cardamom 25-50%
function* • Basil 1-15%
• Peppermint 1-10%
• Powerful antioxidant*
• Supports cellular, liver, brain, and kidney
• Cassia 75-97%
health*
• Cinnamon 45-80%
• Promotes the functions of the digestive,
nervous, and circulatory systems *
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 49
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
O
Cinnamyl O Ester
acetate
O
Citronellol H Alcohol
O O
Citronellyl
Ester
formate
Sesquiterpene
Copaene Alkene
Cuminal Aldehyde
Sesquiterpene
Curcumene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
50 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Cinnamyl Acetate - Curcumene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Helichrysum 2-20%
Internally cleansing*
• Ginger 0.1-10%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 51
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Curzerene Ether
Monoterpene
delta-3-Carene Alkene
2-Decenal O Aldehyde
2-Decenol O Alcohol
H
Phenol/
Eugenol Phenylpropanoid
Sesquiterpene
Farnesene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
52 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Curzerene - Farnesene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Cypress 7-30%
Surface cleansing properties • Siberian Fir 5-20%
• Black Pepper 0.01-21%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 53
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Fenchone Ketone
Furanoeud-
Ether
esma 1,3-diene
O
O
Geranial Aldehyde
O
H
Geraniol Alcohol
Sesquiterpene
Germacrene D Alkene
Sesquiterpene
Guaiene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
54 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Fenchone - Guaiene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Soothing properties
Patchouli 2-25%
• Surface cleansing properties
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 55
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Sesquiterpene
6,9-Guaiadiene Alkene
Sesquiterpene
Gurjunene Alkene
Isovalencenol Alcohol
O
Isoamyl tiglate Ester
Isobutyl O
Ester
angelate
Jatamansone Ketone
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
56 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Guaiadene - Jatamansone
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 57
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Khusimol Alcohol
Lanceol Alcohol
Monoterpene
Limonene Alkene
Linalool Alcohol
H
O
Linalyl acetate
O Ester
Lindestrene Ether
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
58 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Khusimol - Lindestrene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Tangerine 80-99%
• Uplifting, energizing aroma • Grapefruit 90-97%
• Surface, teeth, and skin cleansing properties • Wild Orange 80-97%
• Green Mandarin 63-85%
• May help reduce appearance of skin blemishes • Lemon 55-75%
• Posesses internal cleansing properties* • Lime 40-70%
• Dill 30-55%
• Supports healthy metabolism* • Bergamot 20-55%
• Supports immune, respiratory, gastrointestinal, • Spearmint 5-30%
and nervous system function * • Black Pepper 9-25%
• Frankincense 5-20%
• Coriander 60-75%
• Calming and relaxing aroma • Basil 40-80%
• Surface cleansing properties • Lavender 20-47%
• Petitgrain 15-30%
• May support healthy immune system function • Clary Sage 8-40%
and gastrointestinal health* • Cilantro 10-35%
• Soothes and calms nervous system* • Bergamot 3-20%
• Magnolia 50-80%
• Calming aroma
• Surface cleansing properties
• May support relaxation of smooth muscles*
• Clary Sage 40-75%
• Petitgrain 40-65%
• Supports heart and cardiovascular health
• Lavender 25-45%
• Promotes gastrointestinal health and immune • Bergamot 10-45%
function*
• Soothing and calming effects on the nervous system*
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 59
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Menthol Alcohol
Menthone Ketone
O
O
O
Methyl
Ester
salicylate
O
4-Methylamyl O
Ester
angelate
Monoterpene
Myrcene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
60 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Menthol - Myrcene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Aromatically uplifting and energizing
• Supports feelings of clear breathing
• Surface and skin cleansing properties
• Cooling and soothing effect on the skin Peppermint 20-60%
• Helps maintain a clean and fresh-smelling mouth
• Insect repellant
• May support healthy cellular function and
digestive health *
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 61
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Neral Aldehyde
H
O
Nerol Alcohol
O
Neryl acetate Ester
Monoterpene
Ocimene Alkene
Monoterpene
p-Cymene Alkene
Patchoulol Alcohol
O
H
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
62 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Neral - Patchoulol
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Surface cleansing properties
• May support cellular health*
• May promote healthy cholesterol levels already
• Lemongrass 25-50%
in the normal range*
• Melissa 1-32%
• Calming and relaxing aroma*
• Supports immune system and cognitive
function*
• Thyme 3-35%
May promote healthy cellular function *
• Cumin 3-20%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 63
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
alpha- Monoterpene
Phellandrene Alkene
O
Phytol H Alcohol
O
Phytol acetate Ester
O
Monterpene
alpha-Pinene Alkene
Monoterpene
beta-Pinene Alkene
Monoterpene
Sabinene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
64 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
alpha-Phellandrene - Sabinene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
Blue Tansy 5%
Supports healthy immune response.*
Pink Pepper 5-35%
• Frankincense 25-65%
• Supports cardiovascular, nervous, and
• Cypress 20-65%
digestive systems*
• Juniper Berry 24-55%
• Supports cellular function* • Coriander 5-20%
• Helps gums, teeth, and skin look clean and • Helichrysum 5-20%
healthy • Rosemary 5-20%
• Soothing to the tissues • Siberian Fir 5-20%
• Black Pepper 1-20%
• Aroma has powerful relaxing effects
• Fennel 1-15%
• Douglas Fir 20-40%
• Cumin 4-35%
• Supports immune function and response* • Lime 10-25%
• May help maintain healthy blood glucose • Yarrow 10-30%
levels already in the normal range* • Lemon 6-18%
• Supports healthy respiratory system* • Black Pepper 2-20%
• Bergamot 3-12%
• Blue Tansy 2-10%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 65
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
H
O
Sabinene
Alcohol
Hydrate
Santalol (alpha
Alcohol
and beta)
O H
Sesquiphell- Sesquiterpene
andrene Alkene
O H
Spirojatamol Alcohol
Terpinen-4-ol Alcohol
H O
O
alpha-
Aldehyde
Terpinen-7-al
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
66 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Sabinene Hydrate - Terpinen-7-al
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Uplifting aroma
• Soothes and promotes healthy-looking skin
when used topically • Hawaiian Sandalwood 10-60%
• Indian Sandalwood 10-60%
• Promotes cellular health*
• Supports the digestive and immune systems *
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 67
Part 3: Essential Oil Constituents
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
gamma- Monoterpene
Terpinene Alkene
Terpineol O Alcohol
Monoterpene
Terpinolene Alkene
O
Terpinyl acetate Ester
Monoterpene
alpha-Thujene Alkene
Sesquiterpene
Thujopsene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
68 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
gamma-Terpinene - Thujopsene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Melaleuca 10-55%
• Cumin 3-35%
• Lime 5-20%
• Surface cleansing properties • Marjoram 0.5-20%
• Protects against environmental threats* • Lemon 3-16%
• Bergamot 3-12%
• Coriander 0.1-10%
• Green Mandarin 8-25%
• Eucalyptus 1-15%
Calming and relaxing aroma
• Petitgrain 1-12%
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 69
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry
Structural
Constituent Structure
Classification
Thymol Phenol
H O
ar-Tumerone Ketone
Sesquiterpene
Zingiberene Alkene
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended
70 to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Thymol - Zingiberene
Percent Composition in
Benefits
dōTERRA oils
• Invigorating aroma
• Surface and skin cleansing properties
• Promotes oral health when used in a mouth rinse
• Thyme 30-66%
• May provide antioxidant benefits* • Oregano 0.5-10%
• Supports immune, circulatory, respiratory,
cardiovascular and nervous systems.
• May support bone health.
*Statements marked with asterisks refer to internal use only. Some essential oils containing the compounds
presented are not recommended for internal use. 71
Part 1: The Basics of Essential Oil Chemistry