HANDS ON RELAY SCHOOL, MARCH 2018

PHASOR DATA CONCENTRATOR

DEFINITIONS, FUNCTIONS AND STANDARDS
Ga lina S. Ant o no va , Te chnica l Sa le s Eng ine e r
Agenda

• Int roduct ion

• Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC) def init ion
• IEEE C37.244-2013 Guide
• Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC) f unct ions
• 17 f unct ions def ined by IEEE C37.244-2013 Guide
• Design requirement s
• Lat ency
• Processing
• Dat a reliabilit y
• Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC) st andard – IEEE PC37.247

Slide 2
Int roduct ion

Development s in s ynchro p ha s o r t e chno lo g y id e nt ifie d t he ne e d in no rm a t ive d o cum e nt s fo r

Pha s o r Da t a Co nce nt ra t o rs (PDCs ).

To d a y, t he re is no Pha s o r Da t a Co nce nt ra t o r (PDC) s t a nd a rd . The m o s t co m p le t e d o cum e nt is

Pha s o r Co nce nt ra t o r Guid e – IEEE C37.24 4 p ub lis he d in 20 13.

The IEEE C37.24 4 -20 13 Guid e ha s a lis t o f funct io ns a nd p o s s ib le PDC re q uire m e nt s . It d o e s no t

id e nt ify no rm a t ive a nd o p t io na l fe a t ure s .

Wo rk o n Pha s o r Da t a Co nce nt ra t o r (PDC) St a nd a rd s t a rt e d in 20 13 in IEEE PSRC. The p la n is t o

us e IEEE C37.24 4 funct io n lis t a nd id e nt ify m a nd a t o ry a nd o p t io na l fe a t ure s .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC)
IEEE C37.118.1 def init ion

phasor dat a concent rat or (PDC): A d a t a co nce nt ra t o r (DC) us e d in p ha s o r m e a s ure m e nt s ys t e m s .

Source: IEEE C37.118.2-2011

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or (PDC)
IEEE C37.244-20 13 d e finit io n

phasor dat a concent rat or (PDC): A funct io n t ha t co lle ct s p ha s o r d a t a , a nd d is cre t e e ve nt d a t a fro m PMUs a nd
p o s s ib ly fro m o t he r PDCs , a nd t ra ns m it s d a t a t o o t he r a p p lica t io ns . PDCs m a y b uffe r d a t a fo r a s ho rt t im e p e rio d ,
b ut d o no t s t o re t he d a t a . This g uid e d e fine s a PDC a s a funct io n t ha t m a y e xis t wit hin a ny g ive n d e vice .

Source: IEEE C37.244-2013

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013

The Guide was creat ed per power indust ry request t o assist wit h Smart Grid development s.

The Guide is connect ed t o ot her synchrophasor st andards

• IEEE C37.118.1/ 2 -2011
• IEEE C37.242-2013
• IEC 61850-90-5-2012

The Guide was creat ed by IEEE Power Syst em Relaying Commit t ee (PSRC) Working Group C4.

Working Group Members represent equipment vendors, consult ant s, researches and users of
synchrophasor t echnology.

The guide specif ies concept s t hat are independent f rom synchrophasor measurement and
synchrophasor dat a t ransmission prot ocols such as IEEE C37.118.1/ 2 and IEC 61850-90-5.

Slide 6
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013
Publicat ion and Cont ent

Slide 7
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013
Guide cont ent

• Descript ion of synchrophasor syst ems and t heir component s (same as in IEEE C37.118)

• PDC Funct ions and requirement s (exist ing, and f ut ure f unct ions are included)
Not e t hat Guide does not specif ies applicat ion det ails and is prot ocol independent .

• PDC perf ormance requirement s

• Recommendat ions on t est ing

• Annexes
- Report ing rat e conversion and associat ed f ilt ering
- Lat ency def init ions f rom in IEEE C37.118.1-2011, t hat became a part of IEEE C37.118.1a-2014
st andard.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013
List of 17 possible PDC f unct ions

Cla us e 5 o f t he IEEE C37.24 4 -20 13 PDC Guid e p ro vid e s a d e s crip t io n o f funct io na l re q uire m e nt s
o f t he fo llo wing PDC funct io ns :
a ) Da t a a g g re g a t io n
b ) Da t a fo rwa rd ing
c) Da t a co m m unica t io ns
d ) Da t a va lid a t io n
e ) Da t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co l s up p o rt
f) Da t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co ls co nve rs io n
g ) Da t a fo rm a t a nd co o rd ina t e co nve rs io n
h) Da t a la t e ncy ca lcula t io n

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013
List of 17 p o s s ib le PDC funct io ns

i) Re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n
j) Out p ut d a t a b uffe ring
k) Co nfig ura t io n
l) Pha s e a nd m a g nit ud e a d jus t m e nt
m ) Pe rfo rm a nce m o nit o ring
n) Re d und a nt d a t a ha nd ling
o ) Dup lica t e d a t a ha nd ling
p ) Da t a re -t ra ns m is s io n re q ue s t
q ) Cyb e r s e curit y

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a a g g re g a t io n

Dat a a g g re g a t io n funct io n co uld b e p e rfo rm e d wit h o r wit ho ut t im e a lig nm e nt . It s ho uld

p re s e rve d a t a q ua lit y, t im e q ua lit y, a nd t im e s ynchro niza t io n ind ica t io ns fro m e a ch s ig na l, a nd
includ e t he d a t a q ua lit y info rm a t io n a s s ig ne d b y t he ind ivid ua l s e nd ing d e vice s t o t he o ut p ut
d a t a fra m e s .

It wo uld b e d e s ira b le t o includ e a d d it io na l info rm a t io n a b o ut t he d a t a , s uch a s t he na t ure o f

a ny d a t a m a nip ula t io n d o ne b y t he PDC, e .g ., ca lcula t io n, int e rp o la t io n, e t c. This is curre nt ly no t
p ro vid e d in t he d a t a fra m e s b y IEEE St d C37.118.2-20 11 a nd IEC 61850 -90 -5. Ho we ve r, IEEE
C37.118.2-20 11 p ro vid e s t his info rm a t io n in t he CFG-3 fra m e .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Dat a aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment

• The PDC aligns dat a received f rom PMUs/ PDCs and t ransmit s t he combined dat a in one or
more out put dat a st reams t o ot her PDCs or applicat ions such as archiving, visualizat ion, or
cont rol. Dat a coming int o a PDC has been t imest amped by t he PMU wit h a t ime ref erenced
t o UTC, absolut e t ime.
• Dat a aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment ref ers t o wait ing f or dat a wit h a given t imest amp
f rom all sources, placing t hat dat a in a packet , and f orwarding it . The PDC aligns received
PMU/ PDC dat a according t o t heir t imest amps, not t heir arriving order or arriving t ime.
• Time alignment t o absolut e t ime ref ers t o wait ing no more t han a specif ied absolut e wait
t ime af t er a t imest amp t ime f or dat a wit h t hat t imest amp. This requires t hat t he PDC is
synchronized t o UTC.
• Time alignment t o relat ive t ime ref ers t o wait ing no more t han a specif ied relat ive wait t ime
af t er an event . An event may be t he arrival of t he f irst dat a wit h a specif ic t imest amp.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Dat a aggregat ion wit hout t ime alignment

• For some applicat ions, it is desirable t o receive a set of synchrophasor measurement s wit h
minimum lat ency. However, t o reduce dat a loss due t o lat e dat a arrival, longer wait t imes are
needed. These increase lat ency. To address t hese conf lict ing requirement s (no loss of dat a
due t o lat e arrival and minimum lat ency), a PDC could aggregat e all t he dat a required f or t he
out put dest inat ion wit hout t ime alignment and t ransmit it periodically, f or example, by using
a user-conf igurable input buf f er t ime, as specif ied in IEC 61850.
• Dat a aggregat ion wit hout t ime alignment may include periodic dat a t ransmissions wit h a
user-set t able t ransmission int erval or dat a size.
• As t here are no requirement s f or t ime alignment , t imest amps, dat a cont ent , dat a sequence,
et c. f or an aggregat ed st ream wit hout t ime alignment , t he PDC should ident if y each signal in
it s aggregat ed dat a t ransmissions.
• Not e t hat dat a aggregat ion is perf ormed f rom mult iple input st reams t o one or mult iple
out put st reams.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Dat a f orwarding

• To minimize PDC lat ency, a PDC could support dat a f orwarding. Dat a f orwarding is
perf ormed f rom one input t o one out put , or f rom one input t o mult iple out put s. No dat a
aggregat ion is perf ormed in t his case.
• Dat a f orwarding can be perf ormed wit hout dat a modif icat ion (also ref erred t o as pass
t hrough ) or wit h dat a modif icat ions. Dat a modif icat ion may include dat a f ormat and
coordinat e conversion, phase and magnit ude adjust ment s, decimat ion, int erpolat ion, et c.
• Select ive dat a f orwarding is t he process of select ing and f orwarding a specif ic subset of
dat a t o one or more out put s and anot her subset of t hat dat a t o ot her out put (s). Select ive
dat a f orwarding could also be support ed as a dat a f orwarding f unct ion. Dat a modif icat ion
may or may not be perf ormed in t his case.
• Not e t hat when dat a f orwarding is used, t ime alignment may be perf ormed by t he receiving
end devices or by t he applicat ion, if it is required.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a co m m unica t io n

Dat a communicat ions is one PDC f unct ion t hat allows a PDC t o connect wit h ot her devices via
s e ria l- a nd Et he rne t -b a s e d ne t wo rks . Typ ica lly, a PDC re ce ive s s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a a nd ca rrie s
o ut d a t a a lig nm e nt o r a ny o t he r funct io n o n s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a . In a d d it io n, t he t im e -a lig ne d ,
o r o t he rwis e p ro ce s s e d , d a t a a re t yp ica lly t ra ns m it t e d t o e it he r a d a t a s t o ra g e s ys t e m (int e rna l
o r e xt e rna l t o t he PDC) o r a n a p p lica t io n.

To b e a b le t o p e rfo rm d a t a a lig nm e nt o r a ny o t he r funct io n o n d a t a , a PDC ne e d s t o b e a b le t o

re ce ive s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a . Acco rd ing ly, d a t a co m m unica t io ns us ing s e ria l a nd / o r Et he rne t
ne t wo rks is o ne o f t he funct io ns t ha t a PDC p e rfo rm s .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Co m m unica t io n a s p e ct s

The f ollowing aspect s of s ynchro p ha s o r s ys t e m co m m unica t io ns a re co ve re d

• Phys ica l p o rt s a nd co m m unica t io n cha nne ls

• Et he rne t p o rt s
• TCP/ UDP p ro t o co ls
• IPv4 a nd IPv6
• Mult ica s t ing

• Se ria l p o rt s

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a va lid a t io n

A PDC m a y p e rfo rm b a s ic d a t a va lid a t io n a nd che cking fo r t he d a t a a rriving a t t he PDC. It

includ e s che cking t he d a t a s t a t us fla g s a nd t im e q ua lit y o f a ll PMUs , a nd p e rfo rm ing d a t a
int e g rit y che cks (s uch a s cyclic re d und a ncy che ck [CRC]) o n a ll re ce ive d d a t a .

Any e rro rs d e t e ct e d a nd s us p e ct e d co rrup t d a t a s ho uld b e fla g g e d in o ut p ut d a t a s t re a m (s ).

Mo re a d va nce d d a t a va lid a t io n t e chniq ue s s uch a s m e s s a g e a ut he nt ica t io n t e chniq ue s , e t c.
co uld a ls o b e s up p o rt e d . The s e t e chniq ue s a nd t he ir lim it a t io ns s ho uld b e cle a rly s p e cifie d .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co l

PMU d a t a m a y b e a va ila b le in d iffe re nt s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co ls s uch a s IEEE St d

C37.118.2-20 11, IEEE St d C37.118-20 0 5, IEEE St d 1344 -1995, IEC 61850 -90 -5, a nd ne w p ro file s a s
t he y b e co m e d e fine d . This funct io n a llo ws a PDC t o re ce ive , int e rp re t , a nd t ra ns m it d a t a in t he
s up p o rt e d p ro t o co l. As a m inim um , a PDC s ho uld s up p o rt re ce iving , p a rs ing , int e rp re t ing , a nd
s e nd ing d a t a in co m p lia nce wit h a t le a s t o ne s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co l.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co l co nve rs io n

PMU d a t a m a y b e a va ila b le in d iffe re nt s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a t ra ns fe r p ro t o co ls s uch a s IEEE St d

C37.118, IEEE St d 134 4 -1995, IEC 61850 -90 -5, e t c. If a PDC s up p o rt s m ult ip le s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a
t ra ns fe r p ro t o co ls , it s ho uld co nve rt s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a fro m o ne s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a t ra ns fe r
p ro t o co l t o a no t he r t o t he e xt e nt p o s s ib le .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a fo rm a t a nd co o rd ina t e co nve rs io n

Synchrophasor d a t a m a y a rrive a t a PDC in re ct a ng ula r o r p o la r co o rd ina t e s . In e a ch o f t he s e , it

m a y b e in fixe d int e g e r o r flo a t ing -p o int fo rm a t . A PDC m a y co nve rt d a t a b e t we e n e a ch o f t he s e
fo rm a t s , d e p e nd ing o n t he ne e d s o f t he a p p lica t io ns us e d .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a la t e ncy ca lcula t io n

Lat ency, in a packet -s wit che d ne t wo rk, is t he d e la y t im e b e t we e n a s e nd e r t ra ns m it t ing a

p a cke t a nd a us e r re ce iving it . The re a re m ult ip le s o urce s o f la t e ncy, fo r e xa m p le : t he p hys ica l
d is t a nce b e t we e n t he t wo e nd s o f t he s ys t e m a nd t he p ro ce s s ing o f t he p a cke t in int e rm e d ia t e
ne t wo rk d e vice s .

A PDC m a y ca lcula t e , s t o re , a nd co m m unica t e s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a la t e ncy o f t he d a t a a s it

a rrive s a nd is va lid a t e d a t t he PDC. It m a y a ls o s up p o rt s t a t is t ica l co m p ut a t io ns t o a llo w fo r
a d d it io na l la t e ncy a na lys is .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Lat ency def init ion

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n

A PDC m a y p ro vid e a re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n funct io n. This s ho uld id e a lly includ e b o t h d o wn-
co nve rs io n a nd up co nve rs io n funct io ns .

The PDC s ho uld s up p o rt inp ut ra t e co nve rs io n fro m a ll ra t e s s p e cifie d in IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11

t o o ut p ut s t re a m s ha ving a ny ra t e s p e cifie d in IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11.

Pro p e r filt e ring t e chniq ue s s ho uld b e a p p lie d whe n us ing up - a nd d o wn-co nve rs io n funct io n s o
t ha t t he re s ult ing d a t a s t re a m re m a ins co m p lia nt , t o t he e xt e nt p o s s ib le , wit h s ynchro p ha s o r
m e a s ure m e nt s t a nd a rd IEEE St d C37.118.1-20 11.

Re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n im p a ct o n fre q ue ncy, p ha s o r va lue s , a nd t im e q ua lit y s ho uld b e

d o cum e nt e d b y t he m a nufa ct ure r.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Out p ut d a t a filt e ring

A PDC m a y b uffe r o ut p ut d a t a t o re d uce d a t a lo s s e s in ca s e co m m unica t io n t o o t he r PDCs o r

a p p lica t io ns is int e rrup t e d . PDC o ut p ut b uffe r t im e is d e p e nd e nt o n fa ct o rs s uch a s
co m m unica t io n ro b us t ne s s , d a t a p a t h re d und a ncy ne e d s , s ys t e m a rchit e ct ure , a p p lica t io ns ,
e t c. The s e fa ct o rs a ffe ct PDC m e m o ry re q uire m e nt s .

The d a t a in t he o ut p ut b uffe r co uld b e re -s e nt t o t he d e s t ina t io n, if co m m unica t io ns a re

re s t o re d wit hin a p re -s e t t im e (o ut p ut b uffe r t im e ). The PDC s ho uld a ls o ind ica t e una va ila b ilit y
o f d a t a in t he o ut p ut b uffe r if t he p re -s e t t im e ha s b e e n e xce e d e d . Ho we ve r, t he s e d a t a m a y b e
a va ila b le fro m t he lo ca l a rchive .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Co nfig ura t io n

Conf igurat ion management is one of t he import ant essent ial act ivit ies of a PDC. Co nfig ura t io n
info rm a t io n (in fra m e s o r file s ) is us e d t o s e p a ra t e s ig na l id e nt it ie s , d a t a fo rm a t , a nd o t he r
m e t a d a t a fro m s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a t ra ns m is s io ns .

The b e lo w co nfig ura t io n a s p e ct s a re co ve re d :

• Co nfig ura t io n info rm a t io n m a na g e m e nt
• Co nfig ura t io n va lid a t io n
• Co nfig ura t io n cha ng e m a na g e m e nt
• Init ia t e d b y d a t a s o urce
• Init ia t e d b y d a t a d e s t ina t io n

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Co nfig ura t io n

Conf igurat ion management is one of t he import ant essent ial act ivit ies of a PDC. Co nfig ura t io n
info rm a t io n (in fra m e s o r file s ) is us e d t o s e p a ra t e s ig na l id e nt it ie s , d a t a fo rm a t , a nd o t he r
m e t a d a t a fro m s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a t ra ns m is s io ns .

The b e lo w co nfig ura t io n a s p e ct s a re co ve re d :

• Co nfig ura t io n info rm a t io n m a na g e m e nt
• Co nfig ura t io n va lid a t io n
• Co nfig ura t io n cha ng e m a na g e m e nt
• Init ia t e d b y d a t a s o urce
• Init ia t e d b y d a t a d e s t ina t io n

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Pha s e a nd m a g nit ud e a d jus t m e nt

Bulk t yp e p ha s e a nd m a g nit ud e a d jus t m e nt s a re t ho s e t ha t re q uire la rg e cha ng e s t o t he

p ha s e / m a g nit ud e o f a s ynchro p ha s o r s ig na l. The s e a re us e ful, fo r e xa m p le , whe n a s ig na l ne e d s
t o b e re fe re nce d a cro s s a t ra ns fo rm e r (e .g ., t he PMU is co nne ct e d t o t he 230 kV s id e o f a
t ra ns fo rm e r, b ut s ynchro p ha s o r d a t a a re ne e d e d o n t he 50 0 kV s id e ), whe n t he p ha s e
id e nt ifica t io n o f t he d e s t ina t io n s ys t e m is d iffe re nt (ABC ve rs us ACB) fro m t he s o urce s ys t e m ,
o r whe n t he q ua nt it ie s a re b e ing re fe re nce d a cro s s a wye -d e lt a (o r s t a r-d e lt a ) t ra ns fo rm e r.

A PDC co uld ha ve t he ca p a b ilit y t o a d jus t s ynchro p ha s o r m a g nit ud e s a nd p ha s e s b y us e r-

s e t t a b le p a ra m e t e rs . While it is p o s s ib le t o m o nit o r o r co m p ut e hig h-s id e vo lt a g e fro m t he lo w-
s id e va lue a cro s s a t ra ns fo rm e r, o r vice ve rs a , m a g nit ud e s m a y b e ca lcula t e d wit h re la t ive
a ccura cy us ing t he t urns -ra t io o f t he t ra ns fo rm e r. Ho we ve r, p ha s e a ng le s va ry co ns id e ra b ly a s a
funct io n o f p o we r t ra ns fe r. Ca re s ho uld b e t a ke n whe n us ing t his d a t a t o m a ke a p p ro p ria t e
a ng le co rre ct io ns b a s e d o n t he t ra ns fo rm e r cha ra ct e ris t ics .

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Perf ormance monit oring

• The PDC is t he best place t o monit or t he overall measurement syst em. Monit oring should
include bot h real-t ime report ing and recorded dat a f or hist orical assessment . A PDC may
have perf ormance monit oring f unct ions t o monit or qualit y of dat a and communicat ion wit h
ot her PMUs and PDCs. Perf ormance monit oring includes errors, event s, and overall syst em
operat ion.
• The f irst cat egory of error is t hat report ed by t he dat a source which can be a PMU or anot her
PDC. These condit ions include loss of t ime sync, comput at ion PMU error (as def ined in IEEE
St d C37.118.2-2011), t imest amp error, and invalid dat a (missing or t est condit ion).
• The second error cat egory is communicat ions relat ed issues, such as lost connect ions (when
using a connect ed st at e), buf f er overf low, and relat ed issues det ect able by t he PDC. The
t hird cat egory is int ernal PDC problems such as syst em reset , program error, memory
overf low, et c. These error problems may be recorded wit h a t imest amp and report ed.

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Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Re d und a nt d a t a ha nd ling

To s up p o rt re d und a ncy t he PDC m a y re ce ive re d und a nt d a t a . Re d und a nt d a t a a re cle a rly

d is t inct , a nd t he PDC m a y d e a l wit h t he m a s t ho ug h t he y a re s e p a ra t e d a t a . The PDC s ho uld b e
a b le t o ha nd le re d und a nt d a t a s e nt e it he r in a g g re g a t e d o r t im e a lig ne d PMU s t re a m s .

The PDC m a y a llo w t he us e r t o d e s ig na t e a p re fe rre d s o urce fo r d a t a t o b e includ e d in a n o ut p ut

s t re a m . The PDC m a y a ls o p e rm it t he us e r t o d e s ig na t e a lt e rna t e s o urce (s ) fo r t he o ut p ut
s t re a m if t he p re fe rre d d a t a fa ils t o a rrive . Whe n p o s s ib le t he PDC s ho uld ind ica t e in t he o ut p ut
s t re a m t ha t t he a lt e rna t e d a t a s o urce is us e d .

Slid e 29
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Dup lica t e d a t a ha nd ling

The PDC m a y re ce ive d up lica t e d a t a in t im e a lig ne d a nd a g g re g a t e d d a t a s t re a m s o r d a t a s e nt

b y a lt e rna t e co m m unica t io n p a t hs a nd m a y ne e d t o ha nd le it s o t ha t d up lica t e d a t a a re no t
p ro p a g a t e d .

The PDC s ho uld b e ca p a b le o f d is ca rd ing a ll d a t a d up lica t e s . Fo r e xa m p le , a PDC m a y us e t he

d a t a t ha t a rrive s firs t , a nd d is ca rd t he d up lica t e d a t a t ha t a rrive s la t e r.

Slid e 30
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Da t a re -t ra ns m is s io n re q ue s t

During dat a t ransmission bet ween a PMU and a subst at ion PDC, or bet ween a subst at ion PDC
a nd a co nt ro l ce nt e r PDC, it is p o s s ib le t ha t t he d a t a ne ve r a rrive s a t t he d e s t ina t io n. This co uld
e a s ily ha p p e n wit h UDP fra m e s . It is a ls o kno wn t o ha p p e n wit h TCP fra m e s , whe n t he d a t a
co nne ct io n is d ro p p e d a ft e r a re a ching a t im e o ut a nd ha s t o b e re -e s t a b lis he d .

The d a t a s o urce (e .g ., a PMU o r a PDC) m a y s up p o rt d a t a s t o ra g e t o ha nd le t his s it ua t io n. This

s t o ra g e ne e d a ffe ct s PDC m e m o ry re q uire m e nt s .

The d a t a s o urce ne e d s t o b e m a d e a wa re t ha t t he d a t a ha s no t re a che d it s d e s t ina t io n. A PDC

m a y im p le m e nt a d a t a re t rie va l m e cha nis m t o re q ue s t t he d a t a s o urce t o re -t ra ns m it t he d a t a
t ha t fa ile d t o a rrive .

Slid e 31
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Funct ions
Cyb e r s e curit y

When a p p lie d t o PDCs , cyb e r s e curit y s ho uld e va lua t e a ll PDC int e rfa ce s while m a int a ining t he
re lia b ilit y o f t he PDC. PDC cyb e r s e curit y like ly g o e s b e yo nd s im p ly s e curing s ynchro p ha s o r
co m m unica t io ns , b ut a ny co m m unica t io ns a nd a cce s s t o t he PDC. Se curit y p ra ct ice s t ha t a re
p o o rly a p p lie d t o PDCs m a y d e g ra d e PDC p e rfo rm a nce a nd / o r funct io na lit y.

A PDC m a y b e co nne ct e d t o “unt rus t e d ne t wo rks ” a s we ll a s PMU(s ). Se curing t ho s e ne t wo rk

co nne ct io ns is m o re t ha n jus t s e curing s ynchro p ha s o rs a nd is b e yo nd t he s co p e o f t his g uid e .

Slid e 32
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide - IEEE C37.244-2013
PDC p e rfo rm a nce re q uire m e nt s

Clause 6 o f t he IEEE C37.24 4 -20 13 PDC Guid e d e fine s PDC p e rfo rm a nce re q uire m e nt s :

a) PDC La t e ncy
b) Ro b us t ne s s
c) Enviro nm e nt a l
d) Ava ila b ilit y a nd re lia b ilit y
e) PDC d a t a p ro ce s s ing

Slid e 33
PDC Perf ormance requirement s
PDC la t e ncy

PDC la t e ncy is d e p e nd e nt o n t he PDC o p e ra t io n m o d e .

PDC o p e ra t io n m o d e s includ e
• Da t a fo rwa rd ing
• Da t a a g g re g a t io n
• Wit ho ut t im e a lig nm e nt
• Wit h t im e a lig nm e nt
- t o a b s o lut e t im e re fe re nce
- t o re la t ive t im e re fe re nce nce

PDC la t e ncy is a n im p o rt a nt m e a s ure m e nt a nd it s va lue s ho uld b e a g re e d t o b e t we e n t he

m a nufa ct ure r a nd t he us e r fo r a g ive n PDC o p e ra t io n m o d e e m p lo ye d b y t he us e r.

Slid e 34
Dat a aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment t o absolut e t ime
Perf ormance requirement s

• Descript ion

Source: IEEE C37.244-2013

Slid e 35
Dat a Aggregat ion wit h t ime alignment t o relat ive t ime

Source: IEEE C37.244-2013

Slide 36
PDC Perf ormance requirement s
Enviro nm e nt a l, a va ila b ilit y a nd re lia b ilit y re q uire m e nt s

A PDC s ho uld b e co m p lia nt t o e nviro nm e nt a l s t a nd a rd s , e .g ., IEEE St d 1613-20 0 9 a nd

Am e nd m e nt 1-20 10 , IEC 61850 -3, a s a p p lica b le b a s e d o n s ys t e m d e s ig n a nd PDC lo ca t io n.

A PDC s ho uld m e e t a va ila b ilit y a nd re lia b ilit y re q uire m e nt s co ns is t e nt wit h t he a p p lica t io ns .

Re lia b ilit y is a p a ra m e t e r t ha t ca n b e “a llo ca t e d .” Tha t is , re lia b ilit y g o a ls ca n b e s e t fo r
ind ivid ua l s ub s ys t e m s (o f which t he PDC m a y b e o ne ) in o rd e r t o re a ch a s p e cific re lia b ilit y g o a l
fo r a n o ve ra ll s ys t e m . Such a t e chniq ue re q uire s t ha t t he d e ve lo p m e nt e ffo rt a nd ris k b e
b a la nce d a m o ng t he s ub s ys t e m s . Such co ns id e ra t io ns a re b e yo nd t he s co p e o f t his g uid e .

Slid e 37
PDC Perf ormance requirement s
PDC d a t a p ro ce s s ing

PDC m a nufa ct ure rs s ho uld s p e cify t he im p a ct o f PDC d a t a p ro ce s s ing a s m a xim um m a g nit ud e

d iffe re nce , m a xim um p ha s e d iffe re nce , a nd m a xim um p ha s o r va lue d iffe re nce b e t we e n t he
inp ut d a t a a nd t he o ut p ut d a t a . PDC m a nufa ct ure rs s ho uld a ls o s p e cify t he m a xim um PDC
la t e ncy und e r a ny g ive n co nfig ura t io n.

PDC d a t a p ro ce s s ing m a y includ e filt e ring , re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n, int e rp o la t io n,

e xt ra p o la t io n, p ha s e a nd m a g nit ud e a d jus t m e nt , e t c. Fo r e a ch o f t he s e ca s e s a t e s t m e t ho d
s ho uld b e d e ve lo p e d s p e cifying we ll-d e fine d inp ut s a nd e xp e ct e d o ut p ut s .

Slid e 38
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013
Te s t ing

Test ing can be divided int o several ca t e g o rie s , t he fo llo wing t e s t s a re d e s crib e d :
• Co nfo rm a nce t e s t s
• De s ig n t e s t s
• Typ e t e s t s
• Int e ro p e ra b ilit y t e s t s
• Co m m is s io ning t e s t s
• Fie ld t e s t s
• Cyb e r s e curit y t e s t s
• Ap p lica t io n-s p e cific t e s t s

Ela b o ra t e d e s crip t io ns a re p ro vid e d o n t e s t int e rfa ce s , t e s t s e t up s a nd re p o rt ing

Slid e 39
Test ing
Synchrophasor d a t a la t e ncy m e a s ure m e nt s
An a ct ua l GPS t im e re fe re nce o r a GPS s im ula t o rs
co uld b e us e d a s a t im e s o urce .

De p e nd ing o n t he d e s ire d a ccura cy a nd t e s t t a rg e t s ,

va rio us t e s t s e t up s a re p o s s ib le , o ne is s ho wn o n t his
fig ure .

It is e xp e ct e d t ha t PMUs ha ve t he ir int e rna l ca lcula t io n

a nd PMU re p o rt ing la t e ncy.

The d a t a is t he n s e nt o ve r t he ne t wo rk t o t he PDC
und e r t e s t , s ho wn a s PDC n .

The PDC n processes t he input dat a and sends it over

t he net work t o a higher level PDC.

Slid e 4 0
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013
Anne x B: Re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n a nd a s s o cia t e d filt e ring

De s crib e s t he d e t a ils o f re p o rt ing ra t e co nve rs io n fo r M cla s s d a t a a nd a s s o cia t e d filt e ring .

In s ig na l p ro ce s s ing , a lia s ing re fe rs t o t he e ffe ct o f s a m p ling a hig h-fre q ue ncy s ig na l a t a lo w

ra t e . In o rd e r t o a vo id t he a lia s ing p he no m e no n, t he Nyq uis t –Sha nno n s a m p ling t he o re m
re q uire s t ha t t he s a m p ling ra t e b e hig he r t ha n t wice t he hig he s t fre q ue ncy co nt a ine d in t he
s ig na l. If t he s a m p ling ra t e d o e s no t m e e t t he re q uire m e nt , t he n hig he r fre q ue ncie s will a lia s t o
lo we r fre q ue ncie s .

Slid e 4 1
Phasor Dat a Concent rat or Guide – IEEE C37.244-2013
Anne x C: IEEE C37.118.1 la t e ncy d is cus s io n

Pro vid e s b a ckg ro und info rm a t io n t ha t m a y b e o f us e while int e rp re t ing t he IEEE St d C37.118.1-
20 11 la t e ncy s p e cifica t io n. Two d e finit io ns we re a na lyze d a nd re s o lve d in C37.118.1a -20 14

For purposes of t his st andard, PMU report ing lat ency is def ined as t he maximum t ime int erval bet ween
t he dat a report t ime as indicat ed by t he dat a t imest amp, and t he t ime when t he dat a becomes available
at t he PMU out put (denot ed by t he f irst t ransit ion of t he f irst bit of t he out put message at t he
communicat ion int erf ace point ).

Lat ency in measurement report ing is t he t ime delay f rom when an event occurs on t he power syst em t o
t he t ime t hat it is report ed in dat a. This lat ency includes many f act ors, such as t he window over which
dat a is gat hered t o make a measurement , t he est imat ion met hod, measurement f ilt ering, t he PMU
processing t ime, and where t he event occurs wit hin t he report ing int erval. The report ing rat e and
perf ormance class are of t en t he largest f act ors, since t hese will det ermine t he measurement window,
f ilt ering, and t he lengt h of t he int erval over which an event will be report ed.

Slid e 4 2
IEEE C37.118.1 lat ency discussion
Illus t ra t io ns t o t wo la t e ncy d e finit io ns

Slid e 4 3
IEEE C37.118.1 lat ency discussion
PMU re p o rt ing la t e ncy a nd la t e ncy in m e a s ure m e nt re p o rt ing

Slid e 4 4
IEEE PC37.247 PDC St andard – work in progress

Not required
Only f loat ing/ polar

Only phase

Def ined by t he user

Syst em requirement

Slide 45
Conclusions

• Many synchrophasor applicat ions require phasor dat a concent rat or(s) – PDCs

• PDC f unct ions are current ly def ined in IEEE C37.244-2013 PDC Guide

• PDC st andard IEEE PC37.247 is current ly under development by IEEE PSRC

• As no indust ry st andard exist s t oday, PDC f unct ionalit y and perf ormance dif f er by vendors

• Ot her development s are on-going:

- Report on mapping bet ween IEEE C37.118.2 and IEC 61850-90-5 dat a
- New synchrophasor prot ocol, led by Grid Aut omat ion Alliance Gat eway development s

Slid e 4 6