Scribd
Upload
249 views21 pages

Oscillators - EDC PDF

Oscillators generate oscillating signals and are characterized by their wave shape, frequency, amplitude, and stability. There are two main types of oscillations - damped and undamped. Damped oscillations have reducing amplitude over time due to energy losses, while undamped oscillations maintain constant amplitude due to energy being supplied to overcome losses. Oscillators are used to generate signals in applications like receivers, transmitters, digital clocks, and oscilloscopes. Common oscillator circuits include the phase shift oscillator, Wien bridge oscillator, and tuned oscillator circuits like the Colpitts, Hartley, and crystal oscillator.

Uploaded by

anjana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
249 views21 pages

Oscillators - EDC PDF

Oscillators generate oscillating signals and are characterized by their wave shape, frequency, amplitude, and stability. There are two main types of oscillations - damped and undamped. Damped oscillations have reducing amplitude over time due to energy losses, while undamped oscillations maintain constant amplitude due to energy being supplied to overcome losses. Oscillators are used to generate signals in applications like receivers, transmitters, digital clocks, and oscilloscopes. Common oscillator circuits include the phase shift oscillator, Wien bridge oscillator, and tuned oscillator circuits like the Colpitts, Hartley, and crystal oscillator.

Uploaded by

anjana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Oscillators

Oscillation:
an effect that repeatedly and regularly fluctuates
about the mean value

Oscillator:
circuit that produces oscillation

Characteristics:
wave-shape, frequency, amplitude, distortion,
stability
Damped and Undamped Oscillations
Damped Oscillations:

In such a case, during each oscillation,


some energy is lost due to electrical
losses (I2R), or due to some forced
damping provided on the oscillation.

The amplitude of the oscillation will be


reduced to zero as no compensating
arrangement for the electrical losses is
provided.

The only parameters that will remain


unchanged are the frequency or time
period.

They will change only according to the


circuit parameters.
Damped and Undamped Oscillations
Undamped Oscillations:
Undamped oscillations have constant
amplitude oscillations.

The correct amount of undamped


oscillations will be obtained only if the
correct amount of energy is supplied to
overcome the losses at the right time in
each cycle.

The resulting “undamped oscillations” are


called sustained oscillations.

Such sustained oscillations or continuous


waves are required to be produced by the
electronic oscillator circuits.
Application of Oscillators

Oscillators are used to generate signals, e.g.


• Used as a local oscillator to transform the
RF signals to IF signals in a receiver;
• Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter
• Used to generate clocks in digital systems;
• Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.
Oscillator Operation: Barkhausen Criteria
• The use of positive feedback that results in a feedback amplifier
having closed-loop gain |Af | greater than 1 and satisfies the phase
conditions will result in operation as an oscillator circuit.

When the switch at the amplifier input is open, no oscillation occurs.

• Consider that we have a fictitious voltage at the amplifier input (Vi).


• This results in an output voltage Vo = AVi after the amplifier stage and
• In a voltage Vf = β(AVi) after the feedback stage. Thus, we have a
feedback voltage Vf=β AVi,
• where βA is referred to as the loop gain.
• If the circuits of the base amplifier and feedback network provide βA of
a correct magnitude and phase, Vf can be made equal to Vi.

• Then, when the switch is closed and fictitious voltage Vi is removed,


the circuit will continue operating since the feedback voltage is
sufficient to drive the amplifier and feedback circuits resulting in a
proper input voltage to sustain the loop operation.

• The output waveform will still exist after the switch is closed if the
condition
βA= 1
This is known as the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation.

The condition βA = 1 must be satisfied for self-sustained


oscillations to result.
In practice, βA is made greater than 1.
System starts oscillating by amplifying noise voltage, which is always present.

Requirement for Oscillator

• Amplifier Gain with feedback Af = A/(1+ βA )


• Here if βA = -1 or βA of Magnitude of 1 and phase of 180°,
• Gain Af becomes Infinite. Thus a very small signal ( a noise) at its input also
will be amplified to give oscillatory output.
Phase Shift Oscillator
Idealized Phase Shift
Oscillator should provide 180°
Phase shift through Feedback Network
to the Amplifier.

Combination of single R and C Network


should give average 60° Phase Shift, so
total 180° Phase Shift can be achieved.

But Practically Each Set of RC Network


Loads the Previous Set. So, total phase
shift of 180° at last stage of RC Network
is important. This Phase shift is
achieved at one frequency,
1
fr 
2 6 RC
Phase Shift Oscillator

Also, the Passive Network of R and C attenuates the signal, and the analysis
shows that it attenuates it by factor of 1/29. i.e.

Β = 1/29
So, the Basic Amplifier should provide the Gain A ≥ 29 to satisfy Oscillator
requirement of

βA ≥ 1
FET Phase Shift Oscillator
• The amplifier stage is self-biased with
a capacitor CS bypassed source
resistor RS and a drain bias resistor RD .

• Device Parameters of FET Amplifier are


gm and rd.

• FET Amplifier Gain

|A|=gmRL where

• Assume FET Input Impedance as Infinite


• Output Impedance RL should be small so that
it do not load the feedback network of RC
Elements .
• As Practically all these not possible, the Gain
of the Amplifier is set more than 29.
Example : FET Phase Shift Oscillator
For gm=5000 μS , rd=40 KΩ and Feedback Network Element R=10 KΩ
• Select Value of C for Oscillation Frequency of 1 KHz and
• RD for A>29
1
fr 
2 6 RC

So,

Take A = 40 > 29 to find RL from |A|=gmRL

So,

As,
Transistor Phase Shift Oscillator

• Basic Amplifier is Transistor, which


offers very low input resistance of hie,
as load to the feedback RC Network.

• Here Basic Amplifier is having Voltage


Shunt Feedback Circuit. So its Input
Resistance with feedback will be
further reduced.

• With this Amplifier Configuration,


Oscillator Feedback Phase Shift
Network is connected by resistance R’
in series with amplifier input resistance
Ri.
• Barkhausen Criterion, satisfied at the
frequency obtained from the analysis
of the network is,
Transistor Phase Shift Oscillator

• And to have loop gain more


than unity, amplifier gain of
transistor should be,

Phase Shift Oscillators can be used for frequencies in the


range of several hundred to several kilohertz.
Wien Bridge Oscillator

• The op-amp output is


connected as the bridge
input at points a and c.

• The bridge circuit output


at points b and d is the
input to the op-amp.

• Neglecting loading
effects of the op-amp And,
input and output
impedances, the analysis For, R1= R2 =R and C1=C2=C
of the bridge circuit
results in And

Thus a ratio of R3 to R4 greater than 2 will provide


sufficient loop gain for the circuit to oscillate at
the frequency calculated using Equation of fo.
Example : Wien Bridge Oscillator
1. Calculate the resonant frequency of the Wien bridge oscillator
Example : Wien Bridge Oscillator
2. Design the RC elements of a Wien bridge oscillator for operation at fo = 10 kHz.

Take R=100 K and


Calculate the
Capacitor for the
given oscillator
frequency

We can use R3 =300 k and R4 =100 k to provide a ratio R3/R4 greater than 2
for oscillation to take place.
Tuned Oscillator Circuits

Colpitts Oscillator FET COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

The oscillator frequency can be found to be

Where,
BJT COLPITTS OSCILLATOR IC COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

The oscillator frequency for BJT or IC Oscillators can be found to be


Hartley Oscillator
FET HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

• Inductors L1 and L2 have a mutual coupling,


M, which must be taken into account in
determining the equivalent inductance for
the resonant tank circuit.
• The circuit frequency of oscillation is then
given approximately by

Where,
Hartley Oscillator
BJT HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

• The circuit frequency of


oscillation is then given
approximately by

You might also like