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One System Couldn't Communicate With Another, Leading To The Need For

The document discusses various technologies for connecting home computers to the Internet such as phone modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL), and cable modems, and how messages are divided into packets and routed through networks using protocols like TCP and IP. It also covers topics like broadband connections, network protocols, domain name system (DNS) for translating hostnames to IP addresses, and firewalls for protecting networks.

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65 views3 pages

One System Couldn't Communicate With Another, Leading To The Need For

The document discusses various technologies for connecting home computers to the Internet such as phone modems, digital subscriber lines (DSL), and cable modems, and how messages are divided into packets and routed through networks using protocols like TCP and IP. It also covers topics like broadband connections, network protocols, domain name system (DNS) for translating hostnames to IP addresses, and firewalls for protecting networks.

Uploaded by

rita
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Metropolitan-area network (MAN) The communication infrastructures that have been developed in and around large

cities
Internet backbone A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet traffic
These networks are provided by companies such as AT&T, GTE, and IBM
Internet service provider (ISP) A company that provides other companies or individuals with access to the Internet
There are various technologies available that you can use to connect a home computer to the Internet
A phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a
modem at the destination converts it back again into data
A digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines to transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s
central office
A cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals come in on to transfer the data back and forth
Broadband A connection in which transfer speeds are faster than 128 bits per second
DSL connections and cable modems are broadband connections
The speed for downloads (getting data from the Internet to your home computer) may not be the same as uploads
(sending data from your home computer to the Internet)
To improve the efficiency of transferring information over a shared communication line, messages are divided into fixed-
sized, numbered packets
Network devices called routers are used to direct packets between networks
Proprietary system A system that uses technologies kept private by a particular commercial vendor
One system couldn’t communicate with another, leading to the need for
Interoperability The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines and from multiple commercial vendors to
communicate
Leading to
Open systems Systems based on a common model of network architecture and a suite of protocols used in its
implementation

Network protocols are layered such that each one relies on the protocols that underlie it
Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol


TCP software breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP software for delivery, and then orders and
reassembles the packets at their destination
IP stands for Internet Protocol
IP software deals with the routing of packets through the maze of interconnected networks to their final
destination
UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol
It is an alternative to TCP
The main difference is that TCP is highly reliable, at the cost of decreased performance, while UDP is less reliable, but
generally faster
Other protocols build on the foundation established by the TCP/IP protocol suite
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http)
Related to the idea of network protocols and standardization is the concept of a file’s MIME type
MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
Based on a document’s MIME type, an application program can decide how to deal with the data it is given
Firewall A machine and its software that serve as a special gateway to a network, protecting it from inappropriate
access
Filters the network traffic that comes in, checking the validity of the messages as much as possible and perhaps denying
some messages altogether
Enforces an organization’s access control policy
Hostname A unique identification that specifies a particular computer on the Internet
For example
matisse.csc.villanova.edu
condor.develocorp.com
Network software translates a hostname into its corresponding IP address
For example
205.39.145.18
An IP address can be split into
network address, which specifies a specific network
host number, which specifies a particular machine in that network
A hostname consists of the computer name followed by the domain name
csc.villanova.edu is the domain name
A domain name is separated into two or more sections that specify the organization, and possibly a subset of an
organization, of which the computer is a part
Two organizations can have a computer named the same thing because the domain name makes it clear which one is
being referred toThe domain name system (DNS) is chiefly used to translate hostnames into numeric IP addresses
DNS is an example of a distributed database
If that server can resolve the hostname, it does so
If not, that server asks another domain name server

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