A Project work

Entitled
“SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLES AND THE EFFECT OF NaCl
ON THE ZETA POTENTIAL”

By

Dip Chatterjee
Exam roll no. - MPE1632005

M.Sc. Physics

JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY

KOLKATA, WEST BENGAL

Under the Supervision

Of

Dr. Sanat Karmakar

Department of Physics

Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032

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Acknowledgement

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr.

Sanat Karmakar for providing me with this wonderful opportunity to
work under his guidance. Without his help and guidance, this project would
not have been completed.

I would also like to thank Mr. Animesh Halder and Mr. Pabitra Maity for
their endless help, support and cooperation. I am deeply indebted to him.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to other lab members for their
support and many useful suggestions.

I would also like to thank all the members of Physics Department for giving
me such a wonderful opportunity to work here.

Date: 04th July,2016

Jadavpur, Kolkata.

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 Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700032.

Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “Synthesis of silver nano particles and the effect

of nacl on the zeta potential”submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of MASTER OF

SCIENCE to the Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata – 700032, done by Mr. Dip
Chatterjee, examination roll No - MPE1632005,is an authentic work carried out by him at the
Department of Physics, Jadavpur University under the guidance of Dr. Sanat Karmakar. The matter
embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma to
the best of our knowledge and belief.

Head, Project Supervisor Project Coordinator

Department of Physics, Department of Physics
Jadavpur University, Jadavpur University
Kolkata – 700032 Kolkata – 700032.

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 CONTENTS:

Chapter 1

 Introduction

 Silver nanoparticles
 Uses of silver nano particles

 How Silver Nanoparticles Kill Bacteria

 Zeta potential
 Colloidal Stability and DVLO Theory
 Zeta potential and the Electrical double layer
 Factors Affecting Zeta Potential
 Electrokinetic Effects

Chapter 2

 Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles

 Apparatus used
 Preparation Of Silver Nano particles

Chapter 3
 Experimental Techniques
 Dynamic Light Scattering

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Chapter 4

 Characterization of Nano particles by dynamic light

Scattering techniques: Results & Discussions
 Size distribution of Silver nano particles:
 Zeta potential measurement of the silver nano particles
 A study on stabilization of silver nano particles for
different concentration of NaCl solution
 Preperation
 Variation of zeta potential for different
concentration of NaCl solution
 Conclusion

 References

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Chapter 1

 Introduction
Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are
effectively a bridge between bulk materials and atomic
or molecular structures. A bulk material should have
constant physical properties regardless of its size, but at
the nanoscale, size-dependent properties are often
observed. Thus, the properties of the materials change
as their size approaches the nanoscale and the
percentage of atoms at the surface of a material
becomes significant. For bulk materials larger than one
micrometre the percentage of atoms at the surface is
insignificant as compared to the number of atoms in the
bulk of the material. Over the last decades silver
nanoparticles have found applications in catalysis,
optics, electronics and other areas due to their unique
size-dependent optical, electrical and magnetic
properties. Currently most of the applications of silver
nanoparticles are in antibacterial/antifungal agents in
biotechnology and bioengineering, textile engineering,
water treatment, and silver-based consumer products.

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  Silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles easily interact with other particles

and increase their antibacterial efficiency moreover have
received considerable attention due to their attractive
physical, chemical and optical properties. The optical
properties of silver nanoparticles are highly dependent on the
nanoparticle diameter and refractive index near the
nanoparticle surface.

 Uses of silver nanoparticles

I. Diagnostic Applications: Silver nanoparticles are
used in biosensors where they can be used as
biological tags for quantitative detection.
II. Antibacterial Applications: Silver nanoparticles are
incorporated in footwear, paints, wound dressings,
appliances, cosmetics, and plastics for their
antibacterial properties. Silver nanoparticles are now
replacing silver sulfadiazine as an effective agent in
the treatment of wounds.
III. Conductive Applications: Silver nanoparticles are
used in conductive inks and integrated into
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 composites to enhance thermal and electrical
conductivity.
IV. Washing Machine: Silver Wash Technology, with
superb bacteria killing capabilities where 400 billion
silver ions are released and penetrate deep into fabric
for effective sanitization are used in washing
machines. Silver Wash Nano technology, combining
the disinfectant and antibiotic properties of electrolytic
silver Nano-particles (Ag+), removes 99.9% of harmful
germs without having to wash clothes in hot water,
thus saving electricity and disinfectant detergents like
bleach, which leads to fabric’s colour loss.
V. Refrigerator :When Silver Nano particles in
refrigerator come into contact with bacteria, they
suppress the respiration of bacteria. This, in turn,
adversely affects bacteria’s cellular metabolism and
inhibits cell growth. As a result the Silver Nano
particles coat the inner surfaces of refrigerator with
Silver Nano ions for an overall anti-bacterial and anti-
fungal effect. As air circulates, the coated surfaces
allow the silver ions to control the airborne bacteria.
The spread of fungi and bacteria refrigerators is
prevented leading to healthiest and purest food. .

 How Silver Nanoparticles Kill Bacteria

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 Zeta potential

Zeta potential is a scientific term for electrokinetic potential

in colloidal dispersions. In the colloidal chemistry literature, it is
usually denoted using the Greek letter zeta (ζ), hence ζ
potential.
From a theoretical viewpoint, the zeta potential is the electric
potential in the interfacial double layer (DL) at the location of the
slipping plane relative to a point in the bulk fluid away from the
interface. In other words, zeta potential is the potential difference

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 between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid
attached to the dispersed particle. The zeta potential is caused
by the net electrical charge contained within the region bounded
by the slipping plane, and also depends on the location of that
plane. Thus it is widely used for quantification of the magnitude
of the charge.

 Colloidal Stability and DVLO Theory

The scientists Derjaguin, Verwey, Landau and Overbeek
developed a theory in the 1940s which dealt with the stability of
colloidal systems. DVLO theory suggests that the stability of a
particle in solution is dependent upon its total potential
energy function VT. This theory recognizes that VT is the
balance of several competing contributions: VT = VA + VR + VS
VS is the potential energy due to the solvent, it usually only
makes a marginal contribution to the total potential energy over
the last few nanometers of separation. Much more important is
the balance between VA and VR, these are the attractive and
repulsive contributions. They potentially are much larger and
operate over a much larger distance VA = -A/(12 π D2).
where A is the Hamaker constant and D is the particle
separation. The repulsive potential VR is a far more complex
function.
VR = 2 π  a 2 exp(-kD)
DVLO theory suggests that the stability of a colloidal system is
determined by the sum of these van der Waals attractive (VA)
and electrical double layer repulsive (VR) forces that exist
between particles as they approach each other due to the
Brownian motion they are undergoing. This theory proposes
that an energy barrier resulting from the repulsive force
prevents two particles approaching one another and adhering
together . But if the particles collide with sufficient energy to
overcome that barrier, the attractive force will pull them into
contact where they adhere strongly and irreversibly together.
Therefore if the particles have a sufficiently high
repulsion, the dispersion will resist flocculation and the
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 colloidal system will be stable. However if a repulsion
mechanism does not exist then flocculation or coagulation will
eventually take place.

Figure : Schematic diagram of the variation of free energy with

particle separation at higher salt concentrations showing the
possibility of a secondary minimum.

If the zeta potential is reduced (e.g. in high salt concentrations),

there is a possibility of a “secondary minimum” being created,
where a much weaker and potentially reversible adhesion
between particles exists . These weak flocs are sufficiently stable not
to be broken up by Brownian motion, but may disperse under an
externally applied force such as vigorous agitation. Therefore to
maintain the stability of the colloidal system, the repulsive forces
must be dominant. How can colloidal stability be achieved? There
are two fundamental mechanisms that affect dispersion stability
:
 Steric repulsion - this involves polymers added to the system
adsorbing onto the particle surface and preventing the particle
surfaces coming into close contact. If enough polymer adsorbs,
the thickness of the coating is sufficient to keep particles
separated by steric repulsions between the polymer layers, and
at those separations the van der Waals forces are too weak to
cause the particles to adhere.

 Electrostatic or charge stabilization - this is the effect on

particle interaction due to the distribution of charged species
in the system. Each mechanism has its benefits for particular
systems. Steric stabilization is simple, requiring just the

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 addition of a suitable polymer. However it can be difficult to
subsequently flocculate the system if this is required, the
polymer can be expensive and in some cases the polymer is
undesirable e.g. when a ceramic slip is cast and sintered, the
polymer has to be ‘burnt out’. This causes shrinkage and can
lead to defects.
Electrostatic or charge stabilization has the benefits of
stabilizing or flocculating a system by simply altering the
concentration of ions in the system. This is a reversible
process and is potentially inexpensive. It has long been
recognised that the zeta potential is a very good index of
the magnitude of the interaction between colloidal particles
and measurements of zeta potential are commonly used to
assess the stability of colloidal systems.

 Zeta potential and the Electrical double layer

The development of a net charge at the particle surface

affects the distribution of ions in the surrounding interfacial
region, resulting in an increased concentration of counter ions
(ions of opposite charge to that of the particle) close to the
surface. Thus an electrical double layer exists around each
particle. The liquid layer surrounding the particle exists as two
parts; an inner region, called the Stern layer, where the ions are
strongly bound and an outer, diffuse, region where they are
less firmly attached. Within the diffuse layer there is a notional
boundary inside which the ions and particles form a stable
entity. When a particle moves (e.g. due to gravity), ions within
the boundary move with it, but any ions beyond the boundary
do not travel with the particle. This boundary is called the
surface of hydrodynamic shear or slipping plane. The potential
that exists at this boundary is known as the Zeta potential.

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The magnitude of the zeta potential gives an indication of
the potential stability of the colloidal system. A colloidal
system is when one of the three states of matter: gas, liquid
and solid, are finely dispersed in one of the others. For this
technique we are interested in the two states of: a solid
dispersed in a liquid, and a liquid dispersed in a liquid, i.e. an
emulsion. If all the particles in suspension have a large
negative or positive zeta potential then they will tend to repel
each other and there is no tendency to flocculate. However, if
the particles have low zeta potential values then there is no
force to prevent the particles coming together and flocculating.
The general dividing line between stable and unstable
suspensions is generally taken at either +30mV or -30mV.
Particles with zeta potentials more positive than +30mV or
more negative than -30mV are normally considered stable.

 Factors Affecting Zeta Potential

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 (1) pH
In aqueous media, the pH of the sample is one of the most
important factors that affects its zeta potential. A zeta potential
value on its own without defining the solution conditions is a
virtually meaningless number. Imagine a particle in suspension
with a negative zeta potential. If more alkali is added to this
suspension then the particles tend to acquire more negative
charge. If acid is added to this suspension then a point will
bereached where the charge will be neutralised. Further
addition of acid will cause a build up of positive charge.
Therefore a zeta potential versus pH curve will be positive at
low pH and lower or negative at high pH. There may be a point
where the plot passes through zero zeta potential. This point is
called the isoelectric point and is very important from a practical
consideration. It is normally the point where the colloidal
system is least stable. A typical plot of zeta potential versus pH
is shown in figure. In this example, the isoelectric point of the
sample is at approximately pH 5.5. In addition, the plot can be
used to predict that the sample should be stable at pH values
less than 4 (sufficient positive charge is present) and greater
than pH 7.5 (sufficient
negative charge is present). Problems with dispersion stability
would be expected at pH values between 4 and 7.5 as the zeta
potential values are between +30 and -30mV.

Figure :Typical plot of zeta potential versus pH showing the position of the isoelectric point and the
pH values where the dispersion would be expected to be stable

2. Conductivity

The thickness of the double layer depends upon the

concentration of ions in solution and can be calculated from the
ionic strength of the medium. The higher the ionic strength, the
more compressed the double layer becomes. The valency of the

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ions will also influence double layer thickness. A trivalent ion such
as Al3+ will compress the double layer to a greater extent in
comparison with a monovalent ion such as Na+. Inorganic ions
can interact with charged surfaces in one of two distinct ways (i)
non- specific ion adsorption where they have no effect on the
isoelectric point. (ii) specific ion adsorption, which will lead to a
change in the value of the isoelectric point. The specific
adsorption of ions onto a particle surface, even at low
concentrations, can have a dramatic effect on the zeta potential
of the particle dispersion. In some cases, specific ion adsorption
can lead to charge reversal of the surface.

3. Concentration of a formulation component

The effect of the concentration of a formulation

component on the zeta potential can give information to
assist in formulating a product to give maximum stability.
The influence of known contaminants on the zeta potential
of a sample can be a powerful tool in formulating the
product to resist flocculation for example.

 Electrokinetic Effects
An important consequence of the existence of electrical
charges on the surface of particles is that they will exhibit
certain effects under the influence of an applied electric field.
These effects are collectively defined as electrokinetic effects.
There are four distinct effects depending on the way in which
the motion is induced. These are: Electrophoresis : The
movement of a charged particle relative to the liquid it is
suspended in under the influence of an applied electric field.
Electroosmosis : The movement of a liquid relative to a

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 stationary charged surface under the influence of an electric
field. Streaming potential : The electric field generated when
a liquid is forced to flow past a stationary charged surface.
Sedimentation potential : The electric field generated when
charged particles move relative to a stationary liquid.

 Electrophoresis
When an electric field is applied across an electrolyte,
chargedparticles suspended in the electrolyte are attracted
towards the electrode of opposite charge. Viscous forces acting
on the particles tend to oppose this movement. When
equilibrium is reached between these two opposing forces, the
particles move with constant velocity. The velocity is dependent
on the strength of electric field or voltage gradient, the dielectric
constant of the medium, the viscosity of the medium and the
zeta potential. The velocity of a particle in a unit electric field is
referred to as its electrophoretic mobility. Zeta potential is
related to the electrophoretic mobility by the Henry equation:-

where UE = electrophoretic mobility, z = zeta potential, ε =

dielectric constant, n= viscosity and f(ka) = Henry’s function.

The units of κ, termed the Debye length, are reciprocal

length and k-1 is often taken as a measure of the “thickness” of
the electrical double layer. The parameter ‘a’ refers to the
radius of the particle and therefore k a measures the ratio of the
particle radius to electrical double layer thickness .
Electrophoretic determinations of zeta potential are most
commonly made in aqueous media and moderate electrolyte
concentration. F(ka) in this case is 1.5, and this is referred to as
the Smoluchowski approximation. Therefore calculation of zeta
potential from the mobility is straightforward for systems that fit
the Smoluchowski model, i.e. particles larger than about 0.2
microns dispersed in electrolytes containing more that 10-3

16
molar salt. For small particles in low dielectric constant media
(eg non-aqueous media), f(ka) becomes 1.0 and allows an
equally simple calculation. This is referred to as the Huckel
approximation.

 Objectives of the project:

 Synthesis of Silver Nano Particles

 Characterization of Nano particles by dynamic light
Scattering techniques
 Size distribution of Silver nano particles:
 Zeta potential measurement of the silver nano particles
 A study on stabilization of silver nano particles for different
concentration of NaCl solution
 Preperation of solutions
 Variation of zeta potential for different
concentration of aqueous NaCl solution

Chapter 2

 Synthesis of silver nano particles

Colloidal silver is made by adding an excess of the reducing
agent
sodium borohydride, NaBH4 to silver nitrate, AgNO3 .

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 AgNO3 + NaBH4 → Ag + 1/2H2 + 1/2B2H6 + NaNO3
The method used in the procedure for this experiment
produces
nanoparticles that are about 10-14 nm in diameter.

 Procedure

Step 1: 8.5mg AgNO3 and 37.83mg NaBH4 is measured with

the weight balance machine.

Step 2: 50cm3 water is added with 8.5mg and 37.83mg NaBH4

is added with 10 cm3 water. So that we get 1M NaBH4
solution.

Step 3: The NaBH4 solution is ice cooled because NaBH4

produces heat when added to water. Here I have used gloves as
NaBH4 sample can cause severe skin burns & eye damages.

Step 4: The two solutions are kept inside an ultarasonicator

which produces sound vibration to make sure that there is not any
aggregation in the solution.

Step 5: Now to prepare 0.2M NaBH4 solution 49cm3 water is

added with 0.1M NaBH4 solution.

Step 6: 30 cm3 ,0.2M NaBH4 solution is placed on the stirrer

and a magnetic stirrer is placed inside the solution to make the
solution homogenous.

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 Step 7: Now AgNO3 solution is taken in a clean bottle &
placed on the Stirer then 10 cm3 NaBH4 solution is added drop by
drop.

Step 8: Newly formed silver colloidal solution is kept into cold

temperature to avoid aggregation.

Figure: Newly prepared silver nano particle colloidal solution

 Aggregation of Ag nanoparticles
The Ag nanoparticles that form are stabilized by a protective
layer of borohydride ions.
Salts such as NaCl or KI shield the negative charges allowing
the particles to clump
together to form aggregates. To prevent aggregation the
nanoparticles can be coated with a polymer such as polyvinyl
pyrrolidone (PVP) .

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 Chapter 3

 Experimental Techniques

In this chapter we discuss the experimental techniques employed in

the present work.

 Dynamic light scattering (DLS):

Size distribution both was obtained at room temperature (~
250C) with Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK). Zetasizer
Nano uses 4 mW HeNe Laser of wavelength 632.8 nm. Schematic
diagram for measuring dynamic light scattering is shown in Figure
below.

Figure : Schematic diagram of size measurement.

DLS is most commonly used to analyze nanoparticles. Examples

include determining nanogold size, protein size, latex size, and
colloid size. In general, the technique is best used for submicron
particles and can be used to measure particle with sizes less than a
nanometer. In this size regime (microns to nanometers) and for the

20
 purposes of size measurement (but not thermodynamics!) the
distinction between a molecule (such as a protein or macromolecule)
and a particle (such as nanogold) and even a second liquid phase
(such as in an emulsion) becomes blurred. Dynamic light scattering
can also be used as a probe of complex fluids such as concentrated
solutions. However, this application is much less common than
particle sizing.

Figure : Schematic diagram of zeta potential measurement.

Small particles in suspension undergo random thermal motion

known as Brownian motion. This random motion is modeled by the
Stokes-Einstein equation. Below the equation is given in the form
most often used for particle size analysis.

The Stokes-Einstein relation that connects diffusion coefficient

measured by dynamic light scattering to particle size.
where
 Dh is the hydrodynamic diameter (this is the goal: particle size!)
 Dt is the translational diffusion coefficient (we find this by dynamic
light scattering)
 kB is Boltzmann’s constant (we know this)
 T is thermodynamic temperature (we control this)

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 η is dynamic viscosity (we know this)
The calculations are handled by instrument software. However, the
equation does serve as important reminder about a few points. The
first is that sample temperature is important, at it appears directly in
the equation. Temperature is even more important due to the
viscosity term since viscosity is a stiff function of
temperature. Finally, and most importantly, it reminds the analyst
that the particle size determined by dynamic light scattering is the
hydrodynamic size. That is, the determined particle size is the size of
a sphere that diffuses the way as your particle.
For those who work with protein sizing and other areas where
hydrodynamic radius is more commonly used, note that the
development here is around diameter. Radius calculations are the
same except for a factor of two.
Also, a note to those interested in polymer size. The hydrodynamic
radius is not the same as the radius of gyration. Hydrodynamic sizes
are more easily measured than radii of gyration and can be
measured over a wider range of sizes. The conversion from
hydrodynamic radius to radius of gyration is a function of chain
architecture (including questions of random coil vs. hard sphere,
globular, dendrimer, chain stiffness, and degree of branching.

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 Chapter 4

 Experimental Results

Charecterisation of silver nano particles by direct light

scattering

Several experimental techniques have been employed

(already discussed in previous chapters) to characterized
the silver nano particles & stabilization with zeta potential . In
this chapter we intend to discuss the experimental results
obtained from the direct light scattering.

 Size distribution of Silver nano particles:

The size distribution obtained from DLS experiment, as
shown in the following figure. the size distribution of the
sample as measured from DLS shows the average size of
the nano particles is 26.99 nm.

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 Figure: Size distribution by intensity of Ag nano particle

 Zeta potential measurement of the silver nano

particles

The zeta potential of the vesicles was obtained at 250C. zeta

potential measurement was our prime objective as it was
very necessary to to know the stability of the nano particles
by knowing tha value of zeta potential. The values of zeta
potential to maintain the stabilization are given below
Zeta potential [mV] Stability behavior of the colloid
from 0 to ±5, Rapid coagulation or flocculation
from ±10 to ±30 Incipient instability
from ±30 to ±40 Moderate stability
from ±40 to ±60 & above Good stability

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 Figure: zeta potential distribution of Ag nano particles

Here the measured zeta potential is -34 mV so it is in the

moderate stability range.

 A study on stabilization of silver nano particles

for different concentration of aqueous NaCl
solution

 Preperation:
Step 1: Silver nano particles are prepared by above mentioned
Chemical Reduction method.
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Step2: A 500 mM stock solution of NaCl has been prepared by
adding 584 mg NaCl with 20 cc water.
Step3: Different concentration of NaCl solution of Silver nano
particles has been prepared by adding the different volumes of NaCl
stock solution drop by drop to the newly prepared Ag nano particles
solution.
Added volume of Ag Added volume of Concentration of
nano particles NaCl stock solution NaCl in new solution
solution
4.9 ml 0.1 ml 10 mM
4.5 ml 0.5 ml 50 mM
4.0 ml 1.0 ml 100 mM
3.0 ml 2.0 ml 200 mM
2.0 ml 3.0 ml 300 mM
1.0 ml 4.0 ml 400 mM

 Variation of zeta potential for different concentration of

aqueous NaCl solution:
The zeta potential distribution of different concentration of NaCl
solution has been measured by Dls method and the table is
shown below :

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Conc. Of Mean zeta Average size Stability
NaCl in potential of of Ag nano behaviour
Ag nano Ag nano particles in
particle particle nm
solution in solution in
mM mV
0 -38.2 233.7 Moderate stability
10 -28.8 272.0 Incipient instability
50 -43.5 135.1 Good stability
100 -21.3 - Incipient instability
200 -14.5 274.9 Incipient instability
300 -15.1 459.5 Incipient instability
400 -18.1 858.4 Incipient instability
From the above table it can be seen that the zeta potential is
highest at 50 mM NaCL solution of Silver nano particles. And
after that increase in ionic strength led to increased aggregation
of the chemically synthesized nano particle. This experiment
was to observe the stability of size of the Silver nano particles so
it was done after some days of preparation and it can be
osreved from the table above that higher the zeta potential the
stability is good and the size of the nano particles is lesser.

27
 Figure: Zeta potential distribution graph of 0 mM NaCl solution of Ag nano
particles

Figure: Zeta potential distribution graph of 10 mM NaCl solution of Ag nano

particles

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The graph of zeta potential vs Conc. of NaCl in Ag nano particle
solution is shown below

Figure: Zeta potential vs Conc.Of NaCl in Ag nano particle graph

The graph of size of AgNP vs Conc. of NaCl in Ag nano particle

solution is shown below

Figure: size of AgNP vs Conc.Of NaCl in Ag nano particle graph

29
 From the two graphs above it is clear that when zeta potential is
higher the size of the nano particles is much lesser so we can
see that zeta potential plays a very important role in determining
the stability of the nano particles. The nanoparticles were stable
after the addition of aqueous solution of NaCl till 50 mM solution
but too much aqueous NaCl solution would reduce the stability
of the nano particles. As the ionic strength increases, the
electrical double layer around the AgNP s might be more tightly
compressed by screening the surface charge of the AgNP s,
which allows greater degree of particle particle interaction
resulting in an increase in the level of aggregation for particle
setting.

 Conclusion
Nanotechnology has helped in overcoming the limitations of
size and can change the outlook of the world regarding science.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has become possible using
NaBH4 as a reducing agent and using AgNO3as a reductant.
These gave dark yellowish colour when synthesised by a
protective layer of borohydride ions. The Ag solution became
yellowish in colour because of absorption of wavelength at
386nm. As Silver nanoparticles are very delicate to the absorption
of light, they interact with light due to very high dielectric constant
that makes the light response occur in the visible region. Particle
size distribution measurements reveal the re-crystallization of the
primary silver nanoparticles occurs after the addition of aqueous
NaCl solution (over 100 mM). Silver nanoparticles are harmful to
the environment. Many consider silver to be more toxic than other
metals when in nanoscale form and that these particles have a
different toxicity mechanism compared to dissolved silver.
Scientists have concluded that nanoparticles can pass easily into
cells and affect cellular function, depending on their shape and

30
size. Silver nanoparticles are a continuous source of ions that
could be toxic for aquatic organisms that are swimming around or
in the sediment. Silver nanoparticles are the most common
commercialized nano technological product on the market. But it
should be used in a controlled manner.

 References
★ Antimicrobial Effects of Silver Nanoparticles”. Center for
Nanoscale Chemical-Electrical-Mechanical Manufacturing
Systems.
★ http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/CE/c0ce007
76e#!divAbstract
★ Zetasizer Nano series technical note Malvern
★ Intermolecular and surface forces,3rd edition by Jacob
Israelachvili
★ K.S.Chou, C.Y. Ren/ Materials Chemistry and physics 64(2000)
241-246
★ Z Khan et al. / colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 82(2011)
513-517
★ H Wang et al. / Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng.
Aspects 256(2005) 111-115
★ MEHR et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 31(3), 1831-1833 (2015)
★ Berne, B.J.; Pecora,R /Dynamic Light Scattering Courier Dover
Publications (2000)
★ Shaw, D.J. (1992) Introduction To Colloid And Surface
Chemistry,Butterworth Heinemann, UK
★ Ross, S. and Morrison, I.D. (1988) Colloidal Systems and
Interfaces ,John Wiley and Sons, USA.
★ Influence of silver nanoparticles on neurons and blood-brain
barrier via subcutaneous injection in rats. (Applied Surface
Science, 2008

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