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Shear retrofitting of RC Beams

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

Shear retrofitting of RC Beams

Mr. V. Venkata Ramana,
P G Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Kakinada Institute of Engineering &
Technology-II, Korangi -533 461

Mrs P. Meher Lavanya,

Assistant Professor , Department of Civil Engineering, Kakinada Institute of
Engineering & Technology-II,Korangi -533 461

P.Markandeya Raju,
Professor of Civil Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering (A), Vizianagaram, AP

M.Pavan Kumar,
Asst. Professor of Civil Engineering, SVP Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, AP

Abstract: Studies on rehabilitation and retrofitting are gaining importance due to the
need for restoration of partially damaged structures due to wind load and earthquake.
This project presents an experimental investigation on retrofitting the capacity of
damaged RC beams. In this work retrofitting of shear deficient RCC beam using
diagonal stitching method will be studies. Nine beams of size 120mm x 210mm x
1500mm were cast. Out of this one control beam was used and remaining 8 beams are
categorized in to two sets of beams with each set containing 4 beams as shear deficient
beams. Out of these 8 beams, two beams were tested without retrofitting and remaining
six beams were shear deficient used for retrofitting. Control Beam designed for ultimate
shear & flexure was loaded up to ultimate load in the Loading frame (of capacity 1000
kN) using a Hydraulic jack of 500 kN capacity. Shear deficient beams were retrofitted
using diagonal stitching and cover concrete was bonded Nitto bond. Load deflection
behaviour of beams, retrofitted with different layers of stitched mat was compared. All
the beams were casted using M25 grade concrete and Fe500 steel. After the 28 days of
curing they were tested and kept safe for retrofitting. It was observed that stitching
method is effective in restoring the capacity of damaged beams. Among all the shear
retrofitting techniques, diagonal stitching is effective and easy to implement.

Introduction present days new techniques and

methods are experimented in the civil
The development of civil infrastructure is
engineering field to have better
one of the main factors that uses the
infrastructure. Strengthening or
national wealth in the form of money as
Retrofitting means enhancing the
well as resources. For sustainable
structural performance of an existing
development of the nation the structures
structure. By strengthening some
being constructed are required to be long
selected elements, the life of the whole
lasting. Unless the resources are properly
structure may be extended.
used to design and develop
Strengthening of a structural element
infrastructural systems, it will create
can be done by adding some technology,
negative impact on the economy. In

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

accessory, component or feature to it. technology as a cost effective and easy to

This process is termed as retrofitting. execute method.
Retrofitting is required when there is
Antony Jeyasehar and
excess loads due to new combination of
Balamuralikrishnan (2012) conducted
loads. Life extension of structures is an
experimental, analytical and numerical
unavoidable need of a sustainable world.
studies on beams retrofitted using
It could be made possible through
HPFRCCs. Two-point loading was used.
structural retrofitting. A lot of materials
Results obtained from the three studies
are experimented in the wide field of
were similar.
retrofitting. Reinforced concrete beams
were mostly retrofitted for flexure and Antony Jeyasehar and
shear. Balamuralikrishnan (2009) used
SIFCON and SIMCON for retrofitting.
Literature Review: Many researchers
Retrofitting using both SIFCON and
have worked on shear rehabilitation and
SIMCON are found to be effective, of
retrofitting of beams. Many methods
which SIMCON was better in practical
have been developed in the recent past.
applications.
However, the need for skilled personnel
to implement them is a challenge to Adhikary and Mutsuyoshi (2006)
structural engineers. A representative conducted an experimental investigation
sample of innumerous works done on on enhancing the shear capacity of RC
rehabilitation is presented here. beams by using various techniques.
Initially these beams are designed in such
Matteo Breveglieri et al., (2014)
a way that they fail in shear mode. These
designated a new shear strengthening
beams are strengthened with steel
technique that has been developed to
brackets, steel plates, vertical stirrups
retrofit existing reinforced concrete (RC)
and externally anchored stirrups. He
elements. The technique is developed by
observed that the all techniques were
drilling the holes in to the beams. Then
found effective. In these techniques
bars or FRP materials are introduced in
external anchored stirrups are most
to these holes and these bars are bonded
effective. Strengthening by this technique
with adhesives. An increase of shear
resulted in a failure load of almost 117%
capacity up to 109% and 136% in the
higher than that of control beam.
beams with and without internal stirrups
respectively was obtained. Objective and Scope
Hemaanitha and Kothandaraman Objective: The objective of this study is
(2014) critically reviewed the to experimentally compare the
strengthening techniques developed so performance of shear retrofitted
far with reference to the effect of each Reinforced Concrete beams using
technique and their salient features in diagonal stitching method, to study the
enhancing the strength of RC beam relation between load, deflection and
elements. However, it is hoped that the failure modes for shear deficient beams
review on the use of different techniques which are retrofitted.
for retrofitting of RC beams presented is
Scope: The studies performed on the
widen the horizon to retrofitting
shear retrofitted RC beams using
traditional method like Diagonal

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

stitching are limited. Therefore it is Cement : Ordinary Portland cement (53

required to study the shear carrying Grade) conforming to IS: 12269 available
capacity of shear deficient beams by in the local market of standard brand
retrofitting with diagonal stitching. was used in the investigation.
Nine beams of size 120 mm × 210 mm × Fine Aggregate: The locally available
1500 mm were cast. All the beams were river sand is used as fine aggregate in the
caste using M25 grade concrete and Fe present investigation and it is found that
500 steel and effective span of 1440 mm the fine aggregate conforms to IS: 2386
and a clear cover of 20 mm was adopted. and IS: 383 .
To describe the specimens conducted in Coarse Aggregate: Machine crushed
this study, the following notations are angular granite metal of 20mm nominal
adopted. size from the local source is used as
coarse aggregate and all coarse aggregate
C - Control beam (both
material properties were found to be
flexure & shear)
satisfactory as per IS: 2386 and IS: 383.
S1 - Shear Deficit Control Beam
Water: The locally available potable
S2,S3&S4 - Shear Retrofitted Beams water used for mixing , curing and in the
experimental investigation and ensured
S5 - Shear Deficit Control Beam
that the pH value should not be less than
S6,S7&S8- Shear Retrofitted Beams 6.
For conducting this study a typical RC Grouting material & Bonding
beam with the following specifications Agent: CEBEX 100 (Fosroc product) is
was considered. used as grouting material and Nitto bond
Cross section= 120 x 210 mm2 is used as bonding agent in order to get
proper bonding of retrofitted concrete
Effective span = 1440 mm face surface with covering concrete.
Overall span of beam = 1500 mm Reinforcement : The Reinforcement
Retrofitting is done by providing links steel of Fe500 grade was used and all
across the possible shear crack position. beams were designed having 2-Y12, 2-
Three specimens are retrofitted in each Y10 & 1-Y8 mm diameter bars in
series by varying the depth up to which tension zone and 2 – Y12 mm diameter
the links are grouted. Links are spaced bars in compression zone , for control
equally across the possible diagonal crack beam (both shear & flexure) 8mm dia
line. The enhanced shear strength in stirrups with spacing of 144 mm c/c and
retrofitted beams vs. un-retrofitted (with for shear deficient control beams 8mm
respect to shear deficient control beams) dia stirrups with spacing of 360 mm c/c as
beams for different link depths is Beam series ‘A’, 8mm dia stirrups with
determined experimentally to assess the c/c spacing of 205mm were used for
shear enhancing capacity of this method. Beam Series’ B’ .

Materials and Methodology Concrete Mix: Concrete strength is

an important parameter in the testing of
The materials used for the present reinforced concrete beams and can
investigation is described as below. significantly affect the test results,

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

especially when estimating the shear and mixed followed by gradual addition of
strength. Therefore, in the present water and mixing. Before casting the
experimental program, all nine beams specimens, workability of the mixes was
were prepared so that the concrete found by Slump cone test. The specimens
strength was nearly the same are left in the moulds undisturbed at
(compressive strength of concrete cubes room temperature for about 24 hours
used to make the beams, after 28 days, after casting. The specimens are then
was in and around 30 MPa.) . The removed from the moulds and
specimens were cured under the same immediately transferred to the curing
conditions to reduce the variation in pond containing clean and fresh water
concrete strength. and cured for required period as per IS
516-1969.
Mix Proportions for M25 Grade
concrete: Mix design of M25 grade Shear Retrofitting Methodology
concrete was carried out in accordance
Shear-deficient RC beams are retrofitted
with IS 10262: 2009 and following mix
by using Diagonal Stitching (DS).
proportions for 1 m3 concrete were
Retrofitting is done by providing links
obtained .
across the possible shear crack position.
Cement 385 kg. Six specimens are retrofitted in two
series A & B (by providing links spaced
Water 197 litres.
equally across the possible diagonal crack
Coarse aggregate 1166 kg. line). The increased shear strength in
retrofitted beams vs. un retrofitted
Fine aggregate 714 kg.
(respective shear deficient control beams)
Preparation of Testing Specimens: beams shear strength and original control
Mixing of ingredients is done in pan beam (both flexure & shear) is
mixer of capacity 40 liters. The determined experimentally to assess the
cementitious materials are thoroughly shear increasing capacity of a beam by a
blended and then the aggregate is added given percentage.
Table 1: Details of No. of beams used with & with out retrofitting
No. of Vertical stirrups
Sl. Designation Without With
/Shear reinforcement
No. of Beams Retrofitting Retrofitting
spacing
C
1 11/144 1 ---
(Control)
2 A series 5/360 1 3
3 B series 8/205 1 3

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

Fig.1 Longitudinal and cross section details of Control beam with reinforcement
Diagonal Stitching (DS) Method Shear reinforcement links of 6mm
diameter are provided in holes of 8 mm
In this method, the beams are retrofitted
diameter and 50 mm deep. These are
with the help of additional reinforcement
provided at all possible shear crack path
to the shear deficient beams. In order to
lines on either side of beam faces as
resist shear along the crack, it is
shown in the figure. Beams are chipped
necessary to use diagonal stitching and
and the dust is removed completely and
concrete is stitched by 6mm dia steel rods
cleaned. The holes shall be cleaned with
diagonally along the possible crack path
compressed air and water jet to remove
with stitches of different lengths
all the dust etc. and then the shear links
(60,100,160mm) of u-shaped bends are
are fixed in the holes using CEBEX 100
used for retrofitting in shear that are
anchor grout material. The links are
embedded into up to specified depth .
made in ‘U’ shaped so that the horizontal
Holes are drilled on the shear deficient
portion is perpendicular to the crack and
beams and reinforcement links are
placed across the possible shear crack.
provided perpendicular to the possible
NITTO - bond (a chemical agent which is
shear crack up to a depth of 50 mm in to
used for the bonding between old and
the beam and an extra cover concrete is
new concrete) applied on the surface.
provided on two sides of reinforcement.
Over the diagonal shear links concrete
cover is maintained throughout the
beam.

Fig.2 Application of Nitto bond prior to providing cover concrete

Fig.3 Cover concreting is applied to either side of beam faces

Fig.4 Control beam (C) before Testing (testing set up)

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

Fig.5 Control beam (C) after Testing

Results & Discussions
Table 2 : Comparison of Shear strength of beams (Original & After Retrofitting):
Shear Strength (N/mm2)
Beam Designation After
Theoretical Retrofitting % Increase
S1 1.83 --- ---
S2 1.60 2.13 34
Series-A
S3 1.59 2.43 53
S4 1.63 2.51 54
S5 2.59 --- ---
S6 2.16 2.30 6
Series-B
S7 2.15 2.43 13
S8 2.25 3.05 35
Table 3: Comparison of Deflection of beams (Original & After Retrofitting):
Deflection (mm)
Beam Designation After
Theoretical Retrofitting % Increase
S1 5.33 --- ---
S2 5.33 6.80 28
Series-A
S3 5.24 7.72 47
S4 5.45 9.14 68
S5 5.36 --- ---
S6 5.36 8.95 67
Series-B
S7 5.16 8.78 70
S8 5.47 10.55 93
Fig.6 Load vs. deflection for Comparison of Control Beam with Beam Series-A:

160 Series-A CONTROL

LOAD (kN)

120 S1
80 S2
40 S3
0 S4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DEFLECTION(mm)7 8 9 10
Fig.7 Load vs. deflection for Comparison of Control Beam with Beam Series-B:

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International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

Series-B
160

120 CONTROL
S5
LOAD (kN)

80 S6
S7
40 S8

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
DEFLECTION (mm)

The improvement in Shear strength of even in the presence of a limited amount

retrofitted shear deficient beams using of internal transverse steel
shear links diagonal stitching method reinforcement.
was up to 34% for shear link depth of 35
2. The results shows that shear capacity
mm, 53% for depth of 50 mm & 54% for
of retrofitted specimens using diagonal
depth of 60 mm shear links in case of
stitching method increased, as the depth
Beam Series ‘A. For Beam Series ‘B’ the
of shear links into existing concrete
improvement in Shear strength of
increases. Beams strengthened in shear
retrofitted shear deficient beams using
using the diagonal stitching method with
diagonal stitching method was up to 6%
a greater embedded depth of shear links
for shear links depth of 35 mm, 13% for
achieved greater values of shear
depth of 50 mm & 35% for 60 mm depth
contribution than beams retrofitted with
of shear links.
a smaller embedded depth of shear links.
The improvement in Deflection of It can be said that there is relation in
retrofitted shear deficient beams using between the shear contribution of
shear links diagonal stitching method embedded depth of diagonal links to the
was up to 28% for shear link depth of 35 spacing of vertical stirrups used as
mm, 47% for depth of 50 mm & 68% for transverse steel in un-retrofitted RC
depth of 60 mm shear links in case of beams.
Beam Series ‘A. For Beam Series ‘B’ the
3. The crack pattern changes widely
improvement in Deflection of retrofitted
spaced to narrow closely spaced in shear
shear deficient beams using diagonal
zone both ends.
stitching method was up to 67% for shear
links depth of 35 mm, 70% for depth of 50 4. For both beams series of “A” and “B”
mm & 93% for 60 mm depth of shear retrofitted shear deficient beams have
links. performed well.
Conclusion: The following conclusions 5. From this study, it is concluded that
can be made based on the analysis of the shear retrofitting of RC beams using
results as presented in this thesis. traditional method like Diagonal
stitching is more effective and easy to
1. The strengthening method which is
implement.
used in this thesis has proven to be an
effective way to increase the shear
capacity of simply supported RC beams

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 International Journal of Academic Research
ISSN: 2348-7666; Vol.4, Issue-2 (1), February, 2017
Impact Factor: 4.535; Email: [email protected]

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