Programming Fundamentals

• Electrical Engineering:
“Is a professional engineering discipline that generally deals
with study of Electricity, Electronics and Electromagnetism.”

• Computing Fundamentals:
Computer:
Computer is an electronic machine.
OR
The science deals with theory and method processing information and digital
electronics.
OR
Study of both computer hardware and computer software.

Data Process Information

Cotton Cloth
Leather Bag
Canola Oil
Wood Chair

• Parts of Computer:
There are four main parts of computer as followed.

1. Hardware:
Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a
computer such as the central processing unit, keyboard, computer data storage,
graphic card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.
2. Software:
In Computer Science and software engineering computer software is all
information processed by computer systems, programs and data.
3. Data:
Data is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act of
interpretation to become information.
4. User:
 A user is a person who utilizes a computer or network service.
• Applications of Computer:
Today everything is controlled and managed by
computers.
There are some applications of computer.
a) Office
b) Education
c) Avialian
d) Multimedia
• History of Computer:
➢ Abacus (Ancient Times)
➢ Mechanical Computers
➢ Electrical Computers (19th Century)
➢ Electronic Counting (20th Century)
➢ PC => Personal Computer
➢ MS => Microsoft => Windows
➢ Apple => Macintosh (iOS)
• Hardware:
The machines, wiring and other tangible components of a computer called as
Hardware.

• Software:
The programs and other operating information used by a computer called as software.
There are two types of computer.
1. System Software.
2. Application Software.

1. System Software:
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s
hardware and applications program.
2. Application Software:
An application is any program or group of programs that is designed for the end
user. Application software include such things as MS office, games, multimedia,
calculator, Facebook, WhatsApp, web browser and data base programs.

• CPU:
CPU is an abbreviation of Central Processing Unit.
 The CPU is the brains of computer where most calculations take place.
❖Dual 2 (Processors)
❖Quad 4 (Processors)
❖Octa 8 (Processors)
• Computer Language:
000111000011110
Void Main
A=5
B=6
0=white
1=black
0,1=Bit
8 Bit=1 Byte
11110000=1 Byte
0=OFF
1=ON
• Advantages of Computer:
➢ Increase your productivity
➢ Connects you to the internet.
➢ Super speed of computer.
➢ Vast amount to store data.
➢ Reliability.
➢ Communication.
• Disadvantages of Computer:
➢ Violation of privacy.
➢ Public safety risks.
➢ Health risks.
➢ Impact on environment.
• Communication:
➢ Exchange of Information.
➢ Telecommunication.
➢ Devices for communication:
▪ Modem
▪ Router
▪ Switch
▪ Hub
• Network:
Interconnection of computers and other communication devices are called as
network.
• Familiarization with DOS environment and its important commands:
 DOS => Disk Operating System.
CLI => Command Line Interface.

Directory Tree

• Three Parts of Command:

➢ Action
➢ Source
➢ Destination
• Version check and Date check:
➢ C:/version
➢ C://date
• File Connection of Information stored in a single unit:
➢ Letters
➢ Applications
➢ Audio/Video
• GUI:
Graphical User Interface.
• International Commands:
➢ DIR
➢ Copy
➢ Date
• External Commands:
➢ Format
➢ Backup
• Top 5 DOS commands:
➢ CD
➢ DIR
➢ COPY
➢ DEL
➢ MOVE

• Internet & World Wide Web:

 Contents:
a) The Internet or net
b)How Internet Works
c) World Wide Web
d)Other Internet Services

a) The Internet or net:

A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication skills or facilities consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols.
Internet is a network of networks, it is the largest network.
➢ Internet initially begins by US Department of Defense for security
purposes.
➢ Initially only four computers connected to the internet.
➢ US Department of Defense gives project name as “Advance Research
Project Agency” (ARPA-NET)
➢ In 1984 internet connected to more than thousand computers.
➢ World Wide Web and E-mails are important parts of internet.
b) How internet works:
Internet works through following methods:
➢ Wired and Wireless
➢ Dial-up connection
➢ DSL (Digital Subscriber Live)
➢ Cable Modem (Cable TV)
➢ Fixed Wireless
➢ Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
➢ Satellite Modem
➢ ISP (Internet Service Providers)
➢ OSP (Online Service Providers)
➢ In internet data travels thorough internet backbone.
➢ IP Addresses (Internet Protocol)
➢ In particular network IP addresses are unique.
www.google.com (domain name)
216.239.39.99 (IP Address)

• IP Address:
IP stands for Internet Protocol, all devices connected to the internet have IP address
every device have unique IP address.
c)World Wide Web (WWW):
 The World Wide Web (WWW) also called the Web is an information space
where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource
Locators (URLs). Interlinked by hypertext links and accessible via the Internet.
English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.
➢ www is a collection of webpages
➢ website consists of webpages
➢ web browser is an application to browse webs
➢ www is used to access web pages
➢ URL=uniform resource locater
➢ Search Engine (Search Engine is a tool use to search or find information over
the internet)
➢ Types of Websites
▪ Protocol
▪ Educational
▪ NEWS
▪ Business
▪ Entertainment
d) Other Internet Services:
➢ E-mail (Electronic Mail)
➢ IM (Instant Messaging)
➢ FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
➢ VOIP (Voice Over IP)
IMPORTANT: Protocols is a set of rules which computers obey for communication
process.

• Information Processing Cycle:

The sequence of events in processing information, which includes (1) Input, (2)
Processing, (3) Storage, (4) Output.
These processes work together and repeat over and over.
1) Input- Entering data into the computer.
2) Processing- performing operations on the data.
3) Storage- saving data, programs or output for future use.
4) Output- presenting the results.
• Advantages of Algorithms:
➢ Reduces complexity
➢ Increased flexibility
➢ Ease of understanding
• Flow Chart:
Flow chart is a combination of two words flow and chart. A chart consists of
different symbols to display information about any program.
 Flow chart is a graphical representation of an algorithm.
A programmer prefers to design a flow chart before writing the computer
program.
➢ Uses of logic Flowchart:
 Flowchart is used to represent an algorithm in simple graphical manner.
 Flowchart is used to show the step of an algorithm is an easy way.
 Flowchart is used to understand the flow of a program.
 Flowchart is used to compare the logic for solving a problem.
➢ Flowchart Symbols:
1. Input/Output:

INPUT PRINT

2. Process:

Sum=A+B

3. Selection:

N>50

4. Start/End:

Start End

5. Flow Lines:

6. Connector:
8. Function Cell: