PHYSICS •MEASUREMENT in chemistry enables us to understand

many properties of matter that is why it must be accurate

 The branch of science concerned with the (agrees with the true value of the quantity being
nature and properties of matter and energy. measured; degree of agreement between a measured
 the natural science that studies matter and its value and the true value) and precise (it is reproducible;
motion and behaviour through space and time degree of exactness to which a measurement can be
and that studies reproduced; degree of the instrument’s exactness).
 The related entities of energy and force.
 The subject matter of physics, distinguished from Kinds of Measurable Quantities
 that of chemistry and biology, includes
mechanics, 1. Fundamental Quantities
 Heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity,  Measured by direct method.
magnetism, and the structure of atoms.

Branches of Physics

1. Classical Physics
 Traditional topics
 Before beginning of the 20th century
 Matter and energy under normal
conditions
Mechanics 2. Derived Quantities
 study of forces acting on bodies whether  Other physical quantities are formulated
at rest or in motion based from the fundamental quantities.
 Statics – on forces acting on bodies  Examples: area, volume, speed, pressure,
at rest density, specific heat.
 Kinematics – on motion without
Systems of Measurement
regard to its cause
 Dynamics – on motion and the
1. English System - known as the British Gravitational
forces that affect it
System - standard units are based on body parts
Acoustics
a. inch – end joint of the thumb (uncia)
 Production and propagation of sound
b. foot – length of the foot (30.48 cm)
waves.
c. yard – distance from the tip of the nose to the
Optics
end of the middle finger (3ft or 0.9144 m)
 Study of light.
d. cubit – distance from the end of the elbow to
 Physical optics – production, nature
the fingertip (18 in or 46 cm)
and properties of light
e. fathom – distance between the fingertips of
 Physiological optics – on the part
two arms held straight out (6 ft or 1.8 m)
played by light in vision
 Geometrical optics – reflection and Philippines
refraction of light
Thermodynamics a. dama (palm) – width of the palm
 relationship of heat and other forms of
energy b. dali (digit) – breadth of a finger
Electromagnetism
 properties of electric current and c. talampakan (foot)
magnetism
 Electrostatics d. timuro – length of a forefinger
 Electrodynamics
 Magnetostatic e. hakbang – a single stride

f. dakot – a handful

Fundamentals of Measurement g. gusi – a jar used to measure volume of liquids like tuba
and vinegar
•MEASUREMENT is comparing a thing with a standard to
see how many times as big it is h. kaing – a container used to measure the amount of
harvested mangoes, tomatoes and salt
•MEASUREMENT is a process that uses a well-defined and
agreed upon referent (the thing a word stands for) to
describe a standard unit
 2. Metric System 6. 20. mm
 established by the French Academy of
Sciences in 1791 7. 200 m
 decimal-based system of units which was
proposed in France by Gabriel Mouton 8. 400 km
 International Systems of Units
 SI (System International) 9. 0.005430 m

Accuracy 10. 250.0 feet

 degree of agreement between a measured

value and the true value
Operations with Significant Figures
Precision
1. Addition and Subtraction
 degree of closeness of two or more  The answer must contain the same number of
measurements to each other decimal places as the term with the least
number of decimal places.
Note: Precision is independent of accuracy.  Examples:
a. 20.63 + 6.6 cm + 3. 786 cm = 31.016 cm
Errors in Measurement ans. 31.0 cm
b. 387.876 L – 197.23L = 190.646 L ans. 190.65 L
1. Systematic errors 2. Multiplication and Division
 Often due to a problem which persists through  The answer must contain the same number of
the entire experiment. significant figures as the term with the least
 Instrumental number of significant figures.
 Personal  Examples:
 External a. 9.25 m x 0.52 m x 11. 35m = 54.5935 m3 ans.
55 m3
2. Random Errors b. 69.48 m by 3.62 s = 19.19337017 m/s ans.
 result from the experimenter's inability to take 19.2 m/s
the same measurement in exactly the same
way to get the exact same number Perform these operations with significant digits:

Percent Error – accuracy 1. 24.687 m + 2.33 m + 3.2 m

% error = |theoretical - experimental| x 100
theoretical 2. 9.46 cm + 25.45 cm + 491.55 cm + 9.0972 cm + 11.8 cm

Percent difference - precision

% difference = |E1 - E2| x 100 [(E1+E2)/2]
3. 28.63 L – 15.4 L
Significant Figures
4. 3.22 m x 2.2 m
 They comprise all digits that are known with
5. 2.567 cm x 3.02 cm x 0.0021 cm
certainty plus the first digit that is uncertain. The
position of the decimal point is relevant.
6. 36.5 m / 3.1416 s
Rules in counting Significant Figures 7. 28.653 m + 37.35 m + 13.1 m
1. Non-zero digits are always significant.
2. Any zeros between two significant digits 8. 420.171 mL – 220.57 mL
are significant.
3. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal 9. 7.3 s x 2.25 s
portion ONLY are significant.
10. 72.8 kg – 2.95 kg
How many significant digits are there in the following?

1. 0.0678 m

2. 30. 7o C

3. 300,000,000 m/s

4. 20.00 cm

5. 1.860 x 105 mi/s

Scientific Notation 8. (4.753 x 10-5) + (7.49 x 10-6) – (5.25 x 10-7)

 Method of writing or expressing very large or very 9. (2.94 x 103) (9.432 x 10-5)
small numbers into its exponential form.
Form: M x 10n 10. (5.432 x 10-8) / (1.495 x 10-10)
Where: M - number higher than one and not
greater than ten Conversion of Units
N - number of times the decimal point is
moved. It can be a positive or negative integer. A unit conversion factor is used to covert a quantity in
one system of units to corresponding quantity in another
system of units.

Rules:

1. Determine M by moving the decimal point in the

original number to the left or right so that the only one
nonzero digit is to the left of it.

2. Determine n by counting the number of places the

decimal point has been moved.

If moved to the left, n is positive.

If moved to the right, n is negative

1. Write the following numbers in scientific notation

a. 0.000005

b. 3,000,000,000

c. 0.0056

2. Multiply 9 x 1018 and 3.2 x 10-6 and express the answer in

scientific notation.

3. Divide 500,000,000 by 0.00025, and express the answer

in scientific notation.

4. Calculate the value of the following and express the

answer in scientific notation.

a. 9,000,000,000,000 x 0.0000003 / 0.000006

b. (8.4 x 104)(26000) /200(0.000013)

Perform these operations using scientific notation:

1. 600 m to km
1. (1230) + (500)
2. 250 g to kg
2. (0.00003574) (7520)
3. 40 min to s
3. (0.000075) / (1500)
4. 40 mm to cm
4. (4.92 x 106) + (2.7 x 108)
5. 240 s to min
5. (6.85 x 105) x (2.38 x 10-3)
6. 45 cm to inches
6. (4.932 x 10-4) / (6.429 x 102)

7. (9.67 x 104) + (8.09 x 103) + (3.632 x 102)

7. 3 ft to m

8. 1.5 m/s to km/hr

9. 75 kg to lbs

10. 850 mm to ft

Perform these operations using scientific notation:

1. 3.67 x 10-1 km to m

2. 9.752 x 105 m to Mm

3. 6.924 x 104 km to Gm

4. 2.673 x 102 mm to cm

5. 3.904 x 104 mL to L

6. 6.2 m to ft

7. 85 lbs to kg

8. 5’3” to cm

9. 145 km/s to mi/h

10. 9.8 m/s2 to ft/min2

PHYSICS

Scalar Graphical Method

 Quantities that are specified by magnitude only. Steps:

1. Choose an appropriate scale and coordinate system

Vector for the given vectors.

 Quantities that are specified by both magnitude 2. Draw the first vector starting from the origin of the
and direction. coordinate system.

Vector Addition 3. Draw the second vector starting from the head of the
first vector.
Distance
4. Proceed to draw the remaining vectors starting from
 The length of the actual paths travelled. the head of the most recent vector drawn. All vectors
must be connected in series, head to tail fashion.
Displacement
5. Draw a new vector connecting the tail of the first to the
 The length and direction of the change in head of the last vector drawn.
position measured from the starting point.
6. This new vector is the resultant of the given vectors.
Resultant vector

Methods: Example: Andre was observing an ant that crawl along a

table top. With a piece of chalk, he followed its path. He
 Graphical determined the ant's displacement by using a ruler and
 Pythagorean Theorem protractor. The displacements were as follows: 2 cm east;
 Component 3.5 cm, 32o north of east; and 2.3 cm, 22o west of north.
What is the resultant vector?

Pythagorean Theorem
Exercise:
A plane flying due north at 100 m/s is blown by a strong
Find the distance travelled and the displacement of the
wind at 500 m/s due east. What is the plane's resultant following vectors in the given problem.
velocity? 1. A ship is going north with a speed of 200 m/s. The
waves going 300 m/s west is affecting the velocity of the
ship. Find the resultant velocity of the ship.
Example: Three monkeys A, B, and C start from the same
2. Find the resultant of a vector 40 m/s south and a vector
point O. Monkey A went 3 km north, and then 4.0 km
50 m/s west.
west. Monkey B went 5 km east, and monkey C went
around the circular path of diameter 2 km. Determine a)
the distance travelled by each monkey b) the Components of a Vector
displacement of each monkey from point O.

Exercise

Find the distance travelled and displacement of the

following vectors:
What is ax?
1. 40 m due north and 30 m due east
What is ay?
2. 6 m due south, 10 m due east and 5 m due north

3. 20 m to the west, 5 m to the south, and 10 m to the Examples:

east.
1. A car has traveled a distance of 8 km south from the
garage. Find the components of the car's displacement.
 KINEMATICS

2. A force of 80 N is applied by a janitor on the handle of  Quantitative description of motion.

a mop held at 40o with the floor. How much force is
pushing the mop across the floor? How do we describe motion?

3. A cat moves 3 m east and then turns 4 m west. What is  Position changes in relation to a fixed object
its resultant displacement? during a given time.
 Frame of Reference – viewpoint of the
observer of motion.
Example: The passenger, the train, and the
Exercise: railroad.

1. Find the resultant of the following vectors: 30 m east, 40 Measure of how fast an
m south, and 50 m west. Speed / Average speed
object moves.
2. What force would balance the resultant of the The speed of an object at a
Instantaneous Speed
following vectors: 100 N, 45o north of east, 50 N east, and certain instant of time.
80 N south. Use the component method of solving If the instantaneous speed
resultant of the given vectors. Constant Speed does not change at any
moment.

Unit Vectors Speed in a given direction;

Velocity / Average Velocity the rate of change in
 Set of vectors of length one in the direction of displacement.
each of the coordinate axes.
Velocity at a certain instant
 in a Cartesian coordinate system, x and y are Instantaneous Velocity
of time.
indicated by i and j respectively
There is no change in the
Constant Velocity
magnitude and direction.
The rate of change in
Acceleration
velocity.
Deceleration Negative acceleration.

Constant acceleration
Uniform Acceleration
throughout the entire motion.

Example: Movement of objects under

Free Fall the action of gravitational
1. Find the resultant vector of the two vectors: A = 2i + force.
4j and B = 1i + 2j

2. Four coplanar vectors are expressed with respect

to the x and y axes as:

A = 4i + 3j

B = 2i - 3j

C = -4i - j

D = -6j
Distance and Displacement Velocity

Distance  Speed in a given direction; the rate of change in

displacement.
 The actual paths travelled..
Average velocity = total displacement / time interval
Displacement
Constant velocity
 The length and direction of the change in
position measured from the starting point.  there is no change in the magnitude and
direction
Which is the Scalar? Vector?
Instantaneous velocity
Exercise/Seatwork
 velocity at different time intervals
1. A group of mountain climbers walked 10 km north from
their cam, then walk some more 20 km more to the east.

a. What was the total distance walked by the mountain Analyze these!
climbers?
1. The speedometer of a car reads 100 km/hr in 5
b. Determine the total displacement from the starting seconds. Does the car have a constant velocity?
point.
2. The speedometer of a car moving east reads 60 km/hr.
2. I walked 1 km N, 2 km E, 3 km S then 4 km W. What is It passes another car that travels west at 60 km/hr. Do
the total distance I travelled? What is my displacement? both cars have the same speed? Do they have the same
velocity?

Speed Acceleration

- measure of how fast an object moves.  the rate of change in velocity.

Average speed, v Acceleration = change in velocity / time interval

Average speed = distance travelled / time

∆𝑣 𝑉𝑓− 𝑉𝑖
𝑎= or 𝑎 =
𝑑 ∆𝑡 𝑡
𝑉=
𝑡
SI unit: m/s2
SI unit: m/s
Deceleration
Examples:
 negative acceleration
1. If a bus has covered 2.4 km in 4 minutes, what is its
average speed in m/s? Examples:

2. Zian Evans holds a record of 10 s for the women's 100- 1. A car's perfomance is often judged by the shortest time
m, race at the SEA Games. What was her speed?
required to accelerate the car from rest to 100 km/h. the
3. Find the distance travelled by a boat in 40 seconds if it
new Ford Mustang can achieve this in 10 s. What is the
is moving at a uniform speed of 5 m/s.
average acceleration of this sports car in m/s2?
Instantaneous speed
Exercise/Seatwork:
 The speed of an object at a certain instant of
time.
1. Calculate the acceleration of a car if it changes
velocity from 20/s to 50 m/s in 20 seconds.
Constant speed

 If the instantaneous speed does not change at

any moment.
2. A race car decelerates at 10 m/s2. What is the time it Acceleration due to gravity, g
will take the car to stop if it is going at 50 m/s? JDG,
General Physics 1 14 g = 9.8 m/s2

Seatwork/Quiz Examples

1. A dog is chasing a bird. It runs 10 m to the north, and 1. In an amusement park, a Demon drop ride falls freely
then turns and runs 20 m toward the west. Find the for 2 s after starting from rest. Find (a) its velocity at end of
distance traveled by the dog. What is its displacement? 2 s and (b) the height covered at the end of the drop.

2. If the dog in number 1 traveled 10 seconds, what is its 2. A ball is thrown upward and returns to the ground 8
speed in going from its starting position to its final seconds.
position? Explain your answer.
A) With what velocity was the ball thrown?
3. A car started from rest and gained a velocity of 60
km/h in 10 seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the B) How high did the ball go?
car.
1. Starting from rest, a bullet train acquires a velocity of
Examples: 200 km/h during a time of 20 seconds. What is the
acceleration of the bullet train in m/s2?
1. A sports car must achieve a velocity of 100 m/s after
passing the entry tollgate of an expressway. If the driver 2. A tricycle starting from rest is accelerated 10 m/s2. How
can do it after traveling 200 m, what must his car's far will it travel after 10 seconds?
acceleration be?
3. An object was released from rest at a certain height. It
2. If the sports car in problem 1 is approaching the exit took the object 5 seconds to reach the ground. From
tollgate with a velocity of 100 m/s and decelerates at 5 what height was it released?
m/s2 to a full stop, find the displacement of the car.
4. A balloon rising vertically with a velocity of 5 m/s
Uniformly Accelerated Linear Motion releases an object from a height of 100 m. (a) How many
seconds after its release will the object reach the
Examples: ground? (b) At what velocity will the object reach the
ground?
1. The speed of an object at each second is
illustrated in the figure below. Note that the 5. A bus is traveling with a uniform velocity of 20 m/s. At
speed, 2m/s changes every second. The the instant it passes a car at rest, the car starts to
acceleration is given by accelerate at 4 m/s2 in the same direction as the velocity
∆𝑣 of the bus. (a) After how many seconds will the car
𝑎=
∆𝑡 overtake the bus (b) How far will the car travel before
overtaking the bus?

a. Find the acceleration of the object between

t = 2s to t = 3 s.
b. Find the acceleration from t = 1 s to t = 3 s.

2. A bus started from rest and moved with uniform

acceleration. It acquired a speed of 60 m/s after
100 seconds. Find a. the acceleration b. the
distance traveled by the bus after 100 seconds.

Free-fall Motion

 uniformly accelerated motion

 objects move under the action of the
gravitational force of the Earth only when air
resistance is neglected.
 accelerated toward the center of the Earth.