Expt No: 1 Mode Characteristics of Reflex Klystron 1.1 Objective

EXPT NO: 1
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

1.1 OBJECTIVE
1. To study and plot the reflex klystron output and frequency characteristics.
2. To f i n d mode number, transit time, electronic tuning range (ETR) and
Electronic tuning sensitivity (ETS)
1.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED

Klystron Power Supply, Klystron with mount, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable
Attenuator, Slotted section with Probe carriage, CRO, Movable Short.
1.3 INTRODUCTION
Klystron is a microwave vacuum tube employing velocity modulation. These electrons move
towards the repeller (ie) the electrons leaving the cavity during the positive half cycle are
accelerated while those during negative half cycle are decelerated. The faster ones penetrate
further while slower ones penetrate lesser in the field of repeller voltage. But, faster electrons
leaving the cavity take longer time to return and hence catch up with slower ones. In the
cavity, the electrons bunch and interact with the voltage between the cavity grids. It consists of
an electron gun producing a collimated electron beam. It bunches pass through grids at time
the grid potentials is such that electrons are decelerated they give by energy. The electrons are
then collected by positive cavity wall near cathode. To protect repeller from damage, repeller
voltage is applied before accelerating voltage.
Transit time is defined as the time taken for the electron to travel in to the reflector
space and back to the gap. t1=n+3/4, n is an integer. It depends on beam and reflector
voltages.
Several combinations of beam – reflector voltages provide oscillations for the particular value of
n. Each value of n corresponds to a different mode. Modes corresponding n=2 and n=3 are often
used for optimum efficiency.
ETR – Electronic tuning range i.e, the frequency band from one end of the mode to another
is calculated by
ETR = f1max – f1min (GHz) for N1 mode
f1max, f1min → half power frequencies
ETS – Electronic tuning sensitivity
𝑓1𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑓1𝑚𝑖𝑛
ETS = (𝑀𝐻𝑧/𝑉)
𝑣1𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑣1𝑚𝑖𝑛
f1max, f1min → half power frequencies

V1max, V1min→ corresponding repeller voltages for a particular mode.
PRELAB QUESTIONS
1 Will microwave affect human?
2 What are all the precautions should be taken to avoid microwave Hazards
3 What is the effect of cavity gap (Interaction space) on electron bunching?
4 Explain about the mode in reflex klystron.
5 Higher order mode occurs at repeller voltage.
6 When is the output power of reflex klystron maximum?
7 What is transit time?
8 Draw the applegate diagram of reflex klystron.
1.5 PRECAUTIONS
1. During operation of Klystron, repeller does not carry any current and as such it may
severely be damaged by electron bombardment. To protect repeller from such damage,
the repeller negative voltage is always applied before anode voltage.
2. The repeller voltage should be varied in one direction to avoid hysterisis.
3. While measuring output power frequency meter should be detuned each time.
4. An isolator or attenuator should be used between klystron and other equipment in the
set up to avoid loading of the klystron.
5. Before switching on power supply the control knobs of klystron power supply
should be kept as below.
Meter select : V
Modulation : AM
Beam voltage knob : fully anticlockwise (min)
Repeller voltage : fully clockwise (max)
AM – Amplitude : fully clockwise (max)
AM - Frequency knob : mid position.
1.6.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Klystron C.R.O
Power supply
Variable Frequency Dectector

Klystron with Isolater Attenuator Meter Motor
Mount
1.6.4 MODEL GRAPH:
Figure 1: Output voltage Vs Repeller Voltage
Figure 2: Frequency Vs Repeller Voltage

1.6 EXPERIMENT
1.6.1 PROCEDURE
1. Assemble the components as shown in fig.
2. After following the necessary precautions, the Klystron Power Supply is switched
ON.
3. Adjust the variable attenuator to obtain maximum output..
4. Vary the repeller voltage from it’s maximum negative value and increase it in steps of V
and record output power and frequency.
5. Measure the frequency by tuning the frequency meter corresponding to a dip in the
output voltage each time.
6. The frequency meter is detuned before measuring the output power each time.
7. Plot the mode characteristics of Reflex Klystron. (i.e. Output Voltage Vs Repeller
voltage and Frequency Vs Repeller voltage)
1.6.2 CALCULATIONS
(i) Knowing mode top voltages of two adjacent modes, mode numbers of the modes is
computed from the equation,
𝑁2 𝑉1 (𝑛 + 1) + 3/4
= =
𝑁1 𝑉2 𝑛 + 3/4
Where V1 and V2 are the values of repeller voltages required to operate the klystron in mode
numbers N1 and N2.
(ii) Knowing mode number, transit time of each mode is calculated from
𝑛 + (3/4) 𝑁1
𝑡1 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑓01 𝑓01
f01 → frequency of microwave operation in one mode.
(iii) ETR – Electronic tuning range i.e, the frequency band from one end of the mode to
another is calculated by
ETR = f1max – f1min for N1 mode (GHz)
f1max – f1min → half power frequencies
(iv) ETS – Electronic tuning sensitivity
𝑓 −𝑓
ETS =𝑣1𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑣1𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑀𝐻𝑧/𝑉)
1𝑚𝑎𝑥 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
f1max, f1min → half power frequency
V1max, V1min→ corresponding repeller voltages for a particular mode.
6.5 TABULATION
Mode Frequency (GHz) Repeller voltage (V) Output Voltage (mV)
1.7 POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the effect of transit time?
2. List two basic configurations of Klystron tubes.
3. Why only discrete modes of operation are possible in reflex klystron.
4. Which mode number is most frequently used? Why?
5 Velocity modulation of electrons can result in density modulation of the same.
Comment.
6. Which microwave tube used in microwave ovens?
7. How the reflex klystron can be used in radar application?
1.8 RESULT
The mode characteristics of reflex klystron has been studied and plotted. Transit time, ETR and
ETS are determined for each mode of operation.
Modes Transit Time(µs) ETR (GHz) ETS (MHz/V)
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3

Expt No: 1 Mode Characteristics of Reflex Klystron 1.1 Objective

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Expt No: 1 Mode Characteristics of Reflex Klystron 1.1 Objective

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Expt No: 1 Mode Characteristics of Reflex Klystron 1.1 Objective

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EXPT NO: 1

MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF REFLEX KLYSTRON

1.2 HARDWARE REQUIRED

f1max, f1min → half power frequencies

1.6.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Variable Frequency Dectector

1.6.4 MODEL GRAPH:

Figure 1: Output voltage Vs Repeller Voltage

Figure 2: Frequency Vs Repeller Voltage

Mode Frequency (GHz) Repeller voltage (V) Output Voltage (mV)

1.7 POST LAB QUESTIONS:

You might also like