International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Impact Factor (2012): 3.358

Power Quality Problems and Solutions: An

Overview
Mehebub Alam1, Mandela Gain2
1
Assistant Engineer (Electrical), Damodar Valley Corporation, Purulia , West Bengal , India
2
Designation-Engineer (Electrical), Company Name- M .N Dastur & Company Private Limited, India

Abstract: Power quality is one of the major concerns and emerging issues in the present era. With increasing quantities of non-linear
loads being added to electrical systems, it has become necessary to investigate the power quality issues as all electrical devices are prone
to failure when exposed to one or more power quality problems. This paper highlights comprehensive review of the power quality
problems, effect of power quality problems in different apparatuses and methods for its correction. Some power quality enhancement
devices are also discussed. This paper will be very much helpful for engineers, technicians, designers ,researchers and system operators
as it is necessary for them to become familiar with power quality issues.

Keywords: Power Quality (PQ), Harmonic, Voltage Sag, UPQC, DVR, SVC, UPS

1. Introduction 3. Power Quality and its Indices

Power distribution systems, ideally, should provide their Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
customers with an uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth Standard IEEE1100 defines power quality as “the concept of
sinusoidal voltage at the contracted magnitude level and powering and grounding sensitive electronic equipment in a
frequency [1]. However, in practice, power systems, manner suitable for the equipment”[4]. Power quality
especially the distribution systems, have numerous nonlinear imposes pre specified quality and reliability of supply. This
loads, which significantly affect the quality of power pre-specified quality may contain a combination of
supplies an the purity of the waveform of supplies is lost. specifications of the following: low phase unbalance, no
Apart from nonlinear loads, some system events, both usual power interruptions, low flicker at the load voltage, and low
(e.g. capacitor switching, motor starting) and unusual (e.g. harmonic distortion in load voltage, magnitude and duration
faults) could also inflict power quality (PQ) problems[2].  of over voltages and under voltages within specified limits,
  acceptance of fluctuations, and power factor of loads without
2. Why Power Quality is Important? significant effect on the terminal voltage. The following
symptoms are indicators of Power Quality problems:
Along with technology advance, the organization of the
worldwide economy has evolved towards globalization and  Piece of equipment malfunctions at the same time of day.
the profit margins of many activities tend to decrease. The  Circuit breakers trip without being overloaded.
increased sensitivity of the vast majority of processes  Equipment fails during a thunderstorm.
(industrial, services and even residential) to PQ problems  Automated systems stop for no apparent reason.
turns the availability of electric power with quality a crucial  Electronic systems fail or fail to operate on a frequent
factor for competitiveness in every activity sector. The most basis.
critical areas are the continuous process industry and the  Electronic systems work in one location but not in another
information technology services [3]. The performance of location
electronic devices is directly linked to the power quality
level. quality phenomenon or power quality disturbance can 4. Power Quality Standards
be defined as the deviation of the voltage and the current
from its ideal waveform.. Faults at either the transmission or Power quality is a worldwide issue and its related standards
distribution level may cause voltage sag or swell in the entire [4] being used by researchers, designer and practitioner to
system or a large part of it. Also, under heavy load improve power quality are given below:
conditions, a significant voltage drop may occur in the
system. Voltage sag and swell can cause sensitive equipment  IEEE-519 provides recommended practices and
to fail, shutdown and create a large current unbalance. These requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems,
effects can incur a lot of expensive from the customer and established limits on harmonic currents(table 1) and
cause equipment damage. So , in order to provide voltages(table 2) at the point of common coupling (PCC), or
uninterrupted power to the service sectors as well as others point of metering.
for economic growth and prevent equipment damage with
varying voltage level and frequency , undoubtedly power
quality improvement is utmost important.
 

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Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
Table 1: Current Distortion limit for harmonics 5.1 Voltage fluctuations

Caused by are arc furnaces, frequent start/stop of electric

motors (for instance elevators), oscillating loads.
Consequences are under voltages, flickering of lighting and
screens, giving the impression of unsteadiness of visual
perception [1].

5.2 Voltage surges/spikes

Voltage rise that may be nearly instantaneous (spike) or

Table 2: Voltage Distortion limit for harmonics
takes place over a longer duration (surge). A voltage surge
takes place when the voltage is 110% or more above normal.
The most common cause is heavy electrical equipment being
turned off. Possible Solutions are surge suppressors, voltage
regulators, uninterruptable power supplies, power
conditioners [5].

5.3 Voltage dips and under voltage

 IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-4 (formerly 1000-3-2
and 1000-3-4) specifies limits for harmonic current Short duration under-voltages are called “Voltage Sags” or
emissions applicable to electrical and electronic equipment “Voltage Dips [IEC]”. Voltage sag [6], [7] is a reduction in
having an input current up to and including 16 A per the supply voltage magnitude followed by a voltage recovery
phase, and beyond 16 A respectively. after a short period of time. The major cause of voltage dips
 IEEE Standard 142-1991 presents a thorough are fault in the system,starting of large loads. Excessive
investigation of the problems of grounding and the network loading, loss of generation, incorrectly set
methods for solving these problems. transformer taps and voltage regulator malfunctions, causes
 IEEE Standard 446-1987 provides guidelines for the under voltage which indirectly lead to overloading problems
selection and application of emergency and standby power as equipment takes an increased current to maintain power
systems. output (e.g. motor loads) [6].
 IEEE Standard 493-1997 provides guidelines for
planning and design of industrial and commercial electric 5.4 High Voltage spikes
power distribution systems.
 IEEE Standard 1100-1999 provides information about High-voltage spikes occur when there is a sudden voltage
design, installation, and maintenance practices for peak of up to 6,000 volts. These spikes are usually the result
electrical power and grounding (including both power- of nearby lightning strikes, but there can be other causes as
related and signal-related noise control) of sensitive well. The effects on vulnerable electronic systems can
electronic processing equipment used in commercial and include loss of data and burned circuit boards. Possible
industrial applications. Solutions are using Surge Suppressors, Voltage Regulators,
 IEEE Standard 1159-1995 covers recommended methods Uninterruptable Power Supplies, Power Conditioners [8].
of measuring power-quality events.
 IEEE Standard 1250-1995 provides guidance against 5.5 Frequency variation
momentary voltage disturbances occurring in ac power
distribution and utilization systems, their potential effects A frequency variation involves a change in frequency from
on this new, sensitive, user equipment. the normally stable utility frequency of 50 or 60 Hz,
 IEEE Standard 1346-1998 provides methodology for the depending on geographic location. This may be caused by
technical and financial analysis of voltage sag erratic operation of emergency generators or unstable
compatibility between process equipment and electric frequency power sources. For sensitive equipment, the
power systems results can be data loss, program failure, equipment lock-up
or complete shutdown. Possible Solutions are using Voltage
Regulators and Power Conditioners [8].
5. Power Quality Problems and Effect
5.6 Electrical line noise
There are several aspects of power quality problems due to
which an electrical device may malfunction, fail prematurely Electrical line noise is defined as Radio Frequency
or not operate at all. Some of the most common power Interference (RFI) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
supply problems and their likely effect on sensitive and causes equipment to lock-up, and data error or loss.
equipment. Sources of the problems include motors, relays, motor
control devices, broadcast transmissions, microwave
radiation, and distant electrical storms. Possible Solutions
are using Voltage Regulators, Uninterruptable Power
Supplies, and Power Conditioner [8].
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5.7 Brownouts using average reading meters, nuisance tripping of thermal
protections.
A brownout [9] is a steady lower voltage state causes
glitches, data loss and equipment failure.. An example of a 5.13 Noise
brownout is what happens during peak electrical demand in
the summer, when utilities can’t always meet the Superimposing of high frequency signals on the waveform
requirements and must lower the voltage to limit maximum of the power-system frequency caused by microwaves,
power. Possible Solutions are using Voltage Regulators, television diffusion, and radiation due to welding machines,
Uninterruptable Power Supplies, and Power Conditioners arc furnaces, and electronic equipment, improper grounding
[9]. etc. Consequences are disturbances on sensitive electronic
equipment, usually not destructive, data loss and data
5.8 Blackouts processing errors [12].

A power failure or blackout is a zero-voltage condition that 5.14 Voltage unbalance

lasts for more than two cycles. It may be caused by tripping
a circuit breaker, power distribution failure or utility power A voltage variation in a three-phase system in which the
failure. A blackout can cause data loss or corruption and three voltage magnitudes or the phase angle differences
equipment damage [10]. between them are not equal. Causes are large single-phase
loads (induction furnaces, traction loads), incorrect
5.9 Very short interruption distribution of all single-phase loads by the three phases of
the system (this may be also due to a fault).Unbalancing
Total interruption of electrical supply for duration from few results in negative sequence that is harmful to all three phase
milliseconds to one or two seconds causes ripping of loads, particularly most affected loads are three-phase
protection devices, loss of information and malfunction of induction machines [13].
data processing equipment [11]. Mainly due to the opening
and automatic reclosure of protection devices to 6. Power Quality Solutions
decommission a faulty section of the network.
6.1Power Conditioning Devices
5.10 Long interruption
The following devices play a crucial role in improving
Long interruption of electrical supply for duration greater power quality strategy.
than 1 to 2 seconds causes stoppage of all equipment [1].
The main fault causes are Equipment failure in the power 6.1.1 Transient Voltage Surge Suppressor (TVSS)
system network, storms and objects (trees, cars, etc) striking It provides the simplest and least expensive way to condition
lines or poles, fire, human error, bad coordination or failure power. These units clamp transient impulses (spikes) to a
of protection devices. level that is safe for the electronic load. Transient voltage
surge suppressors are used as interface between the power
5.11 Voltage swell source and sensitive loads, so that the transient voltage is
clamped by the TVSS before it reaches the load. TVSS
Momentary increase of the voltage, at the power frequency, usually contain a component with a nonlinear resistance (a
outside the normal tolerances, with duration of more than metal oxide varistor or a zener diode) that limits excessive
one line voltage and conduct any excess impulse energy to
cycle and typically less than a few seconds. The main causes ground [14].
are Start/stop of heavy loads, badly dimensioned power
sources, badly regulated transformers (mainly during off- 6.1.2 Filters
peak hours). Consequences are data loss, flickering of Filters are categorized into noise filters, harmonic [15] filters
lighting and screens, stoppage or damage of sensitive (active and passive ) etc. Noise filters are used to avoid
equipment, if the voltage values are too high [11]. unwanted frequency current or voltage signals (noise) from
reaching sensitive equipment. This can be accomplished by
5.12 Harmonic distortion using a combination of capacitors and inductances that
creates a low impedance path to the fundamental frequency
Main Causes are electric machines working above the knee and high impedance to higher frequencies, that is, a low-pass
of the magnetization curve (magnetic saturation), arc filter. Harmonic filters are used to reduce undesirable
furnaces, welding machines, rectifiers, and DC motor, all harmonics. Passive filters consist in a low impedance path to
non-linear loads, such as power electronics equipment the frequencies of the harmonics to be attenuated using
including adjustable speed drives (ASDs), switched mode passive components (inductors, capacitors and resistors).
power supplies, data processing equipment, high efficiency
lighting [11]. Consequences are increased probability in 6.1.3 Isolation Transformers
occurrence of resonance, neutral overload in 3-phase Isolation transformers [16] are used to isolate sensitive loads
systems, overheating of all cables and equipment, loss of from transients and noise deriving from the mains. The
efficiency in electric machines, electromagnetic interference particularity of isolation transformers is a grounded shield
with communication systems, and errors in measures when made of nonmagnetic foil located between the primary and
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ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
the secondary. Any noise or transient that come from the Advantages are good voltage regulation and high
source in transmitted through the capacitance between the efficiency. Disadvantages are noticeable transfer time and
primary and the shield and on to the ground and does not difficulty in comparing competing units.
reach the load. Isolation transformers reduce normal and c) True On-Line UPS-True On-Line UPS provides the
common mode noises, however, they do not compensate for highest level of power protection, conditioning and power
voltage fluctuations and power outages [16]. availability. Advantages of the online UPS include the
elimination of any transfer time and superior protection
from voltage fluctuations.

Figure 2: Offline UPS System

Figure 1: Noise attenuation by Isolation Transformer

6.1.4 Voltage Regulator

Voltage regulators are normally installed where the input
voltage fluctuates, but total loss of power is uncommon.
There are three basic types of regulators:

 Tap Changers- Designed to adjust for varying input

voltages by automatically transferring taps on a power
transformer.
 Buck Boost- Utilize similar technology to the tap changers
except the transformer is not isolated. Figure 3: Online UPS system
 Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT)-Also known as
ferroresonant transformers. The CVT is a completely static 5.1.6 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
regulator that maintains a nearly constant output voltage A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) acts like a voltage source
during large variations in input voltage. connected in series with the load. The output voltage of the
DVR is kept approximately constant voltage at the load
6.1.5Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) terminals by using a step-up transformer and/or stored
energy to inject active and reactive power in the output
UPS systems provide protection in the case of a complete supply through a voltage converter [17].
power interruption (blackout). They should be applied where
“down time” resulting from any loss of power is
unacceptable. UPS are designed to provide continuous
power to the load in the event of momentary interruptions.
They also provide varying degrees of protection from surges,
sags, noise or brownouts depending on the technology used
[14].

There are three major UPS topologies each providing

different levels of protection:

a) Off-Line UPS (also called Standby) -Low cost solution for

small, less critical, stand-alone applications such as
programmable logic controllers, personal computers and Figure 4: Topology of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)
peripherals. Advantages of off-line UPS are high
efficiency, low cost and high reliability. 6.1.7 Motor Generator (MG) Set
b) Line-Interactive UPS- Line-Interactive UPS provides They are usually used as a backup power source for a
highly effective power conditioning plus battery backup. facility’s critical systems such as elevators and emergency
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Impact Factor (2012): 3.358
lighting in case of blackout. However, they do not offer 6.2 Energy Storage System
protection against utility power problems such as over
voltages and frequency fluctuations. Motor generators [14] 6.2.1 Flywheels
are consists of an electric motor driving a generator with A flywheel is an electromechanical device that couples a
coupling through a mechanical shaft. This solution provides rotating electric machine (motor/generator) with a rotating
complete decoupling from incoming disturbances such as mass to store energy for short durations. The
voltage transients, surges and sags. motor/generator draws power provided by the grid to keep
the rotor of the flywheel spinning. During a power
6.1.8 Static VAR compensator (SVC) disturbance, the kinetic energy stored in the rotor is
Static VAR compensators (SVC) use a combination of transformed to DC electric energy by the generator, and the
capacitors and reactors to regulate the voltage quickly. Solid- energy is delivered at a constant frequency and voltage
state switches control the insertion of the capacitors and through an inverter and a control system. Advanced
reactors at the right magnitude to prevent the voltage from flywheels constructed from carbon fibre materials and
fluctuating. It is normally applied to transmission networks magnetic bearings can spin in vacuum at speeds up to 40,000
to counter voltage dips/surges during faults and enhance to 60,000 RPM. The stored energy is proportional to the
power transmission capacity on long [14]. moment of inertia and to the square of the rotational speed.
High speed flywheels can store much more energy than the
conventional flywheels. Flywheels typically provide 1-100
seconds of ride-through time, and back-up generators are
able to get online within 5-20 seconds [19].

6.2.2 Super capacitors

Super capacitors (also known as ultra capacitors) are DC
energy sources and must be interfaced to the electric grid
with a static power conditioner, providing energy output at
the grid frequency. A super capacitor provides power during
short duration interruptions or voltage sags. Medium size
super capacitors (1 MJoule) are commercially available to
implement ride-through capability in small electronic
Figure 5: Static VAR compensator using TCR and TSC equipment, but large super capacitors are still in
development, but may soon become a viable component of
6.1.9 Thyristor based Static switch the energy storage field. Capacitance is very large because
The static switch is a versatile device for switching a new the distance between the plates is very small (several
element into the circuit when voltage support is needed. To angstroms), and because the area of conductor surface (for
correct quickly for voltage spikes, sags, or interruptions, the instance of the activated carbon) reaches 1500-2000 m2/g
static switch can be used to switch in capacitor, filter, (16000-21500 ft2/g). Thus, the energy stored by such
alternate power line, energy storage system etc. It protects capacitors may reach 50-60 J/g [17].
against 85% of the interruptions and voltage sags [18].
6.2.3 Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage
6.1.10 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) (SMES)
The UPQC employs two voltage source inverters (VSI) that A magnetic field is created by circulating a DC current in a
is connected to a dc energy storage capacitor .A UPQC, closed coil of superconducting wire. The path of the coil
combines the operations of a Distribution Static circulating current can be opened with a solid-state switch,
Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Dynamic Voltage which is modulated on and off. Due to the high inductance
Regulator (DVR) together. This combination allows a of
simultaneous compensation of the load currents and the the coil, when the switch is off (open), the magnetic coil
supply voltages, so that compensated current drawn from the behaves as a current source and will force current into the
network and the compensated supply voltage delivered to the power converter which will charge to some voltage level.
load are sinusoidal and balanced [18]. Proper modulation of the solid-state switch can hold the
voltage within the proper operating range of the inverter,
which converts the DC voltage into AC power. Low
temperature SMES cooled by liquid helium is commercially
available. High temperature SMES cooled by liquid nitrogen
is still in the development stage and may become a viable
commercial energy storage source in the future due to its
potentially lower costs. SMES systems are large and
generally used for short durations, such as utility switching
events [19].

Figure 6: Basic Structure of UPQC

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7. Other Recommendations returns to normal. If voltages reach the “prohibited region,”
connected equipment may be permanently damaged.
Some practices to check/mitigate power quality problems are Expensive equipment should be protected from voltages in
recommended below: the prohibited region. Processes which require high
reliability should be protected from both the prohibited and
7.1 Proper Grounding and Bonding no-damage regions.

A recent survey of Power Quality experts indicates that 50%

of all Power Quality problems are related to grounding,
ground bonds, and neutral to ground voltages, ground loops,
ground current or other ground associated
issues[4].Grounding is one of the most important and
misunderstood aspects of the electrical system. It is essential
to differentiate the functions of the grounded conductor
(neutral) from the equipment grounding system (safety
ground). The safety ground protects the electrical system and
equipment from super-imposed voltages caused by lightning
or accidental contact with higher voltage systems. It also
prevents static charges build-up. The safety ground
establishes a “zero-voltage” reference point for the system.
The safety ground must be a low impedance path from the
equipment to the bonding point to the grounding electrode at
the service entrance. This allows fault currents high enough
to clear the circuit interrupters in the system preventing
unsafe conditions. The grounded conductor (neutral) is a
current carrying conductor which is bonded to the grounding
system at one point. Grounding this conductor limits the
voltage potential inside the equipment in reference to
grounded parts. Neutral and ground should only be bonded Figure 7: ITIC-CBEMA curve (revised 2000)
together at the service entrance or after a separately derived
source. One of the most common errors in a system is 7.4 Proper designing of the Load equipment.
bonding the neutral to ground in multiple locations. Whether 7.5 Proper designing of the power supply system.
intentional or unintentional, these ‘extra’ bonding points 7.6 Application of passive, active and hybrid harmonic
should be identified and eliminated. Proper grounding and filters, FACTS devices.
bonding minimizes costly disturbances. 7.7 Application of voltage compensators and different power
conditioning devices at different stages like generation,
7.2 Proper Wiring transmission and distribution system as per requirement and
suitability.
The entire electrical system should be checked for loose, 7.8 Reliability on standby power.
missing or improper connections at panels, receptacles and 7.9 Adoption of hybrid energy system with optimal
equipment. Article 300 of the National Electrical Code distributed generations.
(NEC) cover wiring methods and should be followed to
ensure safe and reliable operation. There are many types of
commonly available circuit testers that can be used to check
8. Conclusions
for improper conditions such as reversed polarity, open
The availability of electric power with high quality is crucial
neutral or floating grounds. Make certain to isolate panels
for the running of the modern society. If some sectors are
feeding sensitive electronic loads from heavy inductive
satisfied with the quality of the power provided by utilities,
loads, or other electrically noisy equipment such as air
some others will demand more. When even the most robust
compressors or refrigeration equipment. Also check neutral
equipment is affected, then other measures must be taken,
and ground conductors to make sure they are not shared
such as installation of restoring technologies, distributed
between branch circuits.
generation or an interface device to prevent PQ problems.
Coordination with existing industry practices and
7.3 Safe Operating Zone
international harmonic standards is also considered in this
paper. Optimized use of power quality enhancement devices
The Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC) has
is required as the cost, complexity, flexibility of various
revised the CBEMA curve in 2000. This curve is used to
techniques is different and this optimization issue is under
define the voltage operating envelope within which
research to find an efficient answer to the power quality
electronic equipment should operate reliably. Equipment
problems. So, undoubtedly, this paper has a good future
should be able to tolerate voltage disturbances in the “no
scope and will help research workers, users and suppliers of
interruption” region of the chart. When the voltage
electrical power to gain a guideline about the power quality.
disturbance is in the “no-damage” region, the equipment
may not operate properly, but should recover when voltage
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