NOVEMBER -2017 Vol 2.

85 ISSN: 2455-1384

Peer Reviewed Journal

Editorial striction increases life-span and reduces age-related

Concept of Upavasa or fasting is well known to chronic diseases. They have not mentioned proper
people following Sanatana dharma. Vedas mention mechanism, still reduced metabolic rate, decreased
Upavasa on number of occasions. Shabdkalpdruma oxidative stress, improved insulin sensitivity, altered
deals the word Upavasa for abstaining food for day and neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous system functions
night. Another definition is given as abstinence from all are acknowledged. Some works related with improved
types of bhogas for mentioned time being. Ayurveda con- immune system with intermittent fasting through stem cell
siders this as one of medium to digest accumulated meta- regeneration are observed.
bolic toxins (aama) in absence of continuous calorie sup- It’s scientifically proved that Upavasa or fasting
ply as it’s known fact that the body uses stored glucose, works on body and mind in positive way. This is the
fat, ketones etc. during fasting. Now concept of periodi- reason why Upavasa is considered under all three levels
cal fasting or intermittent fasting is frequently used spe- of therapies given in Ayurvedic texts including yukti
cifically for obesity control and fitness. vyapashraya or objectively planned, satvavajaya or
As per work done in University of Virginia, psychological and, daiva vyapashraya or spiritual. It works
on all three bodies considered by Vedas and Yoga i.e.,
Liaoliao and others (2013) have shown neuroprotective
physical body, causal body and astral body.
effects of chronic intermittent fasting in mice by increasing
In This Issue
hippocampal neuron tolerance. They have shown that
fasting enhances cognitive functions and brain structure 1) A Review Study of Vaadamarga: Tools
in mice through better expression of drebrin, a dendritic
protein which plays a role in the synaptic plasticity together of Debate For Physician
with actin filaments bringing morphological changes. 2) Multiple Choice Questions: Series: 31:
Heilbronn and Ravuccin (2003) have published
a work in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Lymphoma
to show the implications of calorie restriction in aging.
3) Formulation Profile (Series-A/106)
They have cited examples of number of species viz., rats,
mice, flies, worms, fish and yeast to show that calorie re- 4) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/107)
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 2 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
A Review Study of Vaadamarga: Tools of Debate For Physician
Dr. Parinita G., PG Scholar, Dept. of Moullika Siddhanta, Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli
Dr. J. R. Joshi, Professor and HOD, Dept. of Moullika Siddhanta, Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Hubli

Abstract: Vaada or debate has been working as instruments for sharing ideas and information since long
past and still a strong medium and part of curriculum in study. Debate provides apprehensible knowledge
with depth of subject, an essential aspect for medical science and physicians as it is directly related with lives
of human beings. Charak Samhita has mentioned the tools or has shown the path for debate in scholarly
assemblage, known as Vaadamarga. Those are still workable in present scenario.
Keywords: Vaada, Vaadamarga, Charak Samhita, Debate, Physicians……..
Vaada (debate) is a discussion with opponent based on scriptures1. It is contention by words or arguments2.
Logical discussion promotes knowledge, power of speech, spreads fame and, eliminates doubts3. In a debate, the
person who starts supporting the discussion is known as Vaadi while opponent who refutes, is known as Prativaadi.
Charak Samhita in Vimanasthana 8/15 cites the necessity of debate for physicians. Two types of debates are
suggested in Vimanasthana 8/16 viz., Sandhyaya sambhasha (friendly debate/discussion) and Vigrihya sambhasha
(hostile debate/discussion)3.
What should be said, what should not be said or what is point of defeat are important factors determining
factors of any debate4. 44 terms are cited for determination of course of debate among physicians. They serve as
marga or tool of discussion5. These Vaadamarga are They are Vada, Dravya, Guna, Karma, Samanya, Vishesha,
Samavaya, Pratigya, Sthapana, Pratisthapana, Hetu, Drishtanta, Upanaya, Nigamana, Uttara, Siddhanta,
Shabda, Pratyaksha, Anumana, Aitihya, Aupamya, Samashaya, Prayojana, Savyabhichara, Jijnyasa,
Vyavasaya, Arthaprapti, Sambhava, Anuyojya, Ananuyojya, Anuyoga, Pratyanuyoga, Vakyadosha,
Vakyaprashansa, Chala, Ahetu, Ateetakala, Upalambha, Parihara, Pratigyahani, Abhyanugya, Hetwantara,
Arthantara and Nigrahasthana.
Vaada: It means to discussion based on accepted textual references1. It’s an effort to know the truth6. It is further
dealt as discussion with pramana (proof), tarka (logic), sadhana (measurement/medium) and panchavayava (five
components) according to siddhant (principles)6,7. Two types are suggested viz., Jalpa and Vitanda.
Jalpa: It is advancement of one’s own view contradicting opponent’s view logically.
Vitanda: It is type of discussion where opponent’s views are contradicted without advancing to debate. This is more
concerned with opposing than putting one’s own views.
Since long past attempt for better teaching and understanding of medicine is matter of concerns for people
involved with studying and teaching medicine. Debate is considered as important tool. Discussion with criticism in
analytical sense brings creative approaches for understanding the medicine8. It also gives option of improvement for
every physician.
Dravya: The substance in which guna (quality) and karma (action) reside with an inseparable relation is called
dravya. The guna and karma are not capable of producing something in terms of effects by themselves, hence they
are not samavayi kaarana. It’s dravya which carries qualities and action, hence it causes the effects9.
Qualities of dravya is inherited characteristic of dravya, so existence of qualities is dependent upon dravya.
Same way action is dependent upon qualities and dravya. If any of these two are affected, action will automatically
get changed. Qualities differs with change of dravya. Action of drug is not initiated because of the nature of dravya,
but it is outcome of reaction with specific body. Dravya possess the qualities and their mode of action itself10. Lots
of similar topics in debate for dravya are able to enhance the capabilities of physicians for appropriate use of drugs.
Guna: Any of dravya performs its pharmacological action due to guna (qualities). These gunas are result of different
proportions of inheriting panchmahabhutas. Accordingly, gunas are suggested of three types. those common to pan-
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 3 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
chmahabhutas and those related with soul. Shabda, sparsh, roopa, rasa and smell are categorized under those
constituting panchamahabhutas. Guru, laghu, sheeta, ushna, snigdha, ruksha, manda, tikshna, sthira, sara, mridu,
kathina, vishada, pichhala, slakshna, khara, sthula, sukshma, sandra and drava are placed under category common
to panchmahabhutas while those related with soul are buddhi, smriti, chetana, dhriti, ahamkara, ikchha, dwesha,
sukha, dukkha, prayatna, para, apara, yukti, samkhya, samyoga, vibhaga, prithaktwa, parimana, samskara and
abhyasa11.
Based on panchamahabhautik constituents or related to soul how a guna affects human physiology or guna
possess pharmacological actions are matter of debate among physicians. Elaborative discussions based on experiences
is liable to bring better result. Discussion makes the effects of guna on tridosha and on prakriti apprehensible.
Karma: It is present in dravya with reasons for combination and separation. It is related to action which is supposed
to be achieved12. It accompanies the action of dravya (drug).
How the pathogenic factors of body and mind come under influence of karma of dravya? What are associated
actions of dravya along with main actions? Many similar questions based on action are comprehended with discussions
among physicians.
Samanya: It is state general characteristic responsible for state of dravya (matter), quality and action. It is about
correlation. It is more about concomitance or augmenting factor of objects with similar characteristics. It in combination
with other factors viz., response of body to specific, interaction of matters etc. performs individual effects13. These
general characteristics may be dravya samanya, guna samanya and karma samanya.
It’s always matter of debate among physicians to know the way generality of dravya brings similar effects or
sometimes just different effects on individual body or sometimes with dravya dissimilar characteristics causes similar
effects.
Vishesha: It is distinguishing factor between the things. It is the cause for hrasa or reduction13. It may be dravya
vishesha, guna vishesha, and karma vishesha.
Both anabolic and catabolic activities are occurring same time in any living cell or tissue or body. Even after
having similar characteristics, some of dravya cause catabolic activities or qualities of dravya produce such catabolic
actions. The reasons with minute understanding of subject is topic of debate for physicians, so that proper uses of
dravya can be adjudged.
Samavaya: Inseparable relation of guna and karma always exists with dravya. With dravya such qualities are of no
use. Rational inference for specific quality for individual dravya can be discerned well by discussion9,12 which assists
physician for better course of treatment.
Pratigya: It is declaration about an object to be proved. It is proposition as outcome of example and logic14,15. This
is basis for justification or any debate as debate starts with proposition.
Sthapana: It is justification for pratigya by cause, example, correlation and conclusion14,15. Justification itself is
defending or opposing a proposition and that’s the core of any debate. It gives confidence to physicians for execution.
Pratisthapana: It is contradicting the statement or proposition. It is done with counter arguments for given
proposition14,15. Logical arguments are heart of any debate and is essential for any physician.
Hetu: Once proposition is set then hetu (causes) are considered. It is mean for obtaining knowledge. Causes are
generated by four ways viz., by pratyaksha (direct observation), anumaan (inference), aetihya (tradition) and aupya
(analogy)14,15. Causes make debate rationale and explicit under the lights of reasons and provide same to physician
for using specific treatment mode.
Drishtanta: This is mentioning of similar things for cognition to explore the concerned subjects14. This makes easy
in apprehension for wise and ignorant15. This presents the precedence for the case as matter of debate.
Upanaya: Logical judgement of action is upanaya. This is based on action and is established after several examinations
and reasoning14. As the logic and reasoning may differ from one’s experience to another’s. Healthy discussion only
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 4 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
the medium to reach on most appropriate and is always beneficial for physician and patients.
Nigamana: This is unifying idea based on recurrent evidences obtained during the study at last of study. As this is
based on outcomes, this invites discussion based on methodologies and result of the study.
Uttara: Charak Samhita highlights this as an act of determining something as false based on similarity or dissimilarity
of examples viz., for given statement as ‘diseases are similar to cause as sitaka (cold) disease has similar causes like
exposure to sheeta maruta’ the uttara comes as ‘diseases are dissimilar to cause as in burning sensation, heat,
sloughing and suppuration of body parts are dissimilar to sheeta maruta’16.
Siddhanta: Examination and reasoning to establish is called as siddhanta or demonstrated truth16. Four types of
siddhanta are as suggested as sarvatantra siddhanta or siddhanta common to all scriptures, pratitantra siddhanta or
siddantra specific to any scripture, adhikarana sidhhanta or sidhhanta implied from a given truth and abhyupgama
siddhanta or siddhanta to be granted14. These all siddanta are taken to relate the opted works with established
examples or mentioning of literatures. This gives strength to discussion and important for any debate.
Shabda: “Word (shabda) is unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation”17.
Four types of words are suggested in Charak Samhita as dristartha or based on observations, adristartha or based
on unobservable phenomena, satya or factual and anrita or false or contrary to facts14,16. These are significant tools
in matter of discussion as except anrita, all others are quoted in fruitful debate.
Pratyaksha: The things which are perceived by aatma (oneself) and indriya (sense organs) is called as pratyaksha18.
Charak Samhita suggests it as knowledge obtained from combination of aatma, indriya, mana and artha19. Number
of times discussion/debate is based on perceptions obtained from prtyaksha praman (direct proof) and it is considered
as one of best example.
Anumana: It is inference based on experience20. This inference is accompanied with arguments based on reasoning21.
Coherent and logical discussions based on rationale are always important tool for debate.
Aitihya: These are words of divine origin21. It means to say something which is universal truth or which cannot be
falsified. Such words are always taken to give healthy elasticity to any debate.
Anupmaya: It is exposition based on similarity in appearance and action. As disease dandaka is characterized by
similarity of rigidity of muscle like danda while dhanstambha is related to dhanus. It is exactly analogy means similarity
between like features of two things. Such examples provide effectiveness to any debate.
Samashya: This is proposing others to complete the part of work22. It is want of decision in relation to the various
doubtful objects of similar implications24. It is uncertain knowledge23. Understanding of samashya is important in any
debate as it may lead to new work or misguide the discussion.
Prayojana: This is purpose to be achieved or the object which needs to be accomplished through various measures
as to attain longevity drugs promoting longevity can be used24. As this is about the anticipated outcome under
planned actions, so it becomes important for debate.
Savyavichara: This is a type of statement leading to doubts as whether any specific medicine for specific disease
would be appropriate25. Such doubts are common body of any debate which is cleared with further more proofs
based on experiences.
Jijnasa: This is curiosity or enquiry aimed with examination as detailing the drugs after examination25. Jijnasa a basic
of origin of many of debate or understanding of debate.
Vyavasaya: Ascertaining an aim by determining is vyavasaya as for vatika type of disease specific drug is better
suited25. Physicians may get better understanding about determination of various drug and disease relationship
through exchanging the experiences and that’s possible through debate.
Arthaprapti: Not expressed directly but indicated by necessary connotation is arthaprapti as if a patient is suggested
not to eat during day time, it means food should be given during night25. Such reasoning accepted as separate source
of knowledge, so automatically becomes part of debate for physician.
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 5 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
Sambhava: Whatever happens that’s sambhava, it means to say that from what anything is originated that is
sambhava26. This about the source in hidden stage it means if something is there, then related things may exist. Such
part always come in discussion by physicians for understanding the causal effects of any disease or remedial effects
of any drug.
Anuyojya: Sentence or statement without transparency or clear meaning is anuyojya26. This is also about the statement
to specify an object as some disease is suggested to cured by sanshodhana process. Whether it is emetic or purgation
therapy?26 Both cases of anuyojya are noteworthy for any debate as at one side clear statement is needed, other side
specification is required for apparent discernment of subject.
Ananuyojya: When any statement is made as result of no option for query, such statement is known as ananuyojya
as given disease is asadhya26. Number of times to reach before such conclusion as mentioned in ananuyojya, debate
becomes mandatory tool.
Anuyoga: Enquiry or question based on scripture or part of scripture to test the knowledge, understanding, expression
and ability to reply is anuyoga27. This is about the existing knowledge, which is always part of debating tool.
Pratyanuyoga: Counter-questions on anuyoga is pratyanuyoga which can be further asked27. Science to be accepted
needs complete clarification even someone has mentioned with any published scripture. Reasonable logics only
make a statement to be recognized. So, it works as prominent tool of debate.
Vakyadosha: It is related with defects in sentences. Defects may be nyuna (small meaningless), adhika (with superfluity,
so not clear to understand or unnecessarily repeated), anartha (totally different meaning), apartha (deviated from real
meaning) and viruddha (opposite meaning)27. Absence of such defects from sentences only make them potential and
as strong points for any debate.
Vakyaprasansha: Flawless sentences devoid of mentioned defects under vakyadosha are vakyaprasansha or
sentence of excellence28. Further chances of enquiry are not present in this case. These are examples for any debate
or discussion to present.
Chala: Augmentation intended to be misleading is chala. It is of two types viz., Vakchala and Samanyachala28. This
is related with philosophical aspects of debates too where unethical mentioning takes place. Such situation or
presentation vitiate the depraves the health of good debate or discussion.
Ahetu: False statement or statement based on false observation is ahetu. Three kinds of ahetu are said as
prakaranasama or deprive of strength, samasyasama or doubtful and varnyasama or insignificant29. Debate is mean
to discriminate such ahetu.
Ateetakala: This is related with lack of proper placing of sentences as something important needed to be placed
first is stated later29. This is about defying the proper ordering. Order defiance creates problem for any presentation
or debate as key points may lose the importance.
Upalamba: Pointing out the defects in ensuring the causes is upalamba29. Debate leaves better options to identify
defects existing with statement or sentences.
Parihara: Once defects are identified, correction of identified defects with respect to the proposition is important.
Debate provides better option in these regards as refutes may also bring out points.
Pratigyahani: Contradiction of given statement or proposition is pratigyahani30. Foundation of any debate or research
is proposition and it gives direction to debate. So contravention of given pratigya is essential tool of debate.
Abhyanugya: When ishta and anistha (supporting and opposing) statements are admitted by both sides, it is called
as abhyanugya30. If languages are acceptable and creative approaches are referred, such debate is healthier one.
Hetavantara: Irrelevant reasoning is referred to hetavantara30. Relevancy of reasoning is indispensable part of
debate, otherwise direction and purpose of debate are strayed.
Arthantara: Fallacy of relevancy in meaning is called as arthantara as someone starts describing prameha (Diabetes
mellitus) for symptoms of jwara (fever)30. Such wrong exploration should not be part of debate.
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 6 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
Nigrahasthana: This stands for defeat in any scholarly assemblage, when opponent is unable to understand the
statement delivered thrice. Pratigyahani, abhyanuja, kalateetavachana, ahetu, nyuna, adheeka, vyartha, anarthaka,
viruddh, hetavantara and arthanantara constitute nigrasthana30.
Discussion: Debates are essential for transformational information where ideas and logical arguments are shared. It
teaches rhetoric, confidence, general knowledge with ability to stand up and speak before audience31. It assists in
critical thinking and articulating new thoughts. It further adds rationality to existing information. Debates becomes
mandatory for physicians as lives of others are attached to their treatments or handling. So, maximum possible and
comprehensive knowledge of subjects of specialization becomes epochal. Interestingly the vaadamarga suggested
facilitates grasping the maximum possible information for physicians in scholarly assembly.
References:
1. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/28, pp. 232-233. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/debate
3. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/15-16, p. 225. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
4. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/26, pp. 231-232. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
5. Dwivedi, Lakshmidhar. Ayurveda Moulika Siddhanth. p. 313, Vol. 2. Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.
6. Vasuna, Sriharicharana (1964). Shabdkalpadrumah. Syar-Raja-Radhakantdev Bahadur (Ed.). Vol. 4 p. 331. Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
7. http://www.darshanapress.com/The%20Nyaya%20Darshana.pdf (p.10).
8. http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E517.full
9. Jadavji Trikamji (2011). Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala with Ayurveda Deepika commentary of Chakrapanidatta (Ed.),
Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana, 1/51, p. 13. Reprint Edi., Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi.
10. Pandit Rajaram (1919). Vaisheshik Darshan. 1/1/8-16, pp.19-25. Bombay Machine Press, Lahore.
11. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Sutrasthana, 1/49, pp. 35-36. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Office, Varanasi, India.
12. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Sutrasthana, 1/52, p. 38. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Office, Varanasi, India.
13. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Sutrasthana, 1/44, pp. 26-27. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Office, Varanasi, India.
14. Jha and Sanjaya (2017). Short Notes On Research Methodology and Medical Statistics. pp. 3-7. ARMARC,
ALNRMAMC, Koppa.
15. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/30-32, pp. 233-234. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
16. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/36-38, p. 235-237. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
17. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/words (assessed on 13-11-2017).
18. Vasuna, Sriharicharana (1964). Shabdkalpadrumah. Syar-Raja-Radhakantdev Bahadur (Ed.). Vol. 3 p. 270. Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
19. Gupt, Atridevji (1947). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Vol. 1. Second edi. Sutrasthana 11/21, p. 135. Bhargava Pustakalaya,
Gayaghat, Varanasi, India.
20. Vasuna, Sriharicharana (1964). Shabdkalpadrumah. Syar-Raja-Radhakantdev Bahadur (Ed.). Vol. 1 p. 50. Chowkhamba
Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
21. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/40-41, p. 238. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
22. Vaidya, L.R. (1889). The Standard Sanskrit-English Dictionary. p.758. Bombay Book Seller and Publisher.
23. Sharma, Umashankar (2016). Sarvadarshana Samgraha of Madhavacharya Nyaya Darshana. p. 397. Chowkhamba
Vidyabhawan, Varanasi.
24. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/43-44, p. 239. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
25. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/45-48, p. 240. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
26. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/49-51, p. 241. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
27. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/52-54, pp. 242-243. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
28. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/55-56, pp. 244-245. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
29. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/57-60, pp. 246-247. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
30. Sharma, R.K. and Das Bhagwan (2000). Agnivesa’s Charak Samhita. Chakrapani Datta’s Ayurveda Dipika (Trans.). Sixth
edi. Vimanasthana, 8/61-66, pp. 248-249. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi, India.
31. http://www.herald.co.zw/importance-of-debate-in-schools/ (assessed on 14-11-2017)
*****
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 7 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384

Multiple Choice Questions: Series: 31: Lymphoma

1. Which is not true? c. Hodgkin lymphoma tends to remain localized
a. Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer to single group of lymph nodes
b. Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in part of d. Several types of non- Hodgkin lymphoma
body’s immune system may have leukemic phase
c. Lymphoma is cancer with enlarged lymph 7. Common lymphomas in pediatric age group
nodes with pain include all except:
d. Lymphomas are neoplasm of the lymphatic a. Follicular lymphoma
tissues b. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
2. Which one of the following is not true? c. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
a. Hodgkin lymphomas are more common d. Burkitt’s lymphoma
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are more common 8. Which is used to differentiate monoclonal
c. Hodgkin lymphoma is marked by Reed- neoplasm from polyclonal, reactive processes?
Sternberg cells a. Antigen receptor genes
d. The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma b. Protein product of antigen receptor genes
increases with age c. Both
3. Which one of the following is true? d. None
a. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is associated with a 9. Patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma getting
raised serum lactate dehydrogenase chemotherapy would be at risk for:
a. Tumor lysis syndrome
b. Hodgkin’s lymphoma may be present with
b. Enlargement of cervical axillary and inguinal
weight loss
lymph nodes
c. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is best left untreated
c. Immunosuppressive therapy
with a ‘wait and watch’ approach
d. Microcytic hypochromic
d. Hodgkin’s lymphoma may be confined to the
10. Frequency of precursor B-cell acute lymphoma
lymph nodes on one side of the neck
in childhood is:
4. Which one is not true for Reed-Sternberg cell?
a. 15%
a. It is multinucleate
b. 40%
b. It is B-cell lineage
c. 65%
c. It represents the majority of cells in a lymph d. 85%
node 11. Follicular lymphomas in childhood differ from
d. It is expressed as CD15 and CD30 adult-onset disease in all except:
5. Which is the most useful diagnosis for Hodgkin a. Bcl-6 expression
lymphoma? b. Treatment
a. CT scan c. Pathogenesis
b. Clinical examination d. Prognosis
c. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lactic 12. Which one is true for indolent lymphomas?
dehydrogenase a. They have a long median survival
d. Bone marrow trephine b. They are arrested at a precursor stage
6. Which of the following statement is not true? c. They have a high mitotic rate
a. A single classification system for Hodgkin d. They display prominent nucleoli
lymphoma is universally accepted 13. Which is not true for prognosis of lymphoma?
b. In general, follicular (nodular) non- Hodgkin a. Age
lymphoma has prognostic compared to b. Race
diffused non- Hodgkin lymphoma c. Stage of disease
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 8 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
d. Histologic type 20. Which is the most useful diagnosis for non-
14. Which of the following is true about peripheral T Hodgkin lymphoma?
cell lymphomas? a. CT scan
a. Most are indolent lymphomas b. Blood count
b. They are diseases of childhood c. Lymph node biopsy
c. They tend to involve extranodal sites with d. Immunophenotyping of a fine needle aspirate
characteristic clinical syndromes from a lymph node
d. They are usually curable 21. What is diagnosis for a patient with abdominal
15. Aggressive lymphomas are: lymphadenopathy and peripheral blood
a. Arrested at differentiation phases normally lymphocytosis with immunomarkers CD22+,
associated with low proliferation CD5+ and CD23-. Cytogenetic analysis shows
a t(11:14) translocation.
b. Rarely displaying nucleoli
a. Mantle cell lymphoma
c. Rarely seen in children
b. Small lymphocytic lymphoma
d. Are potentially curable
c. Marginal zone lymphoma
16. Which of the following parts of lymph node carry
d. Follicular lymphoma
B lymphocytes?
22. What is the first line treatment choice for a patient
a. Lymph sinus
with stage IIA Hodgkin lymphoma?
b. Interfollicular region a. Involved chemotherapy
c. Outer cortex b. ABVD chemotherapy
d. Medullary sinus c. Surgical resection
17. Which of the following is true for Waldenstrom d. All of the above
macroglobulinemia? 23. Which of the following classification system is
a. It is known as lymphoplasmocytic lymphoma currently used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma?
b. It is having high levels of circulating a. REAL-WHO
immunoglobulin M b. Kiel
c. In this case, large amounts of abnormal c. Luke-Collins
protein are made by cancer cells d. International working foundation
d. All of the above 24. What is clinical objective of the IPI and FLIPI
18. Which of the following is not true regarding score?
epidemiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma? a. To classify lymphoma as indolent and
a. It may be associated with malaria aggressive
b. The incidence is decreasing in western b. To classify lymphoma as molecular subtypes
Europe c. To predict prognosis
c. It is associated with hepatitis C d. All of the above
d. It is more frequent after solid organ 25. Multiple myeloma presents most often as
transplantation multifocal destructive bone lesions throughout the
19. Examination of a 70 years old man with persistent skeletal system. These focal lesions begin in:
a. Medullary cavity
red patches on skin revealed hepatomegaly. What
b. Cancellous bone
is the most likely subtype of lymphoma?
c. Cortical bone
a. Mycosis fungoides
d. Anyone of the above
b. Anaplastic lymphoma
Answers: Series: 30: Porphyria: 1-b; 2-d; 3-e; 4-b;
c. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
5-c; 6-b; 7-b; 8-b; 9-b; 10-d; 11-b; 12-d; 13-c; 14-a;
d. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
15-d; 16-b; 17-d; 18-c; 19-b; 20-a; 21-b; 22-c; 23-d;
lymphoma
24-a; 25-d …………………
Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 9 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384

Formulation Profile (Series-A/106) Herbal Drug Profile (Series-A/107)

Prabhakara Vati Somalata/ Sadaab

Prof: D.K.Mishra Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha Prof. K.S.Sanjay Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha

(Ref: AFI, Part I: 12/15)

Ingredients: Swarnamakshika bhasma, Lauha bhasma,
Abharaka bhasma, Vanslochana, Suddha Shilajit, Arjuna
bark for kwath.
Method of Preparation: Swarnamakshika bhasma,
lauha bhasma, abharaka bhasma, vanslochana, suddha
shilajit are taken and they are powdered well to make
homogenous mixture after sieving through sieve number
44. Kwath is prepared taking four times water to taken
weight of Arjuna bark and reducing to one fourth. Botanical Source: Leaves of Ruta graveolens Linn.
Thereafter, it is filtered and is used to mix the powder. from family Rutaceae.
Bolus is made and from that bolus vati is prepared. Vati is Geographical Source: It is cultivated throughout India
dried at 60°C and stored in air-tight container. in gardens.
Aalytical Parameters Morphology: It is up to 70 cm high undershrub with
Organoleptic characters angular stem. Leaves are pinnatisect, oblong, 2.5-9 cm
long; leaflets are oblong-lanceolate to obovate, 0.5-1.5
1. Colour : Reddish brown
cm long. Inflorescence is lax dichasial cymes. Flowers
2. Odour : Faint
are with fimbriated petals. Capsules are 4-5-loibed with
3. Taste : Acrid
1-2 pitted brown seeds per locule.
Physico-chemical parameters
Macroscopy: Dried leaves are fragile and powdery.
Loss on drying at 105 °C : 9.50%
They are green in color, thin, papery dotted. Leaflets
Total ash : 69.00%
are fragmented in dried sample. Leaves are characteristic
Acid insoluble ash : 2.25% in odor and bitter in taste.
pH (10% aqueous solution) : 7.12 + 0.10 Microscopy: The transverse section is dorsi-ventral in
Quantitative estimation: nature. A layer of epidermis covers the section. In lamina
Iron : 17.70% portion, epidermis is followed by 2-layered palisade cells
Calcium : 3.45% and loosely arranged spongy parenchyma cells in
Aluminium : 0.71% continuation. Mesophyll cells are traversed by vessels
Silicates : 28.25% or primitive vascular bundles at places. Epidermis is
Copper : 0.70% followed by collenchyma in midrib portion. Secretory
Sulphur : 4.25% cells and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate are present
Therapeutic Indication: Heart diseases throughout the section. An arc of 3-5 vascular bundles
Dose: 125-500 mg in divided doses are present in midrib portion.

Anupana: Milk, water, arjuna kwath Chemical Constituents: Leaves contain volatile oil; f-
 Newsletter of ARMARC Vol 2.85 10 NOVEMBER - 2017 ISSN: 2455-1384
lavonoids consisting of quercetin, rutin etc.; coumarins

PRINTED MATTER/BOOK POST

including scopoletin, umbelliferone, rutarin, bergapten ,
xanthotoxin etc.

RNI Regd No. KARENG/2002/7924

Uses: Leaves are used externally for sciatica, headache,
muscular chest pain, arthritic condition etc. Internally they
are given for atonic amenorrhoea, menorrhoea, colic etc.
Internal application of fresh juice may cause painful
irritation of stomach and intestine.
Anti-inflammatory and healing proterties are due
to flavonoids while spasmolytic activities are related with
essential oil, xanthotoxin and bergapten.

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